词汇与语法结构

英语四级考试语法结构与词汇应试策略

一、大纲要求

最新《大学英语教学大纲》（1999）对四级语法的要求是：“巩固和加深基本语法知识，提高在语篇水平上运用语法知识的能力。”《大纲》对四级词汇的要求是：“领会式掌握4200单词（其中复用式掌握的单词为2500），以及由这些词构成的常用词组1600条（中学所掌握的词和词组均包括在内），并且有按照基本构词法识别生词的能力。”

二、四级语法结构与词汇考查内容

四级考试对语法词汇的考查与《大纲》要求是十分一致的。综观近年来的四级考试题，我们不难发现四级考试语法词汇部分是这样体现《大纲》的。

1．语法考题的涉及面宽

近年考题曾经考到：几乎所有词类，三种动词的非谓语形式，名词从句，形容词从句，副词从句，独立主格，一致，倒装，强调等基本语法知识。

2．语法考试的重点突出

语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目，这些项目还反复出现如：虚拟语气，状语从句，定语从句，独立主格，情态动词。

3．具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法，不常用的情况

1）虚拟语气的考点为：would rather＋that从句＋一般过去时：It is vital／necessary／important／urgent／imperative／desirable／advisable／natural／essential＋that＋动词原形；It is time／about time／high time＋that ＋一般过去时：proposal／suggestion＋that＋动词原形；lest＋that＋should＋动词原形；if only＋that＋would＋动词原形。

2）状语从句的考点为：非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用at times，provided，so long as，in case，once等来替代if；由even if／so，now that，for all等引导的让步状语从句；just／hardly…when引导的时间状语从句；more than，as…as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。

3）独立主格结构多以逻辑主语＋分词的形式出现。

4）情态动词多与完成时形式连用。

5）定语从句重点考查介词＋关系代词（which）和as作为关系代

词。

4．词汇的考查重点为

1）动词，名词与介词的搭配如：popular／patient＋with；yield／solution ／adapt／transfer／access＋to；accuse／require＋of；charge＋for；under＋discussion等等。

2）习惯用法如：confess to／set about／be used to＋doing；

be supposed to／have／make sb．＋do等。

3）由同一动词构成的短语如：come，go，set，break等构成的短语。

4）单个的动词，抽象名词，形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词的形式出现。

5）介词短语在句中作状语如：in terms of；with the exception of；in vain 等，另外还应注意rather than，other than，such as，none／nothing＋but等词在考题中的出现。

三、复习思路

1．全面掌握基本语法点，记住各个项目中的“偏，特，难”点

2．掌握常用习惯用法和词组

3．注意在阅读中培养语感，因为在语篇层次上培养的语感往往可以直接帮助答题

4．研究以往考试试题，适当做些练习记住典型题例

四、词汇题答题技巧

由于《大纲》强调要在语篇层次上解决语法与词汇问题，所以四级考试的这部分试题也很少是单个的句子，大多为并列句或复合句，因此我们也应学会根据语篇知识来掌握答题技巧，尤其是要注意句子之间的解释、对比、转折、因果等关系。

1．利用动词词组中的介词或副词确定正确选项

命题人员想考查考生是否掌握了某一动词词组的用法，在设计四个选项时，有时会让一个动词出现在四个选项中，只是后边的介词或副词不一样。在做这一类题时，如果我们认识某一词组，根据自己的判断毫不犹豫地选择你认为是正确的选项。如果不认识或拿不准词组的意义，我们可以根据上下文以及动词后边的介词或副词进行推导。

1）Having decided to rent a flat，we＿＿contacting all the accommodation agencies in the city。（1998年1月CET4）

A）set about B）set down C）set out D）set up

本题的答案为A）。本句前边说“已经决定租房，我们联系房屋中介商……”这里需要填“开始”的意思。从动词后的4个介词来说，只有about有表示“将来”（be about）的意思，所以A为正确答案。需顺便补充的是，set about结构中，about是介词，因此它后面如果跟动词，需要用动词的－ing形式。

2）When he realized the police had spotted him，the man＿＿the exit as quickly as possible．（1991年1月CET4）

A）made off B）made for C）made out D）made up

本题的答案为B）。这里空格处要填的是表示“走向”之意，这里只有“for”表示在同一水平线上“向……方向”。注意，句中有exit一词，表示the man是在一建筑物内，所以不可能用out the exit（注意上下文），而且out是一个副词，后面接名词时需要有介词of，所以正确选项是B）而不是C）。

2．利用动词词组中的动词确定选项

有些题的四个选项中的介词或副词一样，而动词不同，这时我们就可以利用动词的区别来确定正确选项，如下例：

If you＿＿the bottle and cigarettes，you'll be much healthier．（1997年1月CET6）

A）take off B）keep off C）get off D）set off

本题答案为B）。keep与off合在一起是“与……保持距离，远离……”的意思，根据句义“如果你不喝酒（这里bottle代指酒）、吸烟，你就会更健康”，正确选项为B）。

3．释义参照型＋近义词

由于句子之间语义的关联，句中一部分有时对另一部分构成解释关系，我们可以根据已经明示的部分来确定选项。

1）The medicine is on sale everywhere．You can get it at＿＿

chemist's．（1997年6月CET4）

A）each B）some C）certain D）any

正确选项为D）。本题中前一句中的everywhere就决定了第二句中的空格处填（at）any（chemist's）。

2）The manager spoke highly of such＿＿as loyalty，courage and truthfulness shown by his employees．（1998年1月CET4）

A）virtues B）features C）properties D）characteristics

正确选项为A）。本句中as后面的名词loyalty（忠诚），courage（勇气），truthfulness（实事求是）是对空格处名词进行的解释。本句中的3个名词归纳起来都属于人应当具有的“美德”，所以本题的答案为A）。（二）（《中国青年报》2000－4－19）

4．因果参照型＋近义词

这是指在一句或两句话中，要么通过“因”推出“果”，要么通过“果”推出“因”。这是利用语法关系去确定选项，如下列例句。

1）Some old people don't like pop songs because they can't＿＿so much noise．（1997年1月CET4）

A）resist B）sustain C）tolerate D）undergo

正确选项为C）。本句从don't like…，推出后边的can't tolerate，表示“不能容忍”的意思。

2）As a result of careless washing，the jacket＿＿to a child's size．（1998年1月CET4）

A）compressed B）shrank C）dropped D）decreased

正确选项为B）。通过原因“acreless washing”推出正确选项B）shrank，意思是“收缩”。注意四个选项中只有B）项表示“衣服缩水”的意思：其他各项的

意思是：A）紧压，压缩；C）下降；D）减少。

3）Since the matter was extremely＿＿，we dealt with it immediately．（1998年1月CET4）

A）tough B）tense C）urgent D）instant

正确选项为C）。后半句中的副词“immediately”可以推出前半句中的“urgent”（迫切的紧急的）。

5．转折或反义与对比参照型

这种类型题有的是通过转折词或反义词、或对比词来确定选项，有的是通过句中词来确定选项中的转折词。

1）Even though he was guilty，the＿＿judge did not send him to prison．（1997年1月CET6）

A）merciful B）impartial C）conscientious D）conspicuous

正确选项为A）。让步状语从句中的guilty和主句的意思表明法官是一个“仁慈”的人。所以A）项正确。其他三项的意思分别是：B）正直的、公正的；C）有良心的；D）显著的。

2）＿＿their differences，the couple were developing an obvious and genuine affection for each other．（1998年1月CET4）

A）But for B）For all C）Above all D）Except for

正确选项为B）。句中的their differences，obvious and genuine affection 可确定选项中的转折词只能是for all，意思是“尽管”。

3）These good sare＿＿for export，though a few of them may be sold on the home market．（1998年6月CET4）

A）essentially B）completely C）necessarily D）remarkably

正确选项为A）。通过转折词though和对比词export与home market可确定选项为A），意思是“基本上”。其他三项都不符合句意。

4）Mr.Morgan can be very sad＿＿，though in public he is extremely cheerful．（1997年1月CET4）

A）by himself B）in person C）in private D）as individual

正确选项为C）。通过后半句的转折词though和对比词in public…cheerful 来确定sad in private，意思是“私下里”。

6．反义对比参照型＋近义词

这里指的是利用句子主干中的某词或短语，再加上四个近义词选项的区别来确定正确选项。

1）Competition，they believe，＿＿the national character than corrupt it．（1997年1月CET6）

A）enforces B）confirms C）intensifies D）strengthens

正确选项为D）than决定了这里的corrupt（腐坏，破坏）与空格处的词相对，所以空白处应填入D），表示“加强”的意思。

2）I think she hurt my feelings＿＿rather than by accident as she claimed．（1997年1月CET6）

A）virtually B）deliberately C）literally D）appropriately

正确选项为B）。通过rather than可知by accident与空格处相对。by accident的意思是“偶然地，不经意地”，与此相对的应当是deliberately，“故意地”。

3）As an excellent shooter，Peter practised aiming at both＿＿targets and moving targets．（1997年6月CET6）

A）standing B）stationary C）still D）stable

正确选项为B）。根据从句我们知道这个射手什么靶子都能射中，“both…and”表明moving与空格处相对。moving的意思是“移动的”，与此相对的应是stationary，表示“定置的，非移动的”的意思。

7．语意环境参照型

1）The president made a＿＿speech at the opening ceremony of the sports meeting，which encouraged the sportsmen greatly．（1997年1月CET4）A）vigorous B）tedious C）flat D）harsh

正确选项为A）。“encourage”表明了校长所作发言的特点是积极的，肯定的。所给四个选项中只有A）vigorous是一个褒义词，意思是：有力的，其他三项从词语色彩上均不符合语境。

2）However，at times this balance in nature is＿＿，resulting in anumber of possibly unforeseen effects．（1998年6月CET4）

A）troubled B）disturbed C）confused D）puzzled

正确选项为B）。从句子的后半部分的result in effects可知balance in nature 受到了破坏。Disturb符合句义。

8．根据词的同现确定正确选择项

同现即同一组词总会出现在同一个语义场中。考试题中出现的同现现象主要是动词与名词的同现、形容词与名词的同现、名词与名词的同现。

1）The government is trying to go something to＿＿better understanding

between the two countries．（1997年6月CET4）

A）raise B）promote C）heighten D）increase

正确选项是B）。better和空格处的内容属动词和名词的重现。4个选项中只有B）promote才能和better understanding搭配，表示“促进”的意思。

2）John Dewey believed that education should be a preparation for life，that a person learns by doing，and that teaching must＿＿the curiosity and creativity of children．（1998年6月CET4）

A）seek B）stimulate C）shape D）secure

正确选项是B）。所给4个选项中只有B）stimulate才能和curiosity和creativity同现，表示“激励，激发”的意思。

3）Remember that customers don’t＿＿about prices in that city．（1991年1月CET4）

A）debate B）consult C）dispute D）bargain

正确选项是D）。本句中customers，prices和选项中的bargain可以出现在同一语义场中。bargain about短语意思是：就……讨价还价。

词汇与语法

Word List (单词表) message n. 要旨，要点 tricky adj. (工作、问题等)微妙的，棘手的;(人)狡猾的beginning n. 开始;起初 semester n. (尤指美国大专院校的)学期m cover v. 处理 duty n. 任务 management n. 管理 number one adj. 最重要的;头号的 seriously adv. 真心地，当真地;认真地，严肃地 once conj. 一旦……(就……) weekly adj. 每周一次的 follow v. 遵照;沿用 following adj. 紧接着的 realistic adj. 现实可行的 essay n. 作文;短文 quiz n. 考查;测验 upset v. 打乱(计划等);打翻 ability n. 能力;才智

grade n. (考试或作业的)分数 achieve v. 获得 flexible adj. 灵活的 re-plan v. 重新计划 basis n. 基础;根据 project n. 课题;科研项目 mid-term adj. 期中的 solid adj. 扎实的 schedule n. 计划表 alive adj. 起作用的;现存的;活着的assignment n. (指定的)作业 activity n. 活动 social adj. 社交的;交谊的 seem v. 似乎;好像 back adj. 以前的;过去的 Proper Names Elwood N. Chapman 埃尔伍德·N·查普曼(人名) Useful Expressions(常用短语)

英语词汇与语法

since 英音：[sins]美音：[s?ns] 副词ad. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时) 1. 此后;从那时到现在 She left school three years ago and has worked as a nurse ever since. 她三年前毕业,从那时起便一直当护士。 2. 之前,以前 介词prep. 1. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)自...以来,从...至今 I haven't heard from him since last year. 我自去年以来未曾收到过他的信。 连接词conj. 1. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)自...以来,从...至今 It's been ten years since they married. 他们结婚到现在已经十年了。 She has been living a hard life since her husband died. 她自从丈夫死后,一直过着艰苦的生活。 2. 既然;因为,由于 He must have taken the book since it isn't here. 他一定是把书拿走了,因为书已不在这里了。 Since it is so hot, let's go swimming. 既然天气这么热,我们去游泳吧。 when 副词ad. 1. (用作疑问副词)什么时候,何时 I'd like to know when they'll let him out. 我想知道他们什么时候放他。 When did you last see Margaret? 你上一次见到玛格丽特是什么时候?

语法与词汇练习题

专四英语语法与词汇练习题二 1.____in the past,at the moment it is a favorite choice for wedding gown. A.Unpopular has as white been B.White has been as unpopular C.Unpopular has been as white D.Unpopular as white has been 2.____for a long time,the fields are all dried up. A.There has been no rain B.Having no rain C.There having been no rain D.There being no rain 3.The millions of calculations involved,____by hand,would have lost all practical value by the tim e they were finished. A.had they been done B.they had been done C.having been done D.they were done 4.Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment____. A.which they are happening B.they are happening C.which they happen D.they have happened 5.____me most was that the young boy who had lost both arms in an accident could handle a pen with his feet. A.That amazed B.It amazed C.Which amazed D.What amazed 6.Although she wrote a lot of short stories and poems when she was very young,____she was twen ty five. A.her first real success did not come until B.her real first success came until not C.since her first real success did not come until D.not until her first real success 7.You should know better than____ your little sister at home by herself. A.to leave B.leaving C.to have left D.left 8.As the train will not leave until one hour later,we ____grab a bite at the snack bar. A.may well B.just as well C.might as well D.as well 9.She resorted to ____ when she had no money to buy foods for her children. A.have stolen B.steal C.stole D.stealing 10. The boy has admitted to ____ the window while playing football yesterday. A.breaking B.having been broken C.break D.be breaking 11.Betty advised me to label our luggage carefully in case it gets ____in transit. A.misused B.mishandled C.mistaken D.mislaid 12.____money,she is quite rich.However,this does not mean that she is happy. A.Concerning B.As to C.In terms of D.In the light of 13.A well written composition ____good choice of words and clear organization among other thin gs. A.calls for B.calls on C.calls up D.calls off 14.It is ____with the customer not to let the shop assistants guess what she really likes and wants until the last moment. A.in her honor B.on her honor C.a point of honor D. an honor 15. This house will probably come on the ____next month. A.fair B.market C.shop D.store 16.George was introduced to ____activities at a young age, when she was hire to act as a lookout f or drugdealers.

词汇与语法结构(四)

（4) You can't do anything else until you your homework. A. finished B. will finish C. have finished D. had finished 答案：C 解析：根据上下文语意判断。 （5) Send for a doctor quickly. The man . A. will die B. is dying C. dies D. died 答案：B 解析：根据上下文语意判断,注意和汉语表达习惯的差异。 （6）He told me that the number of students to be admitted at that time. A.had not been decided on B. were not decided on B.has not been decided on D. are not decided on 答案：A 解析：根据上下文语意判断。 （7) It is recorded that in 1892 the weather became so cold that the river____ over. A. freezes B. was freezing C. has frozen

D. froze 答案：D. 解析：in 1892 应该是一般过去时，主从句时态也应保持一致。 （8) People were disturbed and began to see where the noise . A. is coming B. was coming C. has come D. had come 答案：B. 解析：主从句时态一致。 （9) Everyone to bring some food to the party on Sunday. A. supposes B. will suppose C. is supposed D. will be supposed 答案：C 解析：根据上下文语意判断。 （10) ---Is Tom coming with us? --- He can’t ---he for his exams. A. prepares B. is preparing C. has prepared D. prepared 答案：B 解析：根据上下文语意判断。

初中英语语法和词汇教学心得体会

初中英语词汇和语法教学心得体会 在初中英语教学中，词汇和语法的学习是一个重要的组成部分。因此在教学中应该加强语法、词汇教学，否则，学生的语言能力将难以提高。 初中词汇和语法教学中，首先学生在读音方面感觉困难很大，难以读准单词，有相当一部分学生往往还用汉语为英语单词注音。其次，在拼写方面，学生没有意识到字母在单词中的读音与单词的拼写有着一定的规律。在记忆单词的时候，没有通过读音和字母的关系来记忆单词，常常是死记硬背单词字母的组合。第三，在记忆单词的意义的时候，过分注意该单词所对应的汉语意义的记忆，学生完全靠死记硬背掌握单词。在初中一年级时，由于内容较少，词汇和语法简单，学生尚能应付，但随着年级的增高，英语内容的深化，词汇量的增加，学生越来越感觉到词汇的记忆和语法的学习已成为学习英语的最大障碍。于是，逐渐对英语产生厌学情绪，有的甚至于放弃这门学科。 如何解决教学中存在的这些问题呢？ 在词汇教学方面，首先，词汇教学也一定要贯彻“听说领先”的原则，在初中年级，特别是一年级，要贯彻“听说领先”的教学原则。因此，词汇教学也一定要首先是“听”。即教师在教单词时，先让学生听，让学生去“辨音”，教师所展示的不是课本里的文字，而是每个词是由几个音素、几个音节构成，重音在什么地方，这样才能

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