城市规划外文文献翻译(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)
外文文献翻译（一）
题目：HongKong:The Fact
Town Planning
一、内容简介：
近年来，香港城市规划的目的是提供一个优质的生活环境，促进经济发展，促进健康，安全，指导和控制的发展和土地使用的方便和一般社区福利。遵循可持续发展的原则，城市规划旨在带来一个有组织的，有效地为社会生活和工作中的和可取的。在香港土地适宜性发展是稀缺的，有需要的方式利用有限的土地资源的竞争性需求的住房，商业，工业，交通，娱乐，自然保护的平衡，和其他社区的需求。香港的城镇规划系统：香港的发展战略规划法定部门计划在当地水平的领土和各种类型。指导的制备是香港规划标准和指导方针，发展有关的相关政策的原则和社会各界的意见。
二、外文文献原稿
HongKong:The Fact
Town Planning
Purpose of Town Planning: Town Planning aims atproviding a quality living environment, facilitating economicdevelopment, and promoting the health, safety, convenienceand general welfare of the community by guiding andcontrolling development and the use of land. Following theprinciple of sustainable development, town planning seeksto bring about an organized, efficient and desirable place forthe community to live and work in. As land suitable fordevelopment in Hong Kong is scarce, there is a need tostrike a balance in utilizing the limited land resource to meetthe competing demands for housing, commerce, industry,transport, recreation, nature conservation, heritagepreservation and other community needs.
Planning Organisations: The Planning and Lands Branchof the Development Bureau is in charge of the policyportfolios of planning, land use, buildings and urbanrenewal in Hong Kong. Taking directives from theDevelopment Bureau,
the Planning Department (PlanD) isresponsible for formulating, monitoring and reviewing landuse at the territorial level. PlanD also prepares district/localplans, area improvement plans, the Hong Kong PlanningStandards and Guidelines as well as undertakes actionsagainst unauthorized land uses.The principal body responsible for statutory planningin Hong Kong is the Town Planning Board (TPB). It isformed under the Town Planning Ordinance (TPO) andserved by the PlanD. Comprising predominantlynon-official members, the TPB oversees the preparation ofdraft statutory plans, considers representations to suchdraft plans and considers applications for planningpermission and amendments to plans. There are twostanding committees under the TPB, namely, the MetroPlanning Committee and the Rural and New TownPlanning Committee. Under the TPO, the TPB may alsoappoint a committee among its members to considerrepresentations to draft statutory plans.
Planning System: Hong Kong’s planning systemcom prises development strategies at the territorial leveland various types of Statutory and Departmental Plans atthe district/local level. Guiding the preparation of theseplans is the Hong Kong Planning Standards andGuidelines, relevant development related policy andprinciples and community views.
Territorial Development Strategy: The strategy aims atproviding a broad planning framework to guide futuredevelopment and the provision of strategic infrastructure inHong Kong. It also serves as a basis for the preparation ofdistrict plans. The findings of Hong Kong 2030: PlanningVision and Strategy (the HK2030 Study), a study toformulate the planning framework for Hong Kong up to2030, were promulgated in October 2007. The HK2030Study has adopted sustainable development as itsover-arching goal. The recommended strategy, focusing onthe three broad directions of providing a quality livingenvironment, enhancing economic competitiveness andstrengthening links with the Mainland, aims to help HongKong achieve its vision as “Asia’s world city”.With increasing economic integration and socialinteraction between Hong Kong and the Mainland,cross-boundary surveys are commissioned
regularly tocollect statistical information on various aspects ofcross-boundary activities, e.g. travel pattern andbehaviour, Hong Kong residents’ experience of andaspirations for taking up residence in the Mainland. Thefindings of these surveys provide valuable input for the
planning of cross-boundary infrastructure and theformulation of development strategies. The planning studytitled Coordinated Development of the Greater Pearl RiverDelta Townships, jointly commissioned by Hong Kong,Guangdong and Macao to formulate a regionaldevelopment framework, was completed and its findingswere promulgated in October 2009.
Statutory Plans: Two types of statutory plans areprepared and published by the TPB under the provisions ofthe TPO. In 2005, the TPO was amended to streamlinehe plan-making process and planning approvalprocedures, enhance the openness and transparency ofthe planning system and strengthen planning enforcementcontrol in the rural New Territories.The first type is Outline Zoning Plan (OZP) whichmajor road systems of an individual planning area. Areascovered by OZPs are in general zoned for uses such asresidential, commercial, industrial, green belt, open
space,government/institution/community uses or other specifiedpurposes. Attached to each OZP is a Schedule of Notesshowing the uses which are always permitted (Column 1uses) in a particular zone and other uses for which priorpermission from the TPB must be sought (Column 2 uses).The second type is Development Permission Area(DPA) Plan. DPA Plans are prepared to provide interimplanning control, and development guidance for rural areasin the New Territories until more detailed OZPs areprepared. DPA Plans indicate broad land use zones andare also accompanied by Schedules of Notes showingColumn 1 and 2 uses. DPA Plans are effective for a period
of 3 years and will be replaced by https://www.docsj.com/doc/c71543809.html,rmation on statutory plans, related guidelines and
procedures as well as the agenda and decisions of theopen meetings of the TPB and its Committees can beaccessed online from the TPB website athttps://www.docsj.com/doc/c71543809.html,.hk/tpb/ and the Statutory PlanningPortal at
https://www.docsj.com/doc/c71543809.html,.hk/. The public may alsoobserve those open meetings in the Public Viewing Roomlocated in North Point Government Offices, 333 JavaRoad, North Point, Hong Kong.
Departmental Plans: Outline Development Plans andLayout Plans are administrative plans prepared within theframework of the statutory plans. With a much larger scale,these departmental plans show more detailed levelplanning parameters e.g. site boundaries, location ofaccess points and footbridges, specific types ofgovernment or community uses to facilitate thecoordination of public works, land sales and landreservation for specific uses.Views from the public are essential considerations forthe formulation of development strategies and preparationof plans. Public engagement in the form of public forums,workshops, exhibitions, etc. has become a very importantcomponent of the planning process.
Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines: It is areference manual setting out the criteria for determiningthe scale, location and site requirements of various landuses and facilities. It is used in the preparation of townplans and planning briefs and is a tool that helps toregulate development.
Urban Renewal and Regeneration: The Urban RenewalAuthority (URA) is a statutory body established in 2001 tospeed up the renewal of old urban areas and to executethe Urban Renewal Strategy formulated by theGovernment. PlanD co-ordinates with the URA under thestatutory provisions in the planning of urban renewal andregeneration projects for the improvement of the old urbanareas.The Government has launched a review of the UrbanRenewal Strategy in 2008 in three stages – envisioning,public engagement and consensus building, and isscheduled for completion in 2010. The Strategy willprovide a broad policy guidance for urban renewal in HongKong.
New Town and New Development Areas: Large-scalenew town development in the New Territories began in theearly 1970s. PlanD’s District Planning Offices have workedclosely with the Civil Engineering and DevelopmentDepartment’s Development Offices t o prepare plans andoversee the development of these new towns. At present,nine new towns, namely,
Tsuen Wan, Sha Tin, Tuen Mun,Tai Po, Yuen Long, Fanling/Sheung Shui, Tseung Kwan O,Tin Shui Wai and North Lantau are in various stages ofdevelopment and will accommodate about four millionpeople upon full development. However, large-scale newtowns will not be pursued in the foreseeable future. Instead,medium-scale new development areas such as Kai Tak andnew development areas in the New Territories will bedeveloped. Enquiry Counters located at:
- 17/F, North Point Government Offices,
333 Java Road, North Point, Hong Kong
- 14/F, Sha Tin Government Offices,
1 Sheung Wo Che Road, Sha Tin, New Territories
For enquiries, please call 2231 5000, fax to 2877 0389 or
e-mail to enquire@https://www.docsj.com/doc/c71543809.html,.hk.
三、外文翻译部分
城市规划：城市规划的目的是提供一个优质的生活环境，促进经济发展，促进健康，安全，指导和控制的发展和土地使用的方便和一般社区福利。遵循可持续发展的原则，城市规划旨在带来一个有组织的，有效地为社会生活和工作中的和可取的。在香港土地适宜性发展是稀缺的，有需要的方式利用有限的土地资源的竞争性需求的住房，商业，工业，交通，娱乐，自然保护的平衡，和其他社区的需求。
规划：规划地分支机构发展局在规划，土地利用电荷，在香港建筑与城市更新。以发展局的指示，规划部门（车间）负责制定，监控和在地区范围内土地利用的回顾，地区改善计划，香港指南以及进行措施应对非法土地使用情况。负责香港法定规划的主体是城市规划委员会（TPB）。这需要根据城市规划条例（TPO）的植物。包括官方成员，城规会的监督法定图则，以表示计划和考虑规划和修订计划中的应用。有乡村委员会下的理论，即，该委员会、农村和城镇规划委员会。在TPO，城规会成员之间的一个委员会制定法定图则。
规划系统：香港的发展战略规划法定部门计划在区/当地水平的领土和各种类型。指导的制备是香港规划标准和指导方针，发展有关的相关政策的原则和社会各界的意见。
全港发展策略：该战略的目的是提供一个广阔的规划框架来指导未来发展的战略基础设施和香港提供。它也可作为制备计划的基础。香港2030研究结果：规划和策略（香港2030研究），研究制定了为香港中心成立.[俄]消息报规划框架，是在十月2007日颁布。该信息采取可持续发展为目标。建议的策略，聚焦于三大方向，提供高品质的生活环境，增强经济竞争力和加强与内地的联系，旨在帮助香港实现其愿景是“亚洲的世界城市”。随着经济一体化和社会交往香港与内地之间的跨境调查委托，定期收集各方面表现出不同的边界活动的统计信息，例如旅游模式和行为，以在中国内地居住的香港居民的经验和愿望。这些调查结果提供有价值的输入为跨边界基础设施和发展战略制定的计划。规划的大珠江三角洲城镇协调发展，共同委托香港，广东和澳门制定区域发展框架，完成了其发现在2009十月公布。
法定图则：两种类型的法定计划将公布的TPB的TPO规定。2005，TPO
进行修正，计划的制定过程和规划，提高公开性和透明度的规划制度，加强规划新界乡郊地区。第一种是分区计划大纲（OEP）道路系统规划面积的分区计划
大纲图一般划为使用这种商业，工业，绿色带，开放空间，政府/团体/社区用途或其他。每个分区计划大纲图是一个日程安排，总是允许使用在一个特定的区域和其他用途，从理论必须寻求实际。第二类是发展审批地区（DPA）计划。DPA 的计划准备提供控制，为农村发展指导区新界直到更详细的分区计划大纲图技术。DPA的计划表明，广阔的土地利用区，还附有注释1计划和2使用。DPA的计划一段时间是有效的3年，将取代法定分区计划大纲图。计划的信息，相关的指导方针，程序以及对城规会及其委员会公开会议的议程和决策可以在线向城规会网站athttps://www.docsj.com/doc/c71543809.html,.hk/tpb/和HTTP法定planningportal：/ / www.ozp。gov.hk /。公众可以那些公开会议在公众在北角政府合署，北角，香港。
部门计划：发展大纲图布局计划行政计划内的法定计划准备了。一个更大的规模，这些部门的计划显示更详细的参数如工地边界，接入点位置和行人天桥，特定类型的政府或社区使用方便的公共工程的协调，为特定用途的土地销售和。从公众的意见是必要的考虑，在制定发展战略研究计划。公众参与公共论坛，展览，研讨会等形式，已成为规划过程中的一个重要组成部分。
香港规划标准与准则：这是参考手册制定的标准确定的规模，位置和不同土地利用类型和设施选址的要求。它是用于制备乡村制定和规划大纲，是一个工具，帮助调节发展。
城市更新与再生：城市（URA）是在2001成立的法定组织，加快旧区更新和执行与市区重建策略制定的政府。平面坐标在旧的城市改善城市更新与更新项目的规划规定，市建局。政府已推出的城市更新策略的回顾2008三个阶段–构想，公众的参与和建立共识，并预计于2010完成。城市更新策略提供广泛的政策指导香港。
新市镇和新发展区：位于新界大镇的发展始于70年代早期。植物的区规划办公室与土木工程部的发展办公室编制计划并监管这些新城镇发展。目前，九个新的城镇，即，荃湾，沙田，大埔，屯门，元朗，粉岭、上水，将军澳，天水围及北大屿山是在不同阶段的发展，可容纳约四人的全面发展。然而，大规模的新市镇在可预见的将来不可能追求。相反，中等规模的新发展等领域的新发展区的启德在新界开发。
询问柜台位于：
17 / f，北角政府合署，
333个java路，北角，香港
14 / f，沙田政府合署，
1上禾輋路，沙田，新界
如有查询，请致电2231，5000，0389或传真至2877
电子邮件enquire@https://www.docsj.com/doc/c71543809.html,.hk。
外文文献翻译（二）
题目：City-region parallels
一、内容简介：
美国是一个幅员辽阔的大陆规模的国家，国土面积大，增加人口或国内生产总值明显。美国的趋势，乡村的经济发展的时候，例如考虑如何美国新城市规划的已经席卷英国，特别是在约翰·普雷斯科特满腔热情地通过了。现在，在欧洲，我们有一个运动自愿自下而上的地方当局联合会，西米德兰兹或大曼彻斯特地区的城市，这意味着当地政府的重新组织。因此，在大西洋两侧的，这可能是一个虚假的黎明。这当然是一个看起来不成熟的凌乱与现有的正式的政府想违背的机构。但是，也许这是一个新的后现代的风格，像我们这样的社会管理自己的事务的征兆。有趣的是，在法国和德国的类似举措也一起萌生，它们可以代表重大的东西的开端。
二、外文文献原稿
Source: Town and Country Planning. 75.3 (Mar. 2006): p70.
Document Type: Article
For one thing, the United States is a vast continental-scale country--far larger in area, although not of course inpopulation or GDP, than our European Union,
let alone our tiny island or the even tinier strip of denselyurbanised territory that runs from the Sussex Coast to the M62. For another--an associated (but too oftenignored) thing--the United States has a federal system of government, meaning that your life (and even, if youhappen to be a murderer, your death) is almost totally dependent on the politics of your own often-obscure StateCapitol, rather than on those of far-distant Washington, DC.
And, stemming from those two facts, America is an immensely Iocalised and even isolatednation. Particularlyif you happen to live in any of the 30 or so states that form its deep interior heartland, from an Americanvantage point the world--even Washington, let alone Europe or China--really is a very Iong way away.Although no-one seems exactly to know, it appears that an amazingly small number of Americans have apassport: maybe one in five at most. And since I was reliably told on my recent visit that many Americans thinkthey need one to visit Hawaii, it's a fair bet that even fewer have ever truly ventured abroad.
That thought recurred repeatedly on the flight back, when in the airport bookstall I picked up a best-sellingpiece of the higher journalism in which America excels, What's the Matter with Kansas?, by Thomas Frank. Anative of Kansas, Frank poses the question: why in 2000 (and again in 2004) did George W. Bush sweep somuch of his home state--as of most of the 'red America' heartland states--when the people who voted for himwere voting for their own economic annihilation? For Frank convincingly shows that they were denying theirown basic self-interests--sometimes to the degree that they were helping to throw themselves out of work.
The strange answer is that in 21st-century America, the neo-conservatives have succeeded in fighting electionson non-economic, so-called moral
issues--like abortion, or the teaching of intelligent design in the publicschools. And the people at the bottom of the economic pile are the most likely to vote that way.
Well, we're a long way behind that curve--or ahead of it, you might say. But American trends, howeverimplausible at the time, have an alarming way of
arriving in the UK one or two decades later (just look at trashTV). Who knows? Maybe by 2016, or earlier, our own home-grown anti-evolutionists will be busily engaged inmass TV burnings of 10 [pounds sterling] notes--assuming of course that by then the portrait of Darwin hasn't been replaced by a
Euro-bridge. Meanwhile, vive la difference.
Yet, despite such fundamental divides, the interesting fact is that in academic or professional life the intellectualcurrents and waves tend to respect no frontiers. Consider for instance how the American New Urbanismmovement has swept the UK, particularly after John Prescott so enthusiastically adopted it and made it aLeitmotif of his Urban Summit a year ago. And now, as Mike Teitz shows in his piece in this issue of Town &Country Planning, there's yet another remarkable development: apparently in complete independence, a cityregion movement is spring up over there, uncannily similar in some ways to what's happening here.
Just compare some parallels.
Here, we had metropolitan counties from 1973, when a Tory government created them, to 1986, when a Torygovernment abolished them. There, they had a movement for regional 'councils of governments'--but they wereweak and unpopular, and effectively faded away.
Now, we have a movement for city-regions as voluntary bottom-up federations of local authorities in certainareas, like the West Midlands or Greater Manchester, but without any suggestion that this means localgovernment
re-organisation. And there, they have what Mike Teitz calls regionalism by stealth: in California'slarger metropolitan areas, such as Los Angeles or the San Francisco Bay Area, there is a new movement thatmakes no attempt to create new regional agencies, but instead uses any convenient existing agency in order toinvolve local governments closely in updating their land use plans to reflect regional goals.
There's one significant feature of the Californian model that maybe has no parallel on this side: it usesincentives, such as the availability of federal transportation improvement funds, to win local collaboration. Butin a sense,
(完整版)城市规划文献翻译毕业设计论文
二○xx 届毕业设计 外文文献翻译
学院：建筑学院 专业：城乡规划 姓名：xxx 学号：xxxxxxxxx 指导教师：xx 完成时间：20xx年x月
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文献综述城市规划
文献综述城市规划 IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】
浅谈城镇建设存在的问题与未来 姓名：李里 摘要：在阅读多篇文章以后，总结出中国目前新城镇建设存在的普遍问题，由于追求快速城镇化，造成城市建设与城市空间都存在问题，同时建设时并没有考虑保护环境这一方面。目前，生态城市成为最新的城市改造建设模式，取代了传统的城市建设模式。 关键词：城镇建设，生态城市，海绵城市，低碳城市 一、城镇建设存在的问题 目前，新城建设中突出的问题是：新城求洋求新，导致千城一面的城市，形象特色危机；大拆大建导致的生态环境破坏和历史文脉隔断；部分新城人气不足，活力缺少，建设成效与期望差距甚远；过于关注形象和规模，新城认为不足，配套缺失；不够重视经济测算，造成一定的财政负担，前期投入多，后期收效不大。 不少城市的领导为了追求任期业绩，既不尊重投入产出规律，也不考虑经济效果和创新，更不考虑资金的回收问题。对老城区部分青红皂白一律推到重建，这是一种最原始、最不科学、最粗野的城市更新方式，造成一些有保留价值的建筑、设施、古木、风貌等的破坏，是城市的有形和无形资产严重受损，甚至完全消失。城市文脉是一座城市在长期建设中形成的历史的、文化的、特有的、地域的、景观的氛围和环境，是一种历史和文化的积淀。目前，城市中普遍存在着低水平的、低层次的简单城市更新，不注重保护和延续城市的文脉，是城市的文脉收到认为的破坏和割裂。城市正在走向雷同，特有风貌消失。随着世界经济一体化进程的加快和信息、文化、科技各个领域交流的扩大，城市更新改造中大量地运用了新技术、新工艺、新材料、新的设计理念大大促进了城市更新的进程和步伐。但是由于各地“追风”现象十分严重，效仿和追大潮成为时尚，是城市更新中出现了雷同，城市正在被克隆，正在失去领域的、文化的、传统的、多样化的特色，建筑正在失去个性和灵魂。在城市更新改造中，将保护建筑视为获得眼前利益的捷径，千方百计的肆意
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
概率论毕业论文外文翻译
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
毕业论文外文翻译模版
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
城市规划毕业设计开题报告
松滋市纸厂河镇纸金小区详细规划 1.题目来源 本课题来源于松滋市勘测规划设计研究院，是一项实际工程项目 2.研究目的和要求 修建性详细规划作为规划最微观的层面，在城市规划中发挥着不可替代的作用。在日前城市飞速发展的时期，有许多城镇居住区的兴起。因此，城镇居住区的规划成为了城市中一个具有特色的区域。松滋市纸厂河镇纸金社区居住小区修建性详细规划就是一个这样的项目。通过此项目设计，巩固大学几年来所学的基础理论知识，并将其运用到实际项目的设计中，锻炼在实践中应用所学知识的能力。通过对项目的研究，可以初步掌握此类修建性详细规划设计的内容和方法，加强对规范的深入了解，学会应用国家有关法律法规以及当地的有关规定。通过针对具体问题的研究，可以提高分析和解决问题的能力。是将来进入工作岗位之前的一次系统学习提高的机会。 3.阅读的主要参考文献及资料名称 [1]周文霞,王翠萍.宜人·怡人·冶人——议如何创造高品质的居住小区外部环境 华中建筑 , Huazhong Architecture, 编辑部邮箱2003年05期 [2]曾湘; 对居住小区规划设计中常见问题的分析 四川建材 , Sichuan Building Materials, 编辑部邮箱2009年06期 [3]彭燕; 开放式结构居住小区的发展研究 【网络出版投稿人】重庆大学硕士 [4]吕雪梦;基于住宅选择视角的城市居住空间分异研究 【网络出版投稿人】浙江大学硕士 [5]崔淑勇; 郊区化居住小区建设与发展模式探讨 商业时代 , Commercial Times, 编辑部邮箱2008年20期 期刊荣誉：中文核心期刊要目总览 ASPT来源刊收录刊
城市规划环境色彩外文翻译文献
文献信息 文献标题：Exploring Environmental Colour Design in Urban Contexts （城市环境色彩设计初探） 文献作者：Galyna McLellan, Mirko Guaralda 文献出处：《The Journal of Public Space》,2018,3(1):93-102 字数统计：英文3636单词，20879字符；中文7078汉字 外文文献 Exploring Environmental Colour Design in Urban Contexts Abstract The increasing complexity of urban colour and growing recognition of its psychological effects prompts rethinking of the current conceptual and methodological approaches to environmental colour design. Contemporary designers are challenged to understand how evolving colour knowledge can be integrated with the fundamentals of colour design. This paper aims to elaborate on the concept of environmental colour composition (ECC) and outlines an alternative approach to colour design in urban environments. A better understanding of the dynamic relationships between the tangible and perceptual elements of an ECC can bring new meaning to the consideration of colour as an integral component of city design. The proposed concepts of environmental colour events and scenarios provide a foundation for both further theoretical inquiry and practical application of synthesised colour knowledge in the design of urban environments. Keywords:environmental colour composition, environmental colour design, colour event, colour scenario ‘What is the colour of your favourite public place?’ Surprisingly, this simple question often causes confusion among many interviewees. Indeed, the complexity and ambiguity of visual information presented to viewers in a contemporary urban space make it difficult to determine what the prevailing spatial colour is. However,
毕业论文外文翻译模板
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
城市交通规划外文翻译
本科毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 专业名称：土木工程 年级班级： 学生姓名： 指导教师： 二○年月日
Urban transportation Planning An urban transportation system is basic component of an urban area's social，economic，and physical structure. Not only does the design and performance of a transportation system provide opportunities for mobility，but over the long term，it influences patterns of growth and the level of economic activity through the accessibility it provides to land. Planning for the development or maintenance of the urban transportation system is thus an important activity，both for promoting the efficient movement of people and goods in an urban area and for maintaining the strong supportive role that transportation can play in attaining other community objectives. There are several basic concepts about an urban transportation system that should be kept in mind. Most important，a transportation system in an urban area is defined as consisting of the facilities and services that allow travel throughout the region，providing opportunities for:(I)mobility to residents of an urban area and movement of goods and (2) accessibility to land .Given this definition，an urban transportation system can be further characterized by three major components: the spatial configuration that permits travel from one location to another; the transportation technologies that provide the means of moving over these distances; and the institutional framework that provides for the planning, construction, operation, and maintenance of system facilities. The Spatial Configuration of a Transportation System One way to describe the spatial dimension of an urban transportation system is to consider the characteristics of individual trips from an origin to a destination. For example, a trip can consist of several types of movement undertaken to achieve different objectives. Travelers leaving home might use a local bus system to reach a suburban subway station(a trip collection process)，proceed through the station to the subway platform (a transfer process)，ride the subway to a downtown station (a line-haul process)，and walk to a place of employment (a distribution process). Similarly，one can view a home-to-work trip by car as consisting of similar segments，with the local street system providing the trip collection process, a freeway providing the line-haul capability，a parking lot in the central business district serving as a transfer point，and walking，as before，serving the distribution function. The facilities and services that provide these opportunities for travel，when
气候学知识在城市规划中的应用大学毕业论文外文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：气候学知识在城市规划中的应用文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
气候学知识在城市规划中的应用 埃利亚松Ingegaè编写 哥德堡大学气候学在自然地理学、地球科学研究中心 瑞典哥德堡Box 460，S-405,30 收稿于1999年7月19日，修稿于1999年11月1日，发行于1999年11月23日 摘要 城市景观创造的气候会反过来影响城市，这是一既成事实；例如：人类的舒适性，空气质量以及能量消耗。然而尽管理论上如此，人们往往认为气象因素对于城市规划实施的实际操作影响很小。其原因是一重要的课题，因为答案要求之于气候学家，规划者和规划过程中。目前研究的主要目标旨在探讨如何以及何时使用气候变化知识在城市化过程中。该研究策略是由跨学科研究团体及气候学家和规划者策划的。案例研究包括不同的采访技巧以及历史数据，这是由在瑞典的三个直辖市从事城市规划工作的各种参与者提供的。研究表明，城市规划者对气候方面较感兴趣，但对气象信息的使用却是杂乱无章，从而结果得出气候学对城市规划影响较低。低冲击是由于几个可能与五个解释变量：概念和基于知识、技术、政策、组织和市场有关。这次讨论提出了某些方面的一些关键的结论,旨在解决这些限制。城市气候学家满足规划者需求驱动的需要提供好的参数,合适的方法和工具是很重要的。城市气候学家也鼓励规划者、决策者和公众提高对城市气候重要性的认识。然而,随着规划是一项政治活动并非总是基于甚至关系到科学知识,一些确定的约束只能通过中和在社会环境的规划制度能力的改善。 关键词:城市气候;城市结构;土地利用;环境规划 1、介绍 1.1、城市气候——简短背景 城市景观为当地创造了一个不同于周围的乡村景观的气候。最证据确凿的是城市热岛效应，研究表明城乡在晴朗和平静的夜晚存在12℃的温差（奥科；1981）。然而城市土地利用变化常常与由一个温暖与寒冷地区拼接的独特的城市土地利用的变化作比较；例如，在公园和建筑物周围能产生的内部城市温度差异高达7℃（斯普瑞肯?史密斯、奥科；1998）。街道几何也是非常重要的城市温度场。天空视角系数（SVF），图1已表明城市温度与其表面温度有关，而不是空气温度(Baè rring et al., 1985;Eliasson, 1992, 1994)。然而对于一个城市的平均SVF已被证明不同城市与最大城市热岛(空气温度)有良好的相关性(Oke, 1981; Park, 1987)。城市中的物质（沥青、砖块、玻璃等）的热特性不同于与在农村发现的物质（树、草、裸露的土壤等）。一般来说，建筑材料在城市中的运用会通过它们储存热量的特性来加剧城市的热岛效应。奥科认为材料和结构的多样性同样是热岛效应的两个主要原因。其他一
毕业论文 外文翻译#(精选.)
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日
译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。