语言学Linguistics习题含答案
Quiz for linguistics:
Chapter 1: Linguistics and Language
语言和语言学
1. Which of the following is the most important function of language?
a. Interpersonal function
b. Performative function
c. Informative function
d. Recreational function
2. ______ studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, the sounds of speech, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc..
a. Phonology
b. Phonetics
c. Morphology
d. Pragmatics
3. ______ function refers to expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations.
a. Performative
b. Interpersonal
c. Phatic
d. Metalingual
4. ______ means the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
a. Creativity
b. Duality
c. Arbitrariness
d. Displacement
5. By ______ it means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.
a. arbitrariness
b. duality
c. creativity
d. displacement
6. ______ distinguishes the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual production of speeches.
a. Chomsky
b. Saussure
c. Gilman
d. Brown
7. ______ refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.
a. Competence
b. Performance
c. Eloquence
d. Action
8. ______ is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community.
a. Psycholinguistics
b. Sociolinguistics
c. Anthropological linguistics
d. Computational linguistics
9. ______ studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.
a. Pragmatics
b. Semantics
c. Syntax
d. Phonetics
10. ______ is a branch of linguistics concerned in principle with the physical representation of language or linguistic processes in the brain.
a. Anthropological linguistics
b. Psychological linguistics
c. Computational linguistics
d. Neurolinguistics
11. The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is ______ (大纲样题)
a. morphology
b. general linguistics
c. phonology
d. semantics
12. Syntax is the study of ______. (2005年真题)
a. language function
b. sentence structures
c. textual organization
d. word formation
13. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language? (2005年真题)
a. arbitrariness
b. productivity
c. cultural transmission
d. finiteness
14. The distinction between parole and langue was made by ______. (2006年真题)
a. Halliday
b. Chomsky
c. Bloomfield
d. Saussure
15. ______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. (2007年真题)
a. Phonology
b. Morphology
c. Semantics
d. Sociolinguistics
16. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language? (2008年真题)
a. Arbitrariness
b. Displacement
c. Duality
d. Diachronicity
17. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is ______.
(2009年真题)
a. corpus linguistics
b. sociolinguistics
c. theoretical linguistics
d. pysholinguistics
18. Language is a tool of communication. The symbol “Highway Closed” on a highway serves ______. (2010年真题)
a. an expressive function.
b. an informative function.
c. a performative function.
d. a persuasive function.
19. ______ is defined as the study of the relationship between language and mind. (2011年真题)
a. Semantics
b. Pragmatics
c. Cognitive linguistics
d. Sociolinguistics
20. Saussure distinguishes the linguistic competence of the speaker as ____
a. parole
b. language
c. system
d. langue
语音学
1. ______ is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.
a. Acoustic phonetics
b. Articulatory phonetics
c. Auditory phonetics
d. Pragmatics
2. When ______ is produced, complete closure of the articulators is involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth.
a. fricative
b. stop
c. affricate
d. lateral
3. In the production of vowels, air is ______ as is the case with consonants.
a. not obstructed
b. obstructed
c. semi-obstructed
d. half-obstructed
4. The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the ______ grammarian Otto Jespersen in 1886.
a. English
b. American
c. Danish
d. French
5. The present system of the IPA derives mainly from one developed in the ______ by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones and his colleagues at University of London.
a. 1910s
b. 1920s
c. 1930s
d. 1940s
6. To be specific, ______ deals with how speech sounds are produced.
a. articulatory phonetics
b. acoustic phonetics
c. auditory phonetics
d. phonological phonetics
7. All the following are the description of [P] EXCEPT ______.
a. stop
b. bilabial
c. alveolar
d. consonant
8. If a single movement from one element to a second element of the tongue is involved, the combine vowels are called ______.
a. monophthongs
b. triphthongs
c. cardinal vowels
d. diphthongs
9. The most famous cardinal vowel system put forward by Daniel Jones defines ______ primary cardinal vowels.
a. 7
b. 8
c. 9
d. 10
10. The followings belong to affricates EXCEPT ______.
a. [ts]
b. [l]
c. [D]
d. [tr]
11. According to the part of the tongue which is raised, the vowels can be divided into the following three kinds, EXCEPT for ______.
a. front
b. middle
c. central
d. back
12. A vowel is different from a consonant in English because of _______. (2011年真题)
a. absence of obstruction
b. presence of obstruction
c. manner of articulation
d. place of articulation
13. If the air stream meets with no obstruction when a sound is pronounced, it is a(n) ______.
a. voiced consonant
b. voiceless consonant
c. vowel
d. explosive
14. The internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is ______.
a. I.P.A
b. I.A.P.S
c. I.S.S
d. S.S.I.P
音位学
1. ______ refers to two words in a language which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound (one phoneme) and which also differ in meaning.
a. Ahoneme
b. A minimal pair
c. Allophone
d. Free variation
2. Phonology is the study of ______.
a. how speech sounds are made
b. the sound system of languages
c. speech sounds are transmitted
d. how speech sounds are received
3. The following are the principle suprasegmental features EXCEPT _______.
a. syllable
b. stress
c. tone
d. phoneme
4. Which aspect does NOT belong to the phonological process?
a. A set of sounds to undergo the process
b. A set of sounds produced by the process
c. The length of the sounds in the process
d. A set of situations in which the process applies
5. ______ refers to the sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language.
a. Phone
b. Allophone
c. Phoneme
d. Morpheme
6. The open syllable refers to the syllable that has no ______.
a. coda
b. onset
c. nucleus
d. rhyme
7. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in what we call tone languages. Which of the following is tone language?
a. English
b. Chinese
c. both English and Chinese
d. Neither English nor Chinese
8. If two phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a ______.
a. minimal pair
b. complementary distribution
c. phonemic contrast
d. minimal set
9. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature in English phonology?
a. aspiration
b. plosiveness
c. bilabiality
d. voicelessness
1. ______ is a unit that cannot be divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
a. Phoneme
b. Morpheme
c. Lexeme
d. Phone
2. The words such as dog, nation and close are ______.
a. affixes
b. free morphemes
c. bound morphemes
d. compounds
3. The words such as “smog” and ”brunch” are called ______.
a. abbreviation
b. acronym
c. back-formation
d. blending
4. For example, the word bead originally means “prayer”, but later it refers to “the prayer bead”, and finally “small, ball-shaped piece of glass, metal or wood”. It is called ______.
a. meaning shift
b. broadening
c. narrowing
d. borrowing
5. “Kodak” is a/an ______.
a. acronym
b. blending
c. coinage
d. clipping
6. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are ______.
a. grammatical words
b. lexical words
c. both grammatical words and lexical words
d. neither grammatical words nor lexical words
7. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and articles are ______.
a. open-class words
b. closed-class words
c. both open-class words and closed words
d. neither open-class nor closed-class words
8. In terms of ______, words can be divided into closed-class words and open-class words.
a. meaning
b. variability
c. quality
d. membership
9. _____ refers to any morphemes or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. It can be equivalent to a root, or a root and a derivational affix.
a. affix
b. root
c. stem
d. suffix
10. In the following words foot/feet, goose/geese, the affixes belong to ______.
a. suffix
b. infix
c. prefix
d. root
11. Which of the following is NOT a compound word? （大纲样题）
a. Landlady
b. Greenhouse
c. Uplift
d. Unacceptable
12. The word holiday originally meant “holy day”; but now the word signifies “any day on which we don’t have to work”. This is an example of ______. （大纲
a. meaning shift
b. widening of meaning
c. narrowing of meaning
d. loss of meaning
13. The word “m otel” comes from “motor + hotel”. This is an examp le of ______ in morphology. (2010年全真)
a. backformation
b. conversion
c. blending
d. acronym
14. ______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. (2007年全真）
a. Phonology
b. Morphology
c. Semantics
d. Sociolinguistics
1. ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentence.
a. Morphology
b. Syntax
c. Phonetics
d. Semantics
2. Which one of the following does NOT belong to English cases?
a. Nominative
b. Accusative
c. Genitive
d. Dative
3. When a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of category, it is referred to as _____.
a. generation
b. government
c. transformation
d. negation
4. ______ refers to the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.
a. C-command
b. Immediate constituent analysis
c. Deep structure
d. Communicative dynamism
5. ______ is a general term for verbal category that distinguish the status of events, etc. in relation to specific period of times, as opposed to their simple location in the present, past, or future.
a. tense
b. time
c. mood
d. aspect
6. The relation between elements that form part of the same form, sequence, construction, etc., e.g. between s, p, and r in a form such as spring, or between a subject and a verb in constructions such as Bill hunts is called ______.
a. syntagmatic relation
b. paradigmatic relation
b. positional relation d. relation of subsitutablity
7. In English, theme and rheme are expressed by ______.
a. subject and object
b. subject and predicate
c. predicate and object
d. object and predicate
8. Classical Creek and Arabic have a third number: ______, something like the English “both”.
a. single
b. plural
c. dual
d. trial
9. Another method to analyze a sentence from the functional perspective is ______, which is proposed by J. Firbas.
a. C-command
b. immediate constituent analysis
c. deep structure
d. communicative dynamism
10. Those constructions where there is only one head, with the head dominant and the other constituents being modifiers, are ______.
a. endocentric constructions
b. exocentric constructions
c. deep structure
d. surface structure
11. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”? (2008年真题)
a. a simple sentence
b. a coordinate sentence
c. a complex sentence
d. none of the above
12. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT ______. (2007年真题)
a. lexical
b. syntactic
c. phonological
d. psycholinguistic
13. Syntax is the study of ______. (2005年全真)
a. language functions.
b. sentence structures.
c. textual organization.
d. word formation.
语义学
1. More specifically, _____ is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.
a. pragmatics
b. semantics
c. syntax
d. phonology
2. In the semantic triangle by Ogden and Richards, the SYMBOL or FORM refers to ______.
a. the linguistic elements (words, phrases)
b. the object in the world of experience
c.concept
d. idea
3. The words with more or less the same meaning used in different regional dialects are called ______.
a. dialectal synonyms
b. collocational synonyms
c. stylistic synonyms
d. complementary antonymy
4. The word “table” has at least the six meanings such as “a piece of furniture”, “all the people seated at a table”, etc. It can be called ______.
a. polysemy
b. antonymy
c. homonymy
d. hyponymy
5. The relation between “dog” and “animal” is that of _____.
a. synonymy
b. antonymy
c. homonymy
d. hyponymy
6. A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called _____. (2009年真题)
a. dialect
b. idiolect
c. pidgin
d. register
7. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ______. (2008年真题)
a. hyponymy
b. synonymy
c. polysemy
d. homonymy
8. The word tail once referred to the “tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean “the tail of any animal”. This is an example of ______.(2007年真题)
a. widening of meaning
b. narrowing of meaning
c. meaning shift
d. loss of meaning
9. The word “kid, child, offspring” are examples of ______. (2006年真题)
a. dialectal synonyms
b. stylistic synonyms
c. emotive synonyms
d. collocational synonyms
10. The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are ______.
a. homophones
b. homographs
c. complete homonyms
d. allophones
语用学
1. Pragmatics is generally the study of natural language understanding, and specifically the study of how ______ influences the interpretation of meanings.
a. word
b. context
c. sentence
d. language form
2. Speech Act Theory is the first major theory in the study of language in use, which originated with the Oxford philosopher ______.
a. Herbert Paul Grice
b. Dan Sperber
c. Deirdre Wilson
d. John Langshaw Austin
3. A(n) _____ is using a sentence to perform a function.
a. Locutionary Act
b. Illocutionary Act
c. Perlocutionary Act
d. In-locutionary Act
4. The second major theory in pragmatics is the theory of conversational implicature, proposed by Oxford philosopher ______.
a. J. Austin
b. Halliday
c. Herbert Paul Grice
d. Saussure
5. The following maxims are the Cooperative Principles Except ______.
a. quantity maxim
b. quality maxim
c. distance maxim
d. relation maxim
6. Which of the following is NOT the characteristic of Implicature?
a. calculability
b. cancellability
c. non-detachability
d. changeability
7. Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson argue that all Gricean maxims should be reduced to a single principle of ______.
a. relevance
b. coordination
c. agreement
d. reciprocity
8. The notion of ______ is essential to the pragmatic study of language?
a. communication
b. context
c. speech act theory
d. words
9. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing ______. (2009年真题)
a. an illocutionary act
b. a perlocutionary act
c. a locutionary act
d. none of the above
10. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of ______. (2006年真题)
a. reference
b. meaning
c. antonymy
d. context
11. The speech act theory was first put forward by ______. (2005年真题)
a. John Searle
b. John Austin
c. Noam Chomsky
d. M.A.K Halliday
12. The force of a/an ______ act is identical with the speaker’s intention.
a. illocutionary
b. locutionary
c. perlocutionary
d. Prelocutionary
其他
1. The definition “the act of using, or promoting the use of several languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers”refers to _____. (2011年全真)
a. pidgin
b. creole
c. multilingualism
d. bilingualism
2. ______ refers to the learning and development of a language. (2010年全真)
a. Language acquisition
b. Language comprehension
c. Language production
d. Language instruction
3. A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different
languages for purposes of trading is called ______. (2009年全真)
a. dialect.
b. idiolect.
c. pidgin.
d. register.
4. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT ______. (2007年全真)
a. lexical
b. syntactic
c. phonological
d. psycholinguistic
5. With the ______, Latin words were added into the vocabulary of the language spoken in Britain.
a. invasion of the Romans
b. Christianization of Britain
c. Scandinavian invasion
d. Norman Conquest
现代语言学理论和流派
1. The Prague School is best known for its contribution to the distinction between phonetics and ______.
a. sound
b. phoneme
c. phonology
d. phone
2. The founder of the London School is the British linguist ______.
a. J. R. Firth
b. Halliday
c. Bloomfield
d. Sapir
3. Firth insisted that the object of linguistics is language ______.
a. in oral use
b. in actual use
c. in books
d. in media
4. The following function of adult’s language EXCEPT ______ are put forward by Halliday.
a. the ideational function
b. the interpersonal function
c. the informative function
d. the textual function
5. The principle representative of American descriptive linguistics is ______.
a. L. Bloomfield
b. Chomsky
c. Sapir
d. Saussure
6. The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” is ______.
a. Firth
b. Saussure
c. Halliday
d. Chomsky
7. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of ______.
a. function
b. meaning
c. signs
d. system
8. ______ is the founder of Transformational Generative Grammar.
a. Noam Chomsky
b. Halliday
c. Saussure
d.Brown
9. The structural approach to the analysis of language was started by the Swiss linguist ______ in the beginning of the 20th century.
a. Chomsky
b. Halliday
c. Saussure
d. Fillmore
10. A representative of the Contextualism was ______, the leading British linguist of the period. He held the view that “We shall know a word by the company it keeps”.
a. Ogden and Richards
b. J. R. Firth
c. Bloomfield
d. Leech
11. Bloomfield further strengthened the contextualist view and drew on ______ when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.
a. sociology
b. behaviorist psychology
c. anthropology
d. physiology
12. ______ means that it is impossible for children to acquire some particular language knowledge resulting from the contrast of language data in the process of their L1 acquisition.
a. Language faculty
b. Language acquisition device
c. Universal grammar
d. Argument of poverty stimulus
语言学概论试题及答案
一、填空题:（每空1 分，本大题共10 分） 1. （）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学 走上独立发展道路的标志。 2. 人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制（ 掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 3. 进入20世纪以后，语言研究的主流由历史比较语言学转为 （）。 4. 俄语属于印欧语系的（ 5. 一个音位包含的不同音素或者具体表现出来的音素叫做 （）。 6. 语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是（ 7. 现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于（）字 母。 8. 言外之意之所以能够被理解是因为（）起了补充说明的 作用。 9. 方言在社会完全分化的情况下，有可能发展成（? ）?； 在社会高度统一的情况下，会逐渐被共同语消磨直到同化。 10. 南京方言的“兰”、“南”不分，从音位变体的角度来说，[n ]和[l]是 属于（）变体。 二、单项选择题: 码填在题干上的括号内。（每小题1 分，本大题共15 分）
1. 在二十世纪，对哲学、人类学、心理学、社会学等学科产生重大影响 的语言学流派是（） A.历史比较语言学 B.心理语言学 C.结构主义语言学 D.社会语言学 2. “人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于（） A.语言 B.言语 C.言语行为 D.言语作品 3. “我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”（） A.是聚合关系。 B.是组合关系。 C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 4. 一种语言中数量最少的是 A.音素 B.音位 C.语素 D.音节 5. 英语的man—→men采用的语法手段是 A. 屈折变化 B.变换重音的位置 C. 变化中缀 D.异根 6. 在汉语普通话中没有意义区别功能的声学特征是（） A.音高 B.音强 C.音长 D.音质 7. [ε]的发音特征是 A.舌面前高不圆唇 B.舌面后高不圆唇 C.舌面前半高不圆唇 D.舌面前半低不圆唇 8. 构成“语言、身体”这两个词的语素的类型（） A.都是成词语素 B.都是不成词语素 C.“语”和“言”是成词语素，“身”和“体”是不成词语素 D.“语”和“言”是不成词语素，“身”和“体” 9. 广义地说，汉语动词词尾“着”、“了”、“过”属于语法范畴中的 （）
英语2Linguistics题目及答案
Quiz of Linguistics I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. ( T) 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not language in general. ( F) 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. ( F ) 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. ( T ) 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. ( T) 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistics study. ( F) 7. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. ( F ) 8. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. ( T) 9. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. ( F ) 10. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by Saussure. ( F) II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given. 1. Chomsky defines “competence”as the ideal user’s k nowledge of the rules of his language. 2. Langue refers to the a bstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 3. D uality is one of the desing features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 4. Language is a system of a rbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 5. P arole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 6. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such application is generally known as a pplied linguistics. 7. Language is p roductive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before. 8. Linguistics is generally defined as the s cientific study of language. 9. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d escriptive. 10. Modern linguistics regards the written language as s econdary . III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.
语言学题库
语言学题库： Chapter 1 1. Read the following passage carefully and then state your own position concerning the use of knowing some linguistics. ( 2007, 中国人民大学研究生入学试题) One famous scholar says that language is an interesting subject to study on its own right, for the simple reason that everybody uses it every day. It is unbelievable that we know very little about something we are so familiar with. Just a few questions will arouse our interest in language. Why should we call the thing we sit on chair? Can’t we call chair table and table chair? How is ti that children don’t seem to make a big effort in learning their first language while we adults have to word very hard to learn a second language? Why can we talk about yesterday and last year while cats and dogs never seem to make noises about their past experience? Do you think we can think as clearly without language as with language? Does language determine what we think or thought determines what we say? These questions make us curious about language and linguistics can satisfy our curiosity. To seek the answer to any of these questions is a good reason for studying linguistics. I. Please disambiguate each of the following ambiguous sentences by means of tree diagrams. 1. She showed her baby pictures. 2. The old man was drinking in the open air. 3. John left directions for Tom to follow. 4. The young bachelor hit the color ball. 5. Leave the book on the shelf. 6. John saw a girl with a telescope. 7. more beautiful flowers 8. I went to the bank. (? Polysemy/ homonymy)
(完整版)语言学练习题及答案
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语言学练习题(附答案) Chapter 1 Language
Chapter One Language 1. Define the following terms 1) discreteness 2) design features 3) arbitrariness 4) duality 5) displacement 6) cultural transmission 7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language 9) the heuristic function of language 10) language 2. Multiple Choice Directions: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best. 1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative 3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does it perform? A. Interpersonal. B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational. 4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome the barriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. interchangeability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness. 5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? —A nice day, isn’t it? —Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phatic. C. Peformative. D. Interpersonal. 6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is . A. stimulus free B. stimulus bound C. under immediate stimulus control D. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest. 7) Which of the following is the most important function of language? A. interpersonal function B. performative function C. informative function D. recreational function 8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language. A arbitrariness B cultural transmission C displacement D discreteness 9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics? A. statistics B. psycholinguistics C. physics D. philosophy 10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.
语言学概论试题及答案
语言学概论试题及答案 语言学概论作业1 导言、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释 1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的“亲属”关系和历史发展的，叫历时语言学。 2、语言——语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具。就语言本身的结构来说，语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统。 3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式，词这样的符号是声音和意义相结合的统一体。任何符号都是由声音和意义两方面构成的。 4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置，其底层是一套音位；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是由语素构成的词，第三级是由词构成的句子。 5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系。所谓“社会”，就是指生活在一个共同的地域中，说同一种语言，有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的；另一方面，语言在人们的使用中可以有不同的变异、不同的风格。 二、填空 1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学三个学派。 2、历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。 3、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 4、一个符号，如果没有意义，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有声音，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成。 6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点。 7、语言的底层是一套音位，上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子。 8、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合。 9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，聚合是指符号在性质上的归类。 三、判断正误（正确的打钩，错误的打叉） 1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。（×） 2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。（×） 3、在现代社会，文字比语言更加重要。（×） 4、现代社会，沟通的方式很多，语言的重要性日渐削弱。（×） 5、语言是思维的工具，没有语言，人类就无法思维。（√） 6、语言和思维互相依存，共同发展。（√） 7、任何一种符号，都是由内容和意义两个方面构成的。（×） 8、从本质上看，语言其实是一种符号系统。（√）
Linguistics语言学归纳(可编辑修改word版)
Linguistics 1.The scope of linguistics: (a branch of linguistics that….) phonetics（语音学）: the study of linguistic speech sounds, how they are produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties.(study of the phonic medium of language) phonology:（音位学）the study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistics communication. morphology:（形态学）the study of the word structure and word formation. syntax:（句法学）is the branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences. semantics: (语义学) the study of linguistic meaning. pragmatics:（语用学）a branch of linguistics that studies the context of language use to effect successful communication. Some distinctions in linguistics: 1)Prescriptive & descriptive Prescriptive: aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use Descriptive: aims to lay down rules for “correct & standard” behavior in using language.(doctor)