河南专升本英语复习笔记
Example 1:P52,03,36 Lynda and hundreds of young people like him____ the post of typist.
第A approach（方法，靠近，走近）B applied for C appealed to（吸引，恳求，上诉）
D approved of (赞成)
题干研究：
1 考查词汇：Q1: like; post; typist.熟词生意。
Post no bills.禁止张贴。Post position of paid employment.职位。
2 考查语法：Q2: Lynda and hundreds of young people like him 并列平行结构。并列
连词所连接的并列成分应当在结构和功能上保持一致，这就是并列平行结构，该语法知识点时常考到。
历年真题再现：直接考的有词汇结构题中的04，P98,24;
间接考的有：05，P85，阅读中4中句子A growing number of unemployed Americans waste time browsing the estimated 4,000 to 5,000 online job sites, filling them with resum es and then waiting for replies.
在这样一个句子中，并列平行结构这一语法知识对于句子的正确理解起到了绝对重要的作用。
选项研究：
A approach（方法，靠近，走近）
B applied for
C appealed to（吸引，恳求，上诉）
D approved of (赞成)
选项考查到：1 形近词；2 词义及语境，在此语境下只能选用某一选项。另外appeal t o 在同一份试卷的第49页阅读3中出现。
综合本题，其主要考查词汇的，考查形近词在特定语境下的区别。但间接的考到了上述的其他知识。如果不能正确理解上述相关知识，不可能理解本句的意义，也就不可能正确地根据句义选出正确的答案。同时，需要提醒的是，在本题中间接考到的相关知识点在另外的题目中就可能直接考到，真题已经说明了这一点。因此，教师要做到举一反三，同学也要做到这一步。
Example 2:04，P65,60.定语从句语法点。
They overcome all the difficulties and fulfilled the plan three months ahead of time,_ _____，is something we had not expected.
A.that B what C it D which
此处属于直接考。间接考例子有：
翻译阅读同时出现。07，P96,p4,There never seemed to be enough time to go to church, which disturbed some friends and relations.
阅读出现。06,P85,P4,Internet-addicted job seekers may be partly the cause of the fact that it is taking the unemployed 23% longer to find a new position than it took during the las t recession, when the “benefits ”online job searching were unavailable.
同时注意本句涉及到的其他知识点
1 Internet-addicted ,job seekers the cause unemployed, position, unavailable.这些都是一些重要的词汇，在这里间接考到。
2 语法要点：第一，定语从句；第二，同位语从句（常考点07，P99,31）；第三，than 比较级句子。
专升本本英语考试到底考什么，手段无非从词汇和语法这两个方面来进行，辅之于阅读、完形填空、翻译和写作这四种方法。因此，上课过程中，我们有时会把阅读的讲解拉到语法、词汇讲解一块，因为它们本身是难以分开的，但侧重点有所不同。
全程计划：词汇与语法4-5天；有同学会说单词词汇与结构一题一分，要花费那么多时间干什么，这种想法是错误的，没有这些一切都不可能，从现在开始大家要把主要精力花在背诵单词、词组上面；阅读4-5天；完形填空4-5天、翻译、写作各1天，其中完形填空多占时间，翻译次之。
上午课语法为主，下午要讲一部分词汇练习。因为语法学好了，对英语学习我们就有了一个体系性的认识，所以我们首先从语法开始。但是单词、词组、固定搭配最难。
第一部分语法与词汇
Part Ⅰ高频语法
关于语法：语法会不会考？要考多少分？12-16分，直接考不会少于12分（直接考什么意思啊）；要考考什么？
通过2002-2010真题统计得出，语法考点依次重点为：从句、非谓语动词、虚拟语气、情态动词、形容词和副词、动词时态、动词语态、介词、倒装、独立主格、it用法、主谓一致、反义疑问句等。
虚拟语气；名词性从句；定语从句；非谓语动词；倒装语序（这五大项排名不分先后），一般直接考2分左右；下面还有时态与语态2分-1分，情态动词+have done 1分，主谓一致要考1分,强调句句型1分。
定语从句、名词性从句、非谓语动词的掌握不仅对于词汇结构直接考查有意义，而且更为重要的是对于阅读理解意义相当重大；有些语法知识比如虚拟语气、倒装、强调句句型、
主谓一致、反义疑问句则主要对于词汇结构题直接考意义重大；有些语法知识诸如并列平行
结构、状语从句、插入结构、it指代用法、比较结构则主要对于阅读理解有重大意义。
Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not wan t to know the truth about their condition , and that informing them risks destroying
their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even
commit suicide.
注意找主干
语法涉及到体系性的理论问题，需要靠讲解，但也更需要结合习题来讲解！
第一章定语从句
定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引起的，在句子中充当定语成分，来修饰名词、代词或句
子。定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词称为先行词。
概念与例句
定语从句
关系代词(介词+关系代词)
先行词
关系副词
The new points which the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.
(定语从句、关系代词、先行词)
That is the reason why I am not in favor of revising the plan.
(定语从句、关系代副词、先行词)
所有从句都是由连接词引出来的，定语从句的连接词被叫做关系代词、关系副词。具体而言，有以下几种情况
（一）关系代词知识点
例句：1 One should not plant a garden that is too large for him to care for.阅读1)(06
2 .Because of their frequent wars, many of their inventions were no more than improveme nts in the design of Greek weapons with which they were familiar.(06阅读2)
3 There are a lot of women who will do the job as well as men.(06阅读2)
Anyone who brought his sleeping bag and cooking equipment along could stay there for a very small quantity of money.(03月度2，P48).
4 He saw the manager talking with somebody whom he didn’t know.
5 Many people whose possessions were destroyed in natural disasters eventually considere
d their loss as a blessing.(06CET-6,12)
6 As is often the case,the more you use your brain, the more active it will become.(03翻译section B 4,P57)
关系代词使用的几种特别规定：
That 1)先行词是不定代词，常见有all, much, any, something, anything等；
2）先行词被all, any, every, some,(a)few,(a)little修
3）先行词被最高级、序数词、the only/next/same/very修饰时；
4）先行词既包括人，又包括物时。
5)只用which:介词后、引导非限制性定语从句只能用which。介词+which既可以引导限制性
定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，也取决于先行词的习惯搭配。
It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.
This is the computer on which he spent all his savings.
6)关系代词省略情况：that、which引导定语从句作宾语可以省略。但以下情况不可省略：第一，引导非限制性定语从句中，即使作宾语which也不能省略。
第二，关系代词紧跟介词后，作介词宾语，此时一不可用that，只可用which或whom 引导定语从句，并且不可省略；但当介词谓语定语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that,也可以省略。
This is one of the things with which we have to put up.
This is one of the things （that/which ）we have to put up with.
（二）关系副词知识点
二练习反馈
长难句分析与理解
1 Do Americans have the capacity and vision to remove these structur al barriers that deny democratic rights and opportunities?(06CET4阅读)
2. Culture shock is an occupational disease for people who have been suddenly transplant ed abroad(04 P61阅读4)
3 For primitive men, activity during the day meant hunting and attacking , in which he s oon saw as red, the color of blood and fire.(05 P70阅读1)
4 The curriculum consisted mainly of the classical languages, and the purpose of this kind of school was the preparation of boys for college, where most of them would be fitted f or the ministry.(07 P97)
改正句子中的错误
1 We grow all our own fruit and vegetables, that saves money, of course.
2 New York is famous for its skyscrapers, the highest of them has more than 100 storey.
3 My boss even thought that beer was the best drink which he had ever drunk.
4 I am pleased with what you have given me and all what you have told me .
5 One of the most beautiful natural wonders in the United States is the Grand Canyon, w here located in northwestern Arizona.
6 The first place where the students visited in the motor factory was the tool room.
7 Do you think the reason why he gave is believable?
难句挑战
1 This new dictionary contains 16,ooo new words and expressions,_________ reflect recent research in science and technology.
A many of them
B many of which
C many of that
D many of those
2 I’ve never been to Beijing, but it’s the best place ________.
A where I’d like to visit
B in which I’d like to visit
C I most want to visit
D that I want to visit it most
3 The days _______ you could travel without a passport are a thing of the past.
A in which
B on which
C of which
D at which
4 Sports, _________ most young people like very much, may make you very strong.
A that
B /
C which
D and
5 In the Europe , as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful grou ps which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing house that work in relation to one another. 找主干
第二章名词性从句
所谓名词性从句，就是把这个句子当作名词使用，并在句子中充当一定的句子成分：主语、同位语、表语、宾语。做什么成分，这个名词性从句就是相应的主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句、宾语从句。
一主语从句：在句子中担当主语的是一个句子，这个句子就叫做主语从句。
How this happened is still a question.
It is clear that he has gone.
所有从句都是由连接词引出来的，主语从句的连接词有以下几种情况：
注意考点：1 In the new country, that women go out to work and add to the family inco me is a new pattern of family life.
2 What refrigeration did promote was marketing—marketing hardware and electricity, mark eting soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.(P81,test3).
直接作为单向选择题出现的名词性从句考点有两处：第一，主语从句；第二，同位语从句。而主语从句直接考点最重要的就是关于that/what区分问题。同位语连接词that不作任何成分，没有任何意义，但在引导主语从句时不可省略。
注意：名词性从句中的that与定语从句中的that有着明显的差别：作不作成分，有没有指代。二同位语从句
读例子说问题：同位语、同位语从句、同位语连接词。
1. The idea that we can invite him tomorrow is quite good.
2 The rumor that there’ll be earthquake soonspread all over the area.
3 The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.
4 After a couple of rounds, the only, last and serious question remains whether our team can win the majority of the people.
专升本考点：
1 后面常接同位语从句的抽象名词
Belief, certainty, concept, doubt, evidence, explanation, fact, hope, idea, news, order, promi se, proof, question ,rumor, thought等。
2 分隔情况
有时，由that引导的同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而被谓语动词等隔开。Information has been put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
3 注意区分that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别
The suggestion that she should stay in the room is good.
The suggestion that she has given at the meeting is good.
练习反馈
That 在第一个句子中引导的是同位语从句，没有意义，不作成分，但不可省略。
难题挑战：
1 The argument made by some scientist________ global warming is just a natural pheno menon has been challenged by new evidence.
A which
B that
C of that
D about which
2 Because the drug has been studied in humans for only a few years, nobody knows ___ ___ its long-term effects might be.
A any of which
B that
C about which
D what
3 The value of having frequent sun baths lies in _______ they can do to our health.
A that
B how
C what
D the fact that
4 __________ the science of medicine is one of the most useful science is widely accepte
d.
A That
B Whether
C What
D Which
5 Schools, libraries and community centers are the only places ______ people have access
to all kinds of information.
A that
B where
C which
D as
三表语从句
如主句主语为reason ，只能用that引导标语从句，不可用because。
The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.
第三章非谓语动词
非谓语动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当句子谓语成分的动词形式。基本形式有四种：不定式、动名词、分词和独立主格结构。
1 不定式：06P81阅读1，第三段：Freezers make it possible to keep some of the vegetabl es to be enjoyed at a later date.
第四段：One should not plant a garden t hat is too large for him to care for.
2 动名词与现在分词：
Having vegetables in the backyard makes home gardening appealing to many people.
一不定式考点
不定式构成to+do(动词原形)。
1 不定式的时态与语态
注意to have done的特殊考点：
(1) should like/would like/love +to have done,表示过去未实现的动作；
I’d like to have gone with you on your hike last weekend, but I was too busy.
(2) 在wish, intend, mean, expect, pretend, plan, think等表示“打算”“计划”等含义的过去时动词后面,接to have done也表示动作没有实现。
I intended to have limited my research to waste water treatment, but I was asked to deal with other problems too.
2 n+to do+介词
I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.
3 do but/except 结构中，but 前面有do的某种形式，but/except后接不带to的不定式。另外cannot help but也接不带to的不定式，属于特例。
4 had better, would rather/sooner…than…, rather…than, might as well之后必须接动词原形。
二动名词考点
1 时态和语态
2 专升本英语可能会出现的后接动名词的动词有：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, imagine, mind, miss, practice, resist, risk, suggest, quit, enjoy, finish.(如考到后两词，那属于弱智题)。
3 专升本英语可能会出现的后接动名词的词组有：be(get)used to ; be accustomed to, be de voted to, be busy, cannot help, confess to, give up, have trouble(in), have difficulty(in )[h 1] , it is no use/good[h2] , look forward to, object to, lead to, stick to, get down to, see t o等。
Used to do VS be used to doing[h3]
Be accustomed to, be used to, devote to, dedicate to, look forward to, lead to, contribute to, object to, stick to, get down to, see to.这里的to 都是介词，后面只能接动名词。
4 在need, want, require, deserve等动词以及形容词worth后，动名词主动形式表示被动意义。
Your hair wants cutting.
三分词考点（本部分结合教材）
分词是非谓语动词部分最为重要的一个部分，分词包括present participle, past participle。分词也具有时态和语态的变化。
1 现在分词与过去分词的区别点：
还要注意原则上语态服从时态，如retired general。
Seeing from the hill, you can see the whole city.
Seeing from the hill, the city is beautiful.
Heated to 100, water will boil.
Heating to 100, water will boil
2有些过去分词已经转化为形容词，没有被动的概念和已经完成的概念，如a practiced ma n技术娴熟的人，well-behaved young man懂礼貌的年轻人，the cultivated people 有修养的人。尤其在做阅读理解时候注意及时能从相应的动词意义转变过来。同样道理，有些动词的现在分词也已转化为固定的形容词，主要是由表示人的情绪的动词变化而来，意思为“令人…”如：amusing, astonishing, boring, inspiring, promising, puzzling。这就要注意过去分词、现在分词转化来的形容词词义的差别：
Boring, bored; interesting, interested; satisfying, satisfied; tiring, tired等。
3 现在分词的完成式、被动式
第一，表示一般性动作，不表明动作的先后或与谓语动作同时发生，用现在分词一般式。
第三，现在分词的逻辑主语是现在分词动作的对象，要用被动式。（not）being done,(not)ha ving been done.
例句研究：
1 Over fishing, coupled with destructive fishing practices, is killing off the fish and ruinin
g their environment.(CET03\1听力)。顺便注意这里的主谓一致is.
过去分词转化的形容词短语作状语
2 They stated their considered judgement, painstaking arrived at after thorough inquiry and deliberation.(CET4,03,9)
过去分词做定语的典型例子。
四独立主格结构
我们在前面讲到过去分词和现在分词短语作状语时候，它们的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时过去分词短语和现在分词短语带有自己的主语，这个主语叫做逻辑主语，该逻辑主语一般由名词或代词充当，放在过去分词或现在分词短语之前，我们把这一结构称为独立主格结构。
She walked along the path, her daughter following close behind.
All the work done, you can have a rest.
Weather permitting, we’ll go to the Summer Palace.
(一)独立主格结构特点：
1 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
2 名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式或介词短语等是主谓关系
The day being fine, we decided to go swimming.
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.
3 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
They’ll send you the book for $10, postage included.
（二）with/without 的复合结构作独立主语
一个独立主格结构前面可以加上with/without ，作伴随状语或定语。我们可以把它理解为w ith的独立主格结构。
1 The murder was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.
2 The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide.
3 With night coming on, they went home.
4 The river with grass and flowers on both sides runs through our schoolyard.
三练习反馈
1 _________, there was nothing for it but to swim across.
A The bridge having been destroyed
B The bridge was destroyed
C The bridge to be destroyed
D The bridge has been destroyed
2 With more and more students_______ colleges, higher education seems to have become
a primary concern in recent years.
A attend
B is attending
C attending
D are attending
第四讲虚拟语气
虚拟语气考什么？考的是谓语动词形式。所有的虚拟语气考点都在谓语动词形式上。
一If条件从句虚拟语气情况
错综时间虚拟语气：
If he had prepared very carefully yesterday, he could perform well now.
连词if 省略形成倒装。
If条件句中的连词if 可以省略，但该句就要使用倒装语序，即将were,had,should等置于主语前，形成倒装。
Had you informed her earlier,[h4]she wouldn’t have assigned the contract.
Were she living happily[h5] , I would be very astonished.
二用于某些动词的宾语从句中；以及由这些动词变来的分词、名词后的主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。其形式是（should）+动词原形。
1 宾语从句
He insisted[h6]that she be in the office at six.
The doctor suggested[h7]that she (should)take a trip.
2 it is +过去分词的主语从句
It is required that the machine be tested.
3 表语从句、同位语从句
His suggestion is that we go out on a picnic.
His suggestion that we go out on a picnic next Sunday is wonderful.
三用于it is+ 某些形容词+主语从句
It is essential/urgent/necessary/important/advisable/natural/desired/vital/crutial/strange+that的从句中，谓语形式为（should）+原形动词。
It is necessary that the machine (should)be oiled every day.
四用于it is （high/about）time+从句中[h8]
It is high time we went back to college.
五用于would /had rather , would sooner 引起的从句中，其谓语从此用过去时，表示现在或将来；用had+done，表示过去的情况。
I would rather you didn’t tell him anything about it.
六lest 引导的状语从句用虚拟语气。虚拟语气用于lest 或in case 引起的状语从句，其谓语动词形式为should +原形动词，should 一般不可省。
He took his umbrella with him in case it should rain.
七without, but for, but that等引出的短语，表示含蓄的条件（就把它当作是一个条件句），其后结果句用虚拟语气。
练习反馈
1 It is required that anyone who has earned more than3,000 yuan each month_______ pay income taxes.
A have to
B has to C. will be given D is given
2 It is essential that every child ______ the same educational opportunities.
A have
B has
C will be
D is given
3 It’s high time you________.
A start to work
B would start to work
C started to work
D has started to work
4 I’d rather you_____ make any comment on the issue for the time being.
A don’t
B wouldn’t
C didn’t
D sholdn’t
5 ___________for your laziness, you could finished the assignment by now.
A Had it not been
B It were not
C Weren’t it
D Had it not been
第五讲倒装与强调
一倒装
1 当句首为here, there, up, down, away, now等副词，谓语动词为be, go, come等时，主谓要完全倒装，但主语若是人称代词，则主谓不用倒装。
Now comes your turn. Here he comes.
2 否定词或带有否定意义的短语位于句首时，要倒装，如hardly, never, rarely, seldom, not only…but also, at no time, no sooner…than，hardly…when等。
Little did he realize that he had made a serious mistake in the experiment.
No sooner had he come into the room than the telephone rang.
3 only+状语位于句首时，要倒装。
Only in this way can we solve the problem.
4 在so/such…that结构中，so/such位于句首时，要倒装。
So clear was the statement that it couldn’t be misunderstood.
5 as 引导的让步状语从句可用倒装表示强调。
Young as he is, he is quite experienced in this work.
Child as he is, he can speak English fluently.
二强调
强调句的基本句型：it is/was +被强调的句子成分+that/who(注意强调人的时候，可以用who)+句子的其他成分。被强调的成分可以是除了谓语之外的任何成分。
It was Doctor Smith that(who)gave us a lecture last week.
It was last summer that my daughter learned to swim.
It was in my bag that I found the book.
注意主谓一致：it is I that am to present the programme.
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