2015年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷.doc

2015年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷

(总分：52.00，做题时间：90分钟)

一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：40.00)

Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression: " an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. " That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is refleeted in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who had committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due. Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize me best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the course of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.（分数：8.00）

(1).The best title for this passage in______.（分数：2.00）

A.Fitting Punishment to the Crime

B.Approaches to Just Punishment

C.Improvement in Legal Justice

D.Attaining Justice in the Courts

(2).The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the______.（分数：2.00）

A.type of crime that was proven

B.severity of the punishment

C.reason for the sentence

D.outcome of the trial

(3).The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be______.（分数：2.00）

A.forced labour

B.imprisonment

C.fair sentence

D.the electric chair

(4).The Biblical expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth" was presented in order to______.（分数：2.00）

A.prove that equality demands just punishment

B.justifies the need for punishment as a part of law

C.give moral back to retributive justice

D.show that man has long been interested in justice

Farmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U. S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U. S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $ 190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U. S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step is necessary to " promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations". It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid-term elections. Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $ 14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It's not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Uganda's Minister of Finance. "What we want is for the rich countries to let us complete. " Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie-in-the-sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenya's economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the " least-developed country" status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: American's African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proven a boon to Africa's manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go. This is what makes Bush's decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bush's Handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.（分数：8.00）

(1).By comparison, farmers______receive more government subsidies than others.（分数：2.00）

A.in the developing world

B.in Japan

C.in Europe

D.in America

(2).In addition to the economic considerations, there is a______motive behind Bush's signing of the new farm bill.（分数：2.00）

A.partisan

B.social

C.financial

D.cultural

(3).The message the writer attempts to convery throughout the passage is that______.（分数：

2.00）

A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade

B.the least-developed country status benefits agricultural countries

C.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization

D.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies

(4).The author's attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U. S. is______.（分数：2.00）

A.favourable

B.ambiguous

C.critical

D.reserved

"In every known human society the male's needs for achievement can be recognized... In a greater number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice. Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat. " This is the conclusion of anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be distinguished. If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far from complete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defenses which men have thrown up around their hitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business of running the world. There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men's status. In the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel. Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially married women and mothers of children. More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behavior, the approximation to identical styles in dress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of hitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities. Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions of human life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly felt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amorous initiative is firmly reserved to the man, who set about courtship with a club.（分数：8.00）

(1).The phrase "men's sureness of their sex role" in the first paragraph suggests that they______.（分数：2.00）

A.are confident in their ability to charm women

B.take initiative in courtship

C.have a clear idea of what is considered "manly"

D.tend to be more immoral than women are

(2).The third paragraph______.（分数：2.00）

A.generally agrees with the first paragraph.

B.has no connection with the first paragraph

C.repeats the argument of the second paragraph

D.contradicts the last paragraph

(3).The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph______.（分数：2.00）

A.is based on the study of archaeology

B.illustrates how people expect men to behave

C.is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant joke

D.proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer

(4).The opening quotation from Margret Mead sums up a relationship between man and woman which the author______.（分数：2.00）

A.approves of

B.argues is natural

https://www.docsj.com/doc/f68736985.html,pletely

D.expects to go on changing

Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and is forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.（分数：8.00）

(1).The author of the passage objects to criticism of black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it______.（分数：2.00）

A.emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction

B.misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction

C.misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction

D.substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction

(2).The author of the passage is primarily concerned with______.（分数：2.00）

A.evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism

https://www.docsj.com/doc/f68736985.html,paring various critical approaches to a subject

C.discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism

D.summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism

(3).The author's discussion fo Black Fiction can be best described as______.（分数：2.00）

A.pedantic and contentious

B.critical but admiring

C.ironic and deprecating

D.argumentative but unfocused

(4).It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following?（分数：2.00）

A.An analysis of the influence of political events on the personal ideology of Black writers.

B.A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiographies by Black authors.

C.A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of poems according to the political acceptability of their themes.

D.An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary tradition within the context of Black history.

Any hope of a fountain of youth to stop people from getting older is a long way off with science just beginning to understand the complex genetic, physical and hormonal causes of aging. But experts said there were interesting targets for study, including genes involved in

Alzheimer'disease, the hormone DHEA and the role of exercises in keeping people young. Steven Lamberts and colleagues noted that levels of DHEA were much lower in older people. One study in adults showed taking DHEA tablets " induced a remarkable increase in perceived physical and physiological wellbeing in both men and women without having an effect on sex. " Other studies on rats showed giving them DHEA could prevent obesity and diabetes. But they said much more study was needed. Cable Finch and Rudoph Tanzi said it was conceivable that genetic engineering experiments could transfer genes from one species to another to alter life span. However, it seems unlikely that a few genes determine the 25 fold difference in life spans between rats and humans. An instructive example is the 10-fold difference in life spans of female worker bees and queens of the same genotype, which show much slower aging during life spans of many active years of egg production. The difference—what the bees were fed as juveniles. One interesting genetic candidate was the apoE gene, mutations of which are linked with Alzheimer's disease. One version of this gene does seem to be linked with long life, although many more studies are needed. For those who do not want to wait, Lamberts'team said exercise can be key to preventing the frailty that aging brings. Loss of muscle strength is an important factor in the process of frailty. One study in home for the elderly showed a sedentary lifestyle greatly contribute to this. Supervised resistance exercise training could double muscle strength and significantly increase gait velocity and stair-climbing power. This demonstrates that frailty in the elderly is not an irreversible errect of aging and disease and can be reduced and perhaps even prevented.（分数：8.00）

(1).The specific purpose of setting Alzheimer's disease as the research target is to______.（分数：2.00）

A.discover a way to decode all the human genes

B.find out something about the genetic cause of aging

C.locate the fountain of youth in human bodies

D.probe into the role of exercise in retaining youth

(2).The second paragraph implies that taking DHEA tablets would______.（分数：2.00）

A.certainly make people younger

B.help you lose some weight

C.promote no increase in sex drive

D.show little health effect like greater body strength

(3).In the example cited by Finch and Tanzi, life span was most likely affected by______.（分数：2.00）

A.transferring certain genes

B.different strains between species

C.nature of one's lifelong work

D.the diet one takes

(4).In the sentence " One study in a home for the elderly showed... "(in Para. 5), the last word "this" refers to______.（分数：2.00）

A.exercise training

B.prevention of frailty

C.loss of muscle strength

D.process of curing the disease

二、English-Chinese Tran(总题数：1，分数：8.00)

The Chinese presence in the colonies stirred many Australian anxieties. Australian colonists liked to think of themselves as British, but they began to see they were British in strange geo-political surroundings. They suspected Australia might be on a great Chinese flood plain. It was clearly well within reach of Chinese influence. California, another gold rush society, had also experienced a substantial influx of Chinese. The realization grew that Australia should not look just to Britain. It shared strategic interests with other white communities in the Pacific, especially with America. But the pacific was a contested ocean. From the 1880s, it was increasingly apparent that China and Japan were also nearby Pacific nations. 【T1】 The presence of so many Chinese intensified debate on the potential character of Australian society. Potent concerns had developed about civic values in gold rush communities, concerns aggravated by Australia's convict origins. Gold was a seductive, richly mythologized substance. Its discovery in the Australian colonies publicized their potential more than anything else had yet done. Gold attracted a young, cosmopolitan, ambitious, predominantly white male population, often imbued with advanced democratic views. Yet as David Goodman has shown, this influx stirred anxieties about the moral stability of these gold-seeking communities. A gold-obsessed society appeared a poor foundation for a stable cultured society. Many social commentators found the prospect that working men could gain sudden wealth in this way very disturbing. Would people still value achievements wrought by steady labour and industrious habits?What would happen to moral values?【T2】There was another more disturbing thought. If Australia could produce only these rough, uncivilized communities, might it not lose the moral authority by which Australians, claiming the rights of a superior culture, sought exclusive access to the continent? Were Australians still worthy of their immense opportunities? Questions of tenure and entitlement were intensified by the dispossession of the Australian Aborigines. One of the main justifications used at that time for taking over Aboriginal land came from the belief that they were a primitive, nomadic people with no fixed settlements or habits of agriculture. It was thought that they did not value their land and had no capacity to develop it【T3】One of the troubling paradoxes of gold seeking populations was that they also were a highly mobile wandering tribe, in some ways similar to the Aborigines they sought to displace. Anxieties about the continuity of white settlement in Australia intensified impulses to vilify Aborigines and to keep Asians out. The major question revolved around entitlement to the land.【T4】 In the blunt language of the late nineteenth century, if white had replaced black because black was not developing the continent, why should yellow not replace white on precisely the same

grounds?If European communities in Australia were not seen to be civilized and productive, the case for sole tenure of Australia by whites might be seriously weakened.（分数：8.00）(1).【T1】（分数：2.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).【T2】（分数：2.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).【T3】（分数：2.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).【T4】（分数：2.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

三、Chinese-English Tran(总题数：1，分数：2.00)

1.在得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感被打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，霎时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大干世界一片繁华。自己的哥姐、堂表弟兄也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一霎时，一阵被人摈弃、为世所遗忘的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。（分数：

2.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

四、Writing(总题数：1，分数：2.00)

2.Plagiarizing, or representing someone else's ideas or words as your own, will cause problems for people in any stage of life. Students get flunked for it and it even cost Joe Biden a shot at becoming the US President in 1988. Please elaborate in your writing on how to avoid plagiarism, either on pupose or by accident. You should write at least 200 words.（分数：2.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

武汉大学2017博士英语

武汉大学 2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题 （满分值100分） 科目名称：英语科目代码：1101 注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points) Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire. On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average. Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth. Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.

武大博士英语教学大纲

博士研究生英语教学 一．教学目的及目标 以感受语言，认识语言，应用语言为主导，以提高学生的实际应用能力为目标。在反思语言习得的过程中，探索一种全新的教学模式（源于且高于单一语言层面的教学，即基于语篇层面的文本结构，在语篇层面上对文本进行三位一体的诠释，了解英美族人的思维方式），增强论文和学术研究中的批判性思维的意识，培养批判性思维的习惯（通过洞察力达到更深层次的知识和理解），强化创造性技能（区别于侧重于以听力和阅读为主导的接受性技能），即提高学生交际和写作的能力，使之符合清晰性、准确性、精确性、相关性、深度、广度、逻辑和意义的评价标准（限于课时，故侧重于理念教学，本源教学，形态教学，方法论教学，从认识论的角度培养学生的解构能力）。 二．教学理念 从传统的侧重于语言层面的教学观念转移到以思维层面为主导，兼顾语言层面的全新的教学观念，即了解英美族人怎么想、怎么组织思想、怎么表达的思维层面，从而实现正确的交际目的（怎么用），完善学习的对象（学以致用），而不只停留在单一的体现语法与词汇的语句即语言层面。语言是表达思想的物质载体, 是逻辑思维的工具, 是思维过程的再现；而思维对世界的反映是借助于语言来实现的。 三．教学定位

以思维模式为切入点（显著区别于本科生，即通过纯粹的联想或死记硬背以及练习来完成的低阶段的学习；硕士生，即大量的知识积累却缺乏知识自身的相关逻辑；以及其他兄弟院校的英语教学，具有武汉大学特色的博士研究生英语教学），提高学生的综合分析能力，倡导英语学习的方法论，以期突破英语学习的瓶颈问题。知其然更力求知其所以然，强化实践过程中的批判性思维能力（分析性、逻辑性、系统化）。 四．教学手段/方法 以三位一体（角度的界定，文献的摘录，功能的区分）的训练方法完成对文本的解构，运用批判性思维的分析能力，以期了解英美族人的思维方式即what to write，组织布局即how to write和结构功能即why to write。如下所示： 五．教学内容及计划 在一学期的课堂教学实践中，重点比较，解析不同文章（分别为不同风格的书籍、评论及演讲的体裁，以及兼顾文理学科的有关计算机、经济与哲学的不同题材），通过异同点的比较，

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