城市规划中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

Rigid-flexible and economic - on the Beijing-controlled regulation block level awareness and consider

Abstract: The article, through the traditional regulatory detailed planning analysis, pointing out that the planning results difficult to translate into public policy planning and management, in the face of a lack of adaptability to changes in the market can not be directly related to macroeconomic issues such as convergence planning. Then put forward in recent years through the Beijing neighborhood-level case-control regulatory interpretation, introduction and analysis, study the preparation of district level (2-3 square unit) of the control regulation in response to the traditional regulatory control problem often encountered when has the advantage and flexibility, in particular, to highlight it for the planning and management department can provide a new tool for management and coordination and more flexible to deal with complex changes in the market diversity, the protection of the Government of the characteristics of public service functions. Finally, the future also need to block-level control regulation of the legal status of the application of

planning and management tools, the traditional elements of space control and guide and so on to conduct in-depth study and discussion.

Key words: block-control regulations controlling the detailed planning of rigid and flexible planning

1.Traditional control regulations in the preparation of the practical problems facing

Traditional regulatory plan, since the emergence of the last century 90's has been in the interests of all of the game and balance problems are. The crux of the matter focused on how to coordinate the planning required to manage the rigid control and flexible response to market adaptability on:

1.1Traditional regulatory control can not fully reflect the transformation of government functions

Traditional regulatory control can only be a direct reflection of the general land development and construction of the nature and intensity, as well as the embodiment of city space environment harmonization and unification of the core concerns are space and vision on the aesthetic effect, planners through a series of indicators to determine spatial form of land control. This form at all-fit-oriented government under the guidance of implementation, "a chess city" in the development and construction.

With the deepening of reform, the government functions under the planned economic system by the all-around type to a service-oriented transformation of the functions of the Government focuses on government control and the provision of public services two aspects: First, we must deal with social activities in the various questions, function of maintaining social stability and order; two social development is to provide the necessary public goods, in particular, the market can not afford or are unwilling to provide public goods. At city-building, more and more real estate enterprises and industrial enterprises have become the mainstay of city development and construction, more and more with the right to speak, when the government must release the necessary permissions in order to play the role of market mechanisms, while at the same time be able to achieve maintaining the social function of stability, and ensure the supply of public goods, needed to reflect the Government represented by the maximization of public interest, this is not the original

space-based content-control regulations can be reflected.

1.2Traditional regulatory control results to the transformation of public policy have a considerable gap

City planning as a public policy, determined at the overall planning of urban and rural spatial distribution, the city's public resources to conduct an effective configuration of the living environment to make the corresponding request, the need for further construction of the city to conduct a comprehensive coordination, guidance and restraint, and made available to the management of the Town Planning Department of a management tool. Traditional control regulations although the preparation of a comprehensive set of control indicators and measures, but because of its factual findings to the block-type control chart is provided in the form of a lack of overall balance is always the aspect as well as the flexibility to respond to changes in the market.

Common situation is: immediately after the recent construction sites will have to put in complicated and ever-changing market situation, often want to change the nature of the land, improve the rate of volume and height, adjust the layout of such request, then the planning and management department, the general Choose only the traditional outcome of outside regulatory control, through the block, the conditions for the demonstration, the addition of a planning conditions change and audited proof aspect, from the audited results, because of the lack of adequate planning at the restrictive conditions, improve lot of floor area ratio, a high degree of planning control to adjust the conditions of application can only "successfully" through. A lot of planning and management department have met with a similar dilemma: developer proposed to control the regulation of a plot to determine floor area ratio from 1.5 to 1.8 adjust, whether it is technically from the planning or management of policy, can not find the reasons for denying the application, and if these separate plots look all passed, up from the overall regulatory control is equivalent to waste a still, "there is no space under the management of poor-control regulation has been hard to manage."

1.3 Changing market demand in the face of too rigid

According to regulations covering the preparation of full-control regulation, in the face of long-term with no fixed pattern of development and development of the main city of the new area, can only rely on the experience and the limited regulatory requirements to set a blueprint for the ultimate, often required the assumption that the area will attract What

is the nature of the industry, and what mode of transportation and living elements and so on. Often wait until the need to implement when the city-building mechanisms have taken place in very many changes in the main body of investment, development patterns, construction and operation of regional mechanisms and so on with the original planning assumptions are inconsistent, industry, transport, mode of living have been Ultra-out the original, this time charged with the regulation already completed will become very out of date.

1.4 Upper face of the macro-planning difficult docking requirements

Overall planning in order to meet the needs of urban and rural economic and social comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development requirements, tend to make some macro measures such as content development model. These property with public policy measures, in order to land for the purpose of the traditional regulatory control it is difficult to fully reflect and docking. Beijing Daxing Metro as an example:

In accordance with the "Beijing Urban Master Plan (2004 -2020 years)", Daxing Beijing Metro are the future-oriented regional development important node, in Beijing, the development of an extremely important strategic position, will guide the development of biological medicine, modern manufacturing, as well as commercial logistics, culture, education and other functions, are carrying the future city of Beijing to ease the population centers and functions of one of 11 Metro. 2020 Metro style scale land use planning 65 square kilometers, population 600,000 people scale.

Prior to this, as are Beijing's Daxing county, to carry out the construction of satellite towns, the status quo conditions and Metro Planning has a larger gap between the objectives, the lack of sufficiently attractive to the urban areas can not effectively alleviate the stress. For instance: the lack of public facilities, facilities standards have been too low, with the center city poor transport links and so on. How to achieve the status quo to the Metro from the blueprint for change? At "Daxing Metro Planning (2005 -2020 years)" from the Metro's construction to start the implementation process, identified through the construction of rail transit, urban road construction, public service facilities, the transfer of administrative functions, cultural and educational function of the introduction of the introduction of leading industries six elements of the main construction of the Metro guide: the role of these elements together, and based on their spatial characteristics influence the

scope and timing on reasonable arrangements to promote the development of Metro's construction, so that Metro be able to at the planning blueprint for the status quo gradually on the foundation can be achieved.

Epistasis plans face similar macro-planning requirements, is clearly not a specific plot plan can be fully reflected in, let alone to cope with up to 15 years in the planning of the implementation process of various elements of the Change.

2. Block-level regulatory control of the preparation of the contents of the form

In recent years, Beijing made the preparation of block-level control rules to deal with from a certain extent on the traditional block-control regulations that prevail in question. Metro style neighborhoods to control regulation as an example:

First of all, divided into blocks. At "Daxing Metro Planning (2005 -2020 years)" the division of seven patches, three groups on the basis of the General consider regional characteristics, the layout of public service facilities, municipal service capacity transport facilities and space environmental capacity and other influencing factors to the Neighborhood (between block and block units, with a river, natural obstacles, primary and secondary roads, street boundaries offices, special function areas such as border Kaifong boundary) for the division of units, divided into 38 blocks , each block 2 ~ 3 square kilometers.

Then, in the Metro to determine the scope of the whole block of lead, construction and classification of the total construction scale, construction baseline height, strength of construction elements of the scope. Metro based planning, decomposition of the implementation of the dominant features of each block, that is blocks the function of positioning and the main direction of development to determine the largest block of land and has assumed a leading role in the nature of the land; from the overall economic strength and functions of the positioning of a comprehensive traffic capacity, public facilities Service capacity, municipal facilities, service capabilities, the capacity of the space environment in five aspects, such as integrated carrying capacity analysis, will be Metro's 600,000 population overall refinement scale decomposition to the block level, and to determine the total amount of block construction and classification of scale construction; in accordance with the Metro morphological characteristics of the overall space to determine the building height control framework and four baseline height, divided into low

(18 m), Medium (18-45 meter), high (45-60 m) and 60 meters above 4, the implementation of each blocks range of benchmarks; to improve the living environment in accordance with the overall goals and other conditions, strength of construction will be divided into blocks of low-density, medium density, high-density third gear.

And, through a comprehensive analysis of the status quo, implement the above decomposition of the conditions, separately for each block to determine the nature and scale, the configuration of the facilities and arrangements, a high degree of control elements, such as urban design, implementation timing, but also questions the need for further research, etc. specific content, which will eventually block the plans submitted in the form of results.

3.1Effective extension of epistatic planning, for planning and management to facilitate

To block as a unit, decomposition and quantify the epistatic planning functions and development goals, and clearly the general character of each neighborhood and the development of intensity differences, in fact this job is to regulate, such as the total epistatic to quantify the macro-planning process. To block as a unit for total control and balance, ease of basic facilities at all levels, public service facilities, urban safety facilities, transportation facilities, to conduct an overall balanced layout, more conducive to neighborhoods as a unit for analysis and monitoring. Beijing have been identified as a further refinement put blocks of land plots to control the minimum regulatory scope of the study and city planning and management of the basic unit.

Dominant in determining the neighborhood function, construction and classification of the total construction scale, construction baseline height, strength of construction scope of the facilities after the configuration of such factors, whether developers are still at all levels of government to entrust the preparation of land-control regulations, planning and management departments have a strong public policy based on quantifiable and can be used to guide and monitor the preparation of regulatory control block content, can ensure the configuration of the various facilities such as the contents of rigidity to the implementation, but also be able to through the overall control and strength to the block classification must control regulations left behind the flexibility of space.

3.2 Responding flexibly to market changes

Block-level control regulations after wide coverage, its construction and classification of the total construction scale of indicators as the preparation of the detailed planning of the next level of control conditions, the guidance of land development and construction of concrete blocks at the scope of activities carried out within the overall balance. Block unit through the benchmark land prices, ownership, facilities, supply capacity factors such as a comprehensive assessment can be reflected to some extent on location, infrastructure conditions, such as market-sensitive elements on the differences in regulatory control in the preparation of land, they can further study the market demand effectively adjust to allow the market to be able to in the government's macro-control of the allocation of resources to play its basic role.

At the same time, district-level planning at the preparation of regulatory control after the completion of the management of the implementation process can also be quantified using a variety of control means to effectively deal with changes in the market. To floor area ratio as an example, at district level because of regulatory control, the set up of the neighborhood's population and the total construction volume of construction and classification of the concept of a land plot development and construction are necessary to adjust the strength of blocks related to the total changes and changes in the demand for associated facilities, so that at least from the district coordination framework to achieve the purpose of breaking the individual review of the original plot to control the lack of indicators adjust based on the embarrassment, from the process reflects on the changes in construction activity the surrounding urban environment brought about by the impact. On this basis, the study implemented a similar "transfer of development rights" of the administrative system before operational.

3.3Highlight the protection of the Government's public service functions

Block-level control regulations, all land classified as Class A land (for the city to provide basic support and services) and Class B land (Government under the guidance of the market development of land), as well as X-type sites (sites to be studied) three categories. One of, A-type sites are the main green space, infrastructure, public service facilities, etc. must have a public property, mainly by the Government as an investment and management entities of the public space, its emphasis on the priority the implementation of space, thereby protecting the public interest priority . Comparatively

speaking, the original concern of the traditional regulatory control elements at street level space of the controlled regulation of "take a back seat," the.

4.Also necessary to further explore the question:

In general, block-level regulatory control to add a meso-level studies, preparation of regulatory control block provides a fresh discussion of the work platform, as well as planning and management provided some actionable public policy basis for improved traditional regulatory control of some problems. However, block-level control regulation as a new thing also have a number of issues need to be further explored and research:

First of all, the necessary clarity of its legal status and recognition. Because of

block-level control is a regulation relating to a variety of factors (population, the facilities and so on) the overall balance of technological achievements, in particular, are some of the priority the protection of the facilities involved in city construction and operation of other government departments, administrative actions, a reasonable decide the legal status of its coordination and control of the key. Moreover, as the capital of Beijing and municipalities, and other city planning and construction management system must have differences in this municipality in Beijing can well-established system should not be able to copy to the city in general go. How to promote neighborhood-level control regulatory experience gained enhance the legitimacy of its reasonable, but also required further study.

Secondly, the required supporting management measures on the corresponding.

Block-level control regulation is not only a many-level planning so easy that it give planning and management in the overall planning and control regulation of traditional land between the development of a new management platform, therefore, should give full play to its role, from the can not be supporting the planning and management measures on innovation. Such as in the control plots on the regulation of convergence can be the implementation process for some of the demand, derived from "transfer of development rights" and other related management measures and control means.

Finally, the traditional elements of how the matching Spaces guide. Block-level control regulations to strengthen the government's public service functions, improve the public benefits of priority, relatively speaking, the traditional elements of the shape is relatively weakened. Visual imagery, body mass, Feel places the elements of these traditional control regulations usually take into account urban design elements, not at street level regulatory

control to be reflected, then the block-level control regulations should be space elements which control what should be done about the city on the block level design elements to guide them accordingly? Looking forward to the future as soon as possible answers to those questions.

References

1, Beijing City Master Plan (2004 -2020 years)

2, Tai Hing Metro Planning (2005 -2020 years)

3, Tai Hing New regulatory plan (block level) .2007 years

4, WEN Zong-yong. Control the underlying causes of regulatory changes and countermeasures. Beijing plans to build 2007 (5) :11-13

5, Yang Chun. Beijing City Center, the preparation and implementation of regulatory control of the background. Beijing plans to build 2007 (5) :14-15

6, Yang Jun, Yang Ziming. Beijing-controlled regulation of 1999-2006. Beijing plans to build 2007 (5) :37-40

7,Guohui Cheng,Li Shi, HUANG Jie. Rigid-flexible and relief: for controlling the operation of the detailed planning. Town Planning .2007 (7) :77-80

8, Lin audience. Public Management from the Perspective of the adaptive control consider the detailed planning. Planners .2007 (4) :71-74

9, Wang Yin, Jun Chen. "Sharpen come true" - Interpretation of the Beijing Municipal Area "Control Regulation", prepared yesterday and today .. Beijing plans to build .2007 (5) :23-26

10, Lan Zhou, Ye Bin, Xu Yao. Explore the detailed planning of the management control system architecture. .2007 City planning (3) :14-19

11, Li Tian. Our country controlled detailed planning and a way out of confusion. .2007 City planning (1) :16-20

12, city planning approach to make People's Republic of China Ministry of Construction No. 146 2005-12-31

刚柔并济——对北京街区层面控规的认识与思考

摘要

文章通过对传统的控制性详细规划进行分析，指出规划成果难以转化为规划管理的公共政策、面对市场变化缺乏应变能力、无法直接与宏观规划衔接等问题。继而通过对北京市近年来提出的街区层面的控规的案例解读、介绍和分析，研究编制街区层面（2-3平方公里的单元）的控规在应对传统控规经常会遇到的问题时所具备的优势和灵活性，特别突出它能够为规划管理部门提供一个新的管理和协调的工具、并能较为灵活的应对复杂多元的市场变化、保障政府公共服务职能的特点。最后提出将来还需要对街区层面的控规的法律地位、规划管理应用手段、传统空间要素的控制和引导等方面进行深入的研究与探讨。

关键词

街区控规控制性详细规划规划的刚性与弹性

1．传统控规编制中面临的现实问题

传统的控制性详细规划，自上世纪90年代出现至今，一直处在各方面利益的博弈和平衡的困扰之中。问题的焦点，主要集中在如何协调规划管理所需要的刚性控制和应对市场的弹性应变能力上：

1.1传统的控规无法充分体现政府职能转变

传统的控规一般只能直接反映地块的性质和开发建设强度，以及体现城市空间环境的协调和统一，关注的核心是空间和视觉上的美学效果，规划师通过一系列的指标来确定对用地的空间形态的控制。这种形式适合在全能型政府的指导下，实现“全市一盘棋”式的开发和建设。

中英文参考文献格式

中文参考文献格式 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识： M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为： （一）专著 示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，1997. （二）论文集 示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. 凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。 （三）报纸文章 示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3） （四）期刊文章 示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）. （五）学位论文 示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，1998. （六）报告 示例 [1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，1998. （七）、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。 参考文献的类型 根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识： M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著） C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型 电子文献类型以双字母作为标识： DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告

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文献综述城市规划

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中英文论文对照格式

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英文引用及参考文献格式要求 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母.如：MalcolmRichardCowley应为：Cowley,M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：FrankNorris与IrvingGordon应为：Norris,F.&I.Gordon.； ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：MasteringEnglishLiterature，EnglishWeekly。 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1]王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58. [2]夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52. [3]Heider,E.R.&D.C.Oliver.Thestructureofcolorspaceinnamingandmemo ryoftwolanguages[J].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch,1999,(3):62–6 7. 2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码. 【举例】[4]葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42. [5]Gill,R.MasteringEnglishLiterature[M].London:Macmillan,1985:42-45. 3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）. 【举例】 [6]李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报，1998-12-27(3). [7]French,W.BetweenSilences:AVoicefromChina[N].AtlanticWeekly,198 715(33). 4.论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [8]伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C].上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17. [9]Spivak,G.“CantheSubalternSpeak?”[A].InC.Nelson&L.Grossberg(e ds.).VictoryinLimbo:Imigism[C].Urbana:UniversityofIllinoisPress,1988, pp.271-313.

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Riverfront Landscape Design for London 2012 Olympic Park Client: Olympic Delivery Authority Location: London, UK Project Credit: Atkins Text: Mike McNicholas, Project Director, Atkins How do you plant along a river's edge, knowing that millions of people could be passing through thesite in the near future? How do you design, create and maintain the surrounding wetlands, knowing that man-made wet woodland is very rare and transitionalby nature? How do you ensurethat the habitat being created remains viable and sustainable in the long-term? Atkins’engineers of the wetlands and river edges on the London 2012 Olympic Park were tasked with fi nding answers to all of these questions. Covering more than 246 hectares of formerly derelict industrial land, London’s new Olympic Park for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games is one of Europe’s biggest-ever urban greening projects. Rivers and wetlands are at the heart of the vision for the new park, which lies in east London’s Lower Lee Valley. Th e landscape that’s now emerging will provide a backdrop for the main action of

平面设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译 平面设计 任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。 共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。 平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面

设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。 在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。 在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。 于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。 从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。 谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。 伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。 在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。 他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。 从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。 设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。

城市规划 外文翻译英语词汇总结

草图Draft drawing/sketch 平面Plan 总平面master plan 剖面Section 立面Elevation 正立面Fa?ade 透视图Perspective 轴测图Axonometric view 示意图/分析图Diagram 地图分析/制图mapping/ mapping diagram 图表chart/table 容积率floor area ratio 覆盖率Coverage 城市设计Urban design; civic design 区域规划Regional planning 总体规划comprehensive planning/ master planning/ overall planning 分区规划District planning/ zoning act

控制性详细规划Regulatory Plan 修建性详细规划Site planning (constructive-detailed planning) 场地规划Site planning 近期建设规划Immediate planning 步行轴Walking axis 概念设计conceptual design 方案设计schematic design 扩初设计design development 详细设计、细部设计Detail Design 城市化Urbanization 城市生态Urban ecology 城市农业urban farming/ urban agriculture 经济能量来源Economy energy sources 可持续发展Sustainable development 历史性城市的保护规划Preservation Plan of historic cities 旧城更新、改造-Urban Regeneration/Urban Revitalization/Retrofitting Plan 城市再开发-Urban Redevelopment

城市规划与建筑设计术语中英文对照

城市和城市化 2.0.1 居民点 settlement 人类按照生产和生活需要而形成的集聚定居地点。按性质和人口规模，居民点分为城市和乡村两大类。 2.0.2 城市（城镇）city 以非农不业和非农业人口聚集为主要特征的居民点。包括按国家行政建制设立的市和镇。 2.0.3 市 municipality; city 经国家批准设市建制的行政地域。 2.0.4 镇 town. 经国家批准设市建制的行政地域。 2.0.5 市域 administrative region of a city 城市行政管辖的全部地域。 2.0.6 城市化 urbanization 人类生产和生活方式由乡村型向城市型转化的历史过程，表现为乡村人口向城市人口转化以及城市不断发展和完善的过程。又称城镇化、都市化。 2.0.7 城市化水平 urbanization level 衡量城市化发展程度的数量指标，一般用一定地域内城市人口占总人口的比例来表示。 2.0.8 城市群 agglomeration 一定地域内城市分布较为密集的地区。 2.0.9 城镇体系 urban system 一定区域内在经济、社会和空间发展上具有有机联系的城市群体。 2.0.10 卫星城（卫星城镇）satellite town 在大城市市区外围兴建的、与市区既有一定距离又相互间密切联系的城市。 城市规划概述 3.0.1 城镇体系规划 urban system planning

一定地域范围内，以区域生产力合理布局和城镇职能分工为依据，确定不同人口规模等级和职能分工的城镇的分布和发展规划。 3.0.2 城市规划 urban planning 对一定时期内城市的经济和社会发展、土地利用、空间布局以及各项建设的综合部署、具体安排和实施管理。 3.0.3 城市设计 urban design 对城市体型和空间环境所作的整体构思和安排，贯穿于城市规划的全过程。 3.0.4 城市总体规划纲要master planning outline 确定城市总体规划和重大原则的纲领性文件，是编制城市总体规划的依据。 3.0.5 城市规划区 urban planning area 城市市区、近郊区以及城市行政区域内其他因城市建设和发展需要实行规划控制的区域。 3.0.6 城市建成区 urban builtup area 城市行政区内实际已成片开发建设、市政公用设施和公共设施基本具备的地区。 3.0.7 开发区 development area 上国务院和省级人民政府确定设立的实行国家特定优惠政策和各类开发建设地区的统称。 3.0.8 旧城改建 urban redevelopment 对城市旧区进行的调整城市结构、优化城市用地布局、改善和更新基础设施、整治城市环境、保护城市历史风貌等的建设活动。 3.0.9 城市基础设施 urban infrastructure 城市生存和发展所必须具备的工程性基础设施和社会性基础设施的总称。 3.0.10 城市总体规划 master plan, comprehensive planning 对一定时期内城市性质、发展目标、发展规模、土地利用、空间布局以及各项建设的综合部署和实施措 施。 3.0.11 分区规划 district planning