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Linguistics语言学归纳(可编辑修改word版)

Linguistics语言学归纳(可编辑修改word版)
Linguistics语言学归纳(可编辑修改word版)

Linguistics

1.The scope of linguistics: (a branch of linguistics that….)

phonetics(语音学): the study of linguistic speech sounds, how they are produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties.(study of the phonic medium of language)

phonology:(音位学)the study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistics communication.

morphology:(形态学)the study of the word structure and word formation. syntax:(句法学)is the branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.

semantics: (语义学) the study of linguistic meaning.

pragmatics:(语用学)a branch of linguistics that studies the context of language use to effect successful communication.

Some distinctions in linguistics:

1)Prescriptive & descriptive

Prescriptive: aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use Descriptive: aims to lay down rules for “correct & standard” behavior in using language.(doctor)

2)Synchronic & diachronic 共时的&历时的

Synchronic: the description of a language at some point of time in history.

Diachronic: the description of a language as it changes through time.

3)Langue & parole 语言&言语

Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of

a speech community.

Parole: refers to the realization of language in actual use.

4)Competence & performance 语言能力&语言运用

Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language

Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic

communication.

Design features of language:

1)arbitrariness: (任意性)means there is no logical connection between

meanings and sounds.

2)Productivity: it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new

signals by its users.

3)Duality:(双重性)duality of structure or double articulation of language

enables users to talk about anything within their knowledge.

4)Displacement: language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the

immediate situations of the speaker. 不受时空限制

5)Cultural transmission 文化传播(eg:狼孩)

2.Functions of language:

1)Descriptive function: it is the function to convey factual information,

which can be asserted or denied, and in some cases even verified.

2)Expressive function: supplies information about the user’s feelings,

preferences, prejudices and values.

3)Social function: serves to establish and maintain social relations between

people.

Phone:(音素)is a phonetic unit or segment.

Phoneme:(音位)is a phonological unit. It is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit.

3.Morphemes词素—the minimal units of meaning

The smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function Free morpheme: a morpheme which can be a word by itself.

Bound morpheme: a morpheme must be attached to another one.

Derivational morphemes:(衍生词素) the morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words. They are conjoined to other morphemes /words, new words are derived or formed. (-en,-ate,-ic,-ous,-ly,-tion,-sive,-er) 标出Inflectional morphemes: (曲折词素) they are attached to words or morphemes, but they never change their syntactic category.(-s,-er,-est,-ed,-ing) ○标出

4.Category: refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phase or a verb. Non-traditional categories: determiner(Det)限定词,degree(Deg),qualifier(Qua) Phrase elements : specifiers, complements(XP Rule), modifiers.

Deep structure: formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 没变形陈述句

Surface structure

英语2Linguistics题目及答案

Quiz of Linguistics I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. ( T) 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not language in general. ( F) 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. ( F ) 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. ( T ) 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. ( T) 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistics study. ( F) 7. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. ( F ) 8. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. ( T) 9. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. ( F ) 10. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by Saussure. ( F) II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given. 1. Chomsky defines “competence”as the ideal user’s k nowledge of the rules of his language. 2. Langue refers to the a bstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 3. D uality is one of the desing features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 4. Language is a system of a rbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 5. P arole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 6. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such application is generally known as a pplied linguistics. 7. Language is p roductive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before. 8. Linguistics is generally defined as the s cientific study of language. 9. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d escriptive. 10. Modern linguistics regards the written language as s econdary . III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.

语言学概论中文版

第一章:绪论 1.什么是语言学? 1.1定义 语言学常被定义为是对语言进行系统科学研究的学科。语言学研究的不是某一种特定的语言,而是人类所有的语言。为了揭示语言的本质,语言学家首先要对语言实际使用进行观察,并在此基础上形成有关语言使用的概括性假设,这些初步形成的假设要在语言使用中进行进一步的检验,最终形成一条语言理论。 1.2语言学的研究范畴: 语言学研究有不同的侧重。对语言体系作全面研究的语言学研究称为普通语言学。语音学主要是对语言声音媒介的研究,它不只是研究某一特定的语言的声音媒介,而是所有语言的声音媒介。音系学与语音学不同,它主要研究特定语言的语音体系,即音是如何结合在一起产生有意义的单位。形态学主要研究单词的内部语义结构,及这些叫做词素的语义最小单位是如何结合构成单词。句法学主要研究构成潜在句子的句法规则。语义学以研究语义为目的,传统语义学主要研究抽象的意义,独立于语境之外的意义,语用学也是研究语义,但是它把语义研究置于语言使用语境中加以研究。 语言不是一个孤立的现象,而是一种社会现象,各种社会因素都会对语言的使用产生影响。从社会的角度来研究语言的科学被称之为社会语言学。语言和社会之间的关系是社会语言学研究的主要内容。心理语言学主要从心理学的角度来研究语言。它要研究人们在使用语言时大脑的工作机理,如人是如何习得母语的,人的大脑是如何加工和记忆语言信息等问题。把语言学的研究成果应用到实践中的科学形成了应用语言学。狭义上,应用语言学指把语言理论和原则运用于语言教学的科学,在广义上,它指把语言理论与原则应用于解决实际问题的科学。除此之外还有人类语言学、神经语言学、数学语言学、计算语言学等。

第一章语言学导论解析

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