河南专升本英语语法--关键部分!

2017专升本考试英语语法

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一.虚拟语气

虚拟语气（Subjunctive

Mood）这一语法项目是各类英语（论坛）考试中心测试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。③与将来事实可能相反。

I：最基本的虚拟语气句型：

1. 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式（be一般用were），主句用would/should/ could/ might +动词原形。If places were alike，there would be little need for geographers.如果各个地方都一样，就不需要地理学家了。

2. 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had＋过去分词，主句用would/ should / could / might + have +过去分词。If he had known your address yesterday，he would have telephoned you.

3.

虚拟将来时是表示对将来实现的可能性很小的或不确定的假设。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should/could/ might +动词原形。If he were to leave today， he would get there by Friday

4. 省略if 采用倒装语序的条件句。有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if省去，而将had，should， were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。If he had worked harder， he would have got through the exams.==》Had he worked harder， he would have got through the exams.If he were to leave today， he would get there by Friday.==》Were he to leave today， he would get there by Friday.If I were in your place， I wouldn’t do that.==》Were I in your place， I wouldn’t do that.

5.有时虚拟条件句并没用if从句表示出来，而是用介词短语（otherwise，or，without， but for）、上下文或其它方式来表示。如：We didn‘t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. Without you help， I wouldn’t have achieved so much. But for （“要不是。..。..”的意思）your help， I would not have succeeded. II：虚拟语气在从句中用should的情况：

1. 在表示建议，要求，命令，想法的动词后的从句里，用should + 动词原形， should 可以省略。如advise，agree，command，decide，

demand，determine，grant，indicate，insist，order，prefer，propose，request，require，stipulate，suggest，urge，vote.常考到的是：suggest，advise，demand，require，propose，insist，order， request.

His doctor suggested that he （should） take short leave of absence. The author proposed that TV （should） be turned off at least one hour every day.

2. 在表示建议，要求，命令，想法的名词后的从句里，用should + 动词原形，should可以省略。如advice，decision，agreement，command，decree，demand，determination，indication，insistence，order，preference，proposal，request，requirement，stipulation etc.

It was Bill’s suggestion that everyone （should） have a map.

His suggestion was that everyone （should） have a map.

He gave us a suggestion that everyone （should） have a map.

3.在It is/was +形容词后的that从句中用should的结构， should 可以省略。这类形容词常见的有：advisable，anxious，compulsory，crucial，desirable，eager，essential，fitting，imperative（绝对必要），impossible，improper，important，natural，necessary，obligatory，possible，preferable，probable，recommended，urgent， vital etc.

It‘s natural that she （should） do so.

It is essential that we （should） tell her the news.

4.在lest 和for fear that（以免），in case（以防）从句中用should，should 可以省略。

She walked quietly lest she （should） wake up her roommates. Have your gun ready in case we should need it.

III： wish 后的 that 从句中：

1.表示现在或将来的愿望，从句中过去式。

I wish I knew his address.

I wish I were young.

2.表示过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望，从句用过去完成式或would，could， might + have + 过去分词。

I wish you had written to him.

I wish I could have slept longer this morning， but I had to get up and come to class.

3.如果将wish改成wished，其后that从句中动词的形式不变。

4. 如果that从句中用would，一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求

I wish he would answer my letter.

I wish prices would come down.

I wish you would help me.

I wish you would stop asking silly questions.

IV：在 It’s about/ high/ first（second， third etc）time后的that 从句中，用过去式。表示“该是做什么的时候了”

It is about time you were in bed.

It is high time we left.

It is the first time I came here.

V：在would rather， would sooner， would just as soon 后的that从句中，用过去式或过去完成式，表示“宁愿做什么”

I would rather he came tomorrow than today.

John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.

VI：在if only（“如果。..。就好了”的意思）感叹句中，谓语动词与wish宾语从句的虚拟形式相同。

If only he didn’t drive so fast！（现在）

If only she had asked someone’s advice.（过去）

If only the rain would stop.（将来）

VII：在as if / as though

从句中，表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑，用过去式;表示过去想象中的动作或情况，用过去完成式。

He speaks as if he were on the spot.

She spoke to me as if I were deaf.

This device operated as though it had been repaired.

注： 1. 在 as if / as though 句中，如果有可能成为事实，用陈述语气。He looks as if he is going to be ill.

2. 在insist 后的从句中，如果是坚持自己，用陈述语气，坚持别人做什么事情，用虚拟语气。

She insists that she is right.

She insisted that I should finish the work at once.

非谓语动词（不定式、分词、动名词）

（一）不定式

　1、一般用法

1）作主语：To say something is one thing，to do it is another.说是一码事，干是另一码事。

　***形式主语it It is not fair to blame them for the accident.

2）作表语： My suggestion is to carry out the plan immediately.

3）作宾语： He offered to go with us.他提出和我们一起去。

***形式宾语it We found it impossible to get everything ready in advance.

　I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings.

4）作宾语或主语的补足语：Mr. Smith wants his son to become a lawyer.

　The suspected man was seen to enter the building.

此类动词还有如ask，advise，allow，compel，encourage，hear，intend，lead，inspire，order，persuade等。

***hope，demand，suggest不可接不定式作宾补，但可跟that引出的宾语从句。

He hoped that I would give him more help. The doctor suggests that my father （should） stop smoking.

***在see，hear，look at，listen to，feel，observe，watch，notice等感官动词，以及let，make，have 等动词后面的不定式要省掉to .但注意在其被动语态中，作为主补的不定式要加上to.

　We are made to write a composition every week by the teacher.

5）构成复合谓语结构：

①"be said （reported，known…）+ 不定式"可换成：it is said （reported，known…）that…

　Shanxi Province is known to have rich coal reserves. = It is known that Shanxi ……

②seem （happen，appear，prove，tend） + 不定式

　I happened to be out when she called. 碰巧出去了

③be likely （certain，sure，willing，anxious，ready，bound，eager，reluctant） + 不定式

　They are likely to succeed. She is always ready to help others.

6）作定语（一般为后置修饰语）

He used to have a lot of meetings to attend. There is nothing to worry about.

①英语中有一些名词常跟不定式作定语：ability，agreement，ambition，attempt，claim，decision，hope，intention，failure，need，refusal，plan，promise，tendency，wish，willingness，threat， anxiety

His attempt to solve the problem failed again. Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.

②the first，second，last，only （thing），best （thing）等后面常跟不定式作定语。

He is always the first to come and the last to leave. What is the best thing to do？

7）作状语（表示目的，原因，结果等）

They will go to the station to meet the guests. We are overjoyed to see you.

常跟不定式作原因状语的形容词有：happy，glad，relieved，astonished，amazed，overjoyed，surprised， sad

不定式也可作结果状语，仅限于learn得知，find发现，see看见，hear听见，to be told被告知，make使得等具有界限含义的动词，only to常表示令人不快的结果。

　He returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged.

　I hurried to Professor Wang’s house only to find he was out.

①不定式与in order to， so as to连用，作目的状语；与so（such）… as to连用，作目的状语和结果状语。

In order to catch the train， he hurried through his work. He was so angry as to be unable to speak.

②不定式与enough和too…to连用，作程度状语。

③all too，only too…加不定式不表示否定的意思：I’m only too pleased to help you.我非常愿意帮助你。

8）插入语： To be fair， he has worked hard these days. We don’t like your idea， to tell you the truth.

　2、注意问题：

1）不定式的逻辑主语

（1）for + 名词或代词宾语 + 不定式：I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.

（2）不定式独立结构：He proposed a picnic， he himself to pay the railway tickets， and John to provide the food.

　在表示人物性格、特点等的形容词后，用of引出不定式的逻辑主语：

It was wise of him to do that. I think it wrong of him not to accept our invitation.

　常见的这类形容词有：

　absurd荒唐的bold大胆的brave勇敢的clever聪明的courageous有勇气的rude无礼的

　considerate考虑周到的foolish愚蠢的honest诚实的polite有礼貌的

silly傻的

grateful感激的wicked邪恶的thoughtful体贴的careless粗心的right正确的

2）不定式的否定式： not + to do They decided not to give up trying.

3）连接词 + 不定式： He will tell us how to use the library.

4）省 to 的不定式

①口语以 why 开头的简单句： Why not go out for a walk？ Why do it that way？

②had better，would rather…（than），would…rather than，would sooner…（than），can not but…，can’t help but…，may（might） as well习惯用法

Rather than beg in the street，he would prefer to die of hunger.他宁愿饿死也不上街。

I could’t help but wait for the next bus to come.我不得不等下一趟车。

　***③do nothing/anything/everything but （except）

Last night I did nothing but watch TV. John will do anything but work on a farm.

　****其他的谓语形式要用to：

There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent. The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.

　3、不定式的"体"式和语态

　体式主动语态被动语态

　一般式 to write to be written

　完成式 to have written to have been written

　进行式 to be writing

　完成进行式 to have been writing

⑴体式①I am sorry to hear the news.（不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后，或同时发生）

②They seem to be having a meeting. （不定式动作与谓语动作同时发生）

③The enemy was reported to have surrendered two days before.（不定式先于谓语动作）

⑵语态①出现动作的执行者，用主动式：I have a meeting to attend.　否则用被动语态：Here are the clothes to be washed.

②在"表语（或宾语补足语）+

不定式"结构中，常用不定式的主动式代替被动式：

They found Professor Jones’ lecture hard to understand. She is nice to talk to.

③习惯用法：None of us was to blame for that.

　The dog was nowhere to be found.

（二）分词（现在分词和过去分词）

　比较：剥削阶级the exploiting class 被剥削阶级the exploited class

正在采花的女孩the girl gathering flowers 今天早晨采集的花the flowers gathered this morning

落叶fallen leaves 凋谢的花faded flowers 开水boiled water 新到的商品newly arrived goods

　1、一般用法

1）作表语，现在分词常表示特性，过去分词常表示状态。

His argument is very convincing. 他的论点很令人信服。They were very excited at the news.

2）作定语

　Don’t disturb the sleeping child. The arrested murderer will be

tried soon.那个被逮捕的杀人犯将受到审讯。

　分词作定语的位置

　You may ask the lady （who is） sitting at the desk.

Those （who have been）elected as committee members will attend the meeting. （当选为委员的人）

3）作宾语（或主语）的补足语

He likes to sit on the beach and watch the sea gulls flying. （海鸥）The work left everyone exhausted.

4）作状语

Hearing the knock on the door，they stopped talking. （=When they heard…。）

Asked to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film. （= As I was asked to…。）

　They stood there waiting for the bus. （and were waiting…。）

The bandits fled into the mountains，pursued by the policemen. （and were pursued…。）

5）分词的独立结构

　The rain having stopped， the soldiers continued their march.

　The boys returned， their face covered with sweat.

演变： The teacher entered the classroom， a bag （being） in his hand.

He stopped and turned about， his eyes （being） brightly proud. Breakfast over， he went to his office.

She left the room with the candle burning on the table. He wandered in without shoes or socks on.

6）作插入语

Generally speaking，I prefer rice to noodles. Judging from his accent， he must be a southerner.

　2、体式和语态

　Having been there many times， he offered to be our guide.

Not having made adequate preparations，we postponed the sports meet.

　Having studied hard during the term， he passed the exam.

He is said to have studied hard and passed the exam. Who is the patient being operated on？

（二）动名词

　1、一般用法

1）作主语和表语 Seeing is believing. My hobby is collecting stamps.

（1）形式主语it It is no use/good quarreling with her. Is it worthwhile trying again？

（2）There is no +V-ing There is no joking about this matter.

2）作宾语

He enjoys listening to classical music. We must avoid making such mistakes again.

重点记忆

有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别

1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（未做）

forget doing忘记做过某事（已做过或已发生）

2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事

stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事

3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）

remember doing记得做过某事(已做)

4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾

regret doing对做过的事后悔

5）try to do努力、企图做某事

try doing试一试某种办法

6)mean to do打算，有意要…

mean doing意味着

7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）

go on doing 继续（原先没做完的事情）

8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）

propose doing建议（做某事）

9)like /love/hate/ prefer 这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如：

I should like to see him tomorrow．

10)can’t help to do(不能帮助做)

be afraid to do　不敢去做...(是主观上的原因不去做，意为“怕“)；

be afraid of doing　担心出现... 状况、结果。(doing 是客观上造成的，意为“生怕“)

什么是定语

定语是句子成分之一,可以由单词,短语或从句担当,对名(代)词修饰和限制.名(代)词称为中心词.

形容词作定语一般前置,短语和从句作定语要后置,翻译成"……的".

例如:

a_beautiful_girl_(形容词作前置定语)一个美丽的女孩

a_girl_in_white___(介词短语作后置定语)

一个穿白色衣服的女孩

a_girl_who_is_singing_ (定语从句,a_girl为先行词)

一个正唱歌的女孩

先行词是人

(人或物)

定语从句定义：

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。例如：The man who lives next to us sells vegetables.

The fish which we bought were not fresh.

定语从句所修饰的词叫

“先行词”，定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。

常用的关系代词有:

who/whom(指人)，whose(指人的或物的),which(指物)

,that(指人或物)。关系代词在从句中做主语,宾语和定语。

关系副词有: when(指时间),where(指地点),why(指原因)。

先行词和关系词的关系

1.A plane is a machine that can fly.

a machine = that

2.The boy who broke the window is called Tom.

the boy =who

3.The boy whose parents are dead was brought up

by his grandfather.the boy’s =whose

4.The school where I study is far from my home.

in the school = where关系副词实际上是介词＋先行词

由关系代词引导的定语从句

I.That 在从句中作主语或宾语

1.指物

The plane is a machine that can fly.

2.指人

Let’s ask the man that is reading the book over there.

II.Which 在从句中作主语或宾语(指物）

They planted the trees which didn’t need much water.

III.Who, whom 在从句中作主语和宾语（指人）

The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.

修饰物体时关系代词that和which的区分

使用that的情况：

1.当先行词是all,everything, nothing, something, anything, everyone, everybody, nobody, anyone, anybody等不定代词时。

eg. Do you have anything that is important to tell me?

2.当先行词被all, any, some, no, not, every, each等修饰时。

eg. I have some books that are very good.

3.当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词所修饰时。

ｅg.This is the first book that I bought myself.

　The biggest bird that I caught is this bird.

4.当先行词被the very, the last, the next, the only 等词修饰时。

eg. This is the very book that I lost yesterday.

5.当先行词又有人又有物时。

eg. I won’t forget the things and the persons that I saw.

只能使用which的情况

1.非限制性定语从句中。

eg. Mary has a book, which is very precious.

2.在介词之后。

eg. This is a house in which lives an old man.

3.当主句中的主语被that修饰时。

eg. That dog which I found in the street belongs to Mary.

专升本英语语法重点汇总

专升本英语语法重点汇总 一、动词时态及语态题（大家应该记住我所讲过的九种时态，特别是其中的过去完成，过去进行时，客观真理要用一般现在时等） 1、The manager told us that this factory was built in 1958. 2、By the time we got there，the play had already begun. 3、When I was a child，I knew that the earth turns about its axis. 4、When Mr.Delay got home after a day's exhausting work，his wife and children were sleeping. 二、非谓语动词题（特别是现在分词与过时分词的区别，大家一定要弄明白主动与被动这对最最重要的区别，要求大家多看我的上课笔记） 1、The film showed last night was very moving. （不用moved，大家别忘了-ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别） 2、Having finishing his lecture，the teacher asked if anyone wished to asked a question. 3、The problem being discussed is very important. 4、Given more time，we are sure to finish it. 5、Will you please make yourself known to everyone here 三、It作形式主语及形式宾语题（这也是一个常考点，it本身是没有意思的，注意it 还可以指时间，天气等。） 1、It is difficult to study English wel l. 2、We think it is important to pass the exam. 四、强调句型（大家要记住的是it is （was）……that…，如果前面是it iswas 后面往往选用that，当然强调人的时候也可用who） 1、It was at an evening party that I first saw her. 2、It is what you will do that is important. 3、When was it that he bought a new car 五、倒装句型

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2014 年专业英语考试试题及参考答案 Part ⅠVocabulary and Structure(1×30 points) Directions: There are 30 incomplete statements in this part．You are required to complete each one by choosing the most appropriate word or expression from the four choices marked A, B, C and D, then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. 1.—Would you please give him the key as soon as he? —No problem. A. arrives B. appearing C. came D. reaches 2.He is now confined the hospital by illness. A. in B. to C. with D. at 3.Having no key to the door, the poor boy anxiously in the rain for one and a half hours, and he would wait till the mother arrived. A. was waiting B. had been waiting C. had waited D. would wait 4.Trying to wild life is a job that concerns all of us. A. deserve B. detect C. protect D. reserve 5.The 20 year old tennis player’s dream is to China at 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. A. support B. present C. represent D. compete 6.The residents living in these apartments have free to the swimming pool, the gym and other facilities. A. excess B. excursion C. access D. recreation 7.There are two major problems linked with atomic power plants, the first concerns nuclear waste. A. of which B. of the two C. of them D. of the plants 8.—What’s that newly built building? —the students have out of class activities, such as drawing and singing. A. It is the building that B. That’s where C. It is in which D. The building that 9.Tom has been most helpful to us; in fact I don’t know what we without him. A. have done B. will have done C. had done D. would have done 10.from heart trouble for years, Professor Black has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes. A. Suffered B. Suffering C. Having suffered D. Being suffered 11.While Tony was walking in the street, he came an old classmate of his. A. into B. across C. onto D. up with 12.Never before available for quick and easy access in so many different fields of study.