考研英语阅读命题题源

文章概要：提前掌握

文章标题：The paradox of the ghetto

文章来源：《经济学人》

近来，杜克大学的一项研究证明，生活在富人区的穷孩子们更容易惹麻烦。由此，它指出，贫富混住的社区理念并不像人们所设想的那样会对贫穷孩子的生存发展产生有利影响。事实上，帮助贫困孩子，改善其受教育状况只能依靠增加对贫民区学校的金钱和师资投入。

本文难度适中，句型多变，证据充分，说理透彻，有利于培养读者的辩证思维能力。

原文阅读：读懂文意

I①Britain has prized the ideal of economically mixed neighbourhoods since the19th century.②Poverty and disadvantage are intensified when poor people cluster,runs the argument;conversely,the rich are unfairly helped when they are surrounded by other rich people.③Social mixing ought to help the poor.④It sounds self-evident—and colours planning regulations that ensure much social and affordable housing is dotted among more expensive private homes.⑤Yet“there is absolutely no serious evidence to support this,”says Paul Cheshire,a professor of economic geography at the London School of Economics(LSE).

II①And there is new evidence to suggest it is wrong.②Researchers at Duke University in America followed over1,600children from age five to age12in England and Wales.③They found that poor boys living in largely well-to-do neighbourhoods were the most likely to engage in anti-social behaviour,from lying and swearing to such petty misdemeanours as fighting,shoplifting and vandalism,according to a commonly used measure of problem behaviour.④Misbehaviour starts very young and intensifies as they grow older.⑤Poor boys in the poorest neighbourhoods were the least likely to run into trouble.⑥For rich kids,the opposite is true:those living in poor areas are more likely to misbehave.

III①The researchers suggest several reasons for this.②Poorer areas are often heavily policed,deterring would-be miscreants;it may be that people in wealthy places are less likely to spot misbehaviour,too.

③Living alongside the rich may also make the poor more keenly aware of their own deprivation,suggests Tim Newburn,a criminologist who is also at the LSE.④That,in turn,increases the feelings of alienation that are associated with anti-social conduct and criminal behaviour.

IV①All this does not in itself prove that economically mixed neighbourhoods are a bad thing.②They may be good in other ways—making politicians more moderate,for example.③But the research does suggest that the benefits of such districts are far from straightforward.④Patterns of social segregation reflect broader social inequality,argues Mr Cheshire,who has written a book about urban economics and policy.⑤Where mixed neighbourhoods flourish,house prices rise,overwhelmingly benefiting the rich.⑥Spending more money on schools in deprived areas and dispatching the best teachers there would do more to help poor children.

⑦Assuming that a life among wealthy neighbours will improve their lot is too complacent.

重点词汇：着重掌握

1.intensify[?n'tens?fa?]vt.使加强，使强化

2.cluster['kl?st?]vt.使聚集

3.affordable housing经济适用房

4.dot[d?t]vt.在……打点

5.swear[swe?]vt.诅咒，咒骂

6.*misdemeanor[?m?sd?'mi:n?]n.不法行为；（相对于重罪的）轻罪，小罪

7.*shoplifting['??pl?ft??]n.入店行窃

8.*vandalism['v?nd?l?z?m]（尤指对公共财产的）故意破坏，捣毁

9.*misbehavior[?m?sb?'he?vj?]n.<美>不礼貌，品行不端；违反军规

10.*deter[d??t?:]vt.阻止，制止；使不敢；使踌躇

11.*miscreant[?m?skri?nt]n.恶棍，歹徒

12.deprivation[depr?'ve??(?)n]n.贫困，匮乏；剥夺

13.*criminologist[?kr?m?'n?l?d??st]n.犯罪学家；犯罪学者，刑事学家

14.alienation[e?l??'ne??(?)n]n.异化；疏远

15.segregation[,segr?'ge??(?)n]n.隔离，分离.

16.*dispatch[d??sp?t?]vt.派遣，调度

17.*complacent[k?m?ples?nt]adj.自满的；自鸣得意的

原文翻译：强化语感

自19世纪以来，英国人就非常重视贫富混住社区理念。其依据是穷人聚集在一起会更加贫穷和弱势，而富人住在一起则有利于他们享受更多不公平的优待。社会融合应该能够帮到穷人。这一论点似乎是不言而喻的，而且它影响着城市住宅的规划调控，以确保社会福利住房和经济适用房零星散布在相对较贵的小区里。然而，伦敦经济学院的经济地理学教授保罗·车柴尔却说：“这一理论完全没有可靠的证据加以证明。”

而且更有新的证据表明它是错误的。美国杜克大学的研究者们跟踪调查了1600名5到12岁的英格兰和威尔士儿童，他们发现，生活在富裕社区的穷孩子们最容易有反社会的行为。根据一套常用的衡量问题行为的标准，这些穷孩子们的反社会行为涉及从说谎、骂人，到打架、偷东西，破坏公物等各种小的行为不端。这些行为出现得很早，并且随着孩子年龄的增长而愈发严重。生活在贫民窟的穷孩子们却最少惹麻烦。富裕儿童的情况正好相反：生活在贫困社区的孩子更容易出现品行不端。

针对这一现象，研究人员们提出了几条解释。贫穷地区通常会受到警方的重点监管，这对违法犯罪行为能起到威慑作用。而富裕区的人们很少能注意到不正当的行为举止。提姆·纽伯恩，是同样来自伦敦经济学院的犯罪学家，他认为生活在富人区的穷人更能觉察到自己的贫困，而这又会进一步加剧他们的被孤立感，由此引发反社会行为和犯罪行为。

这一研究本身并不能说明混合经济背景的社区不好。它们可能有其他方面的好处，比如可以让政客们不再那么激进。但是研究确实表明这类社区所带来的好处远没有那么直接。车柴尔曾写过一本书来讨论城市经济和政策，他说，社会隔离反映了更为广泛的社会不公。在混合社区繁荣的地方，房价会上涨，最大的获益者还是富人。增加对贫困区学校的资金投入和师资配置更能帮助贫困儿童。穷孩子有了富邻居就能改变命运的想法真是太天真了。

经典文章分析：认真吃透

第一段，介绍人们对混合经济背景社区的一般认识，指出有个富邻居就能帮穷人过上好日子的设想是没有依据的。①句说明在英国贫富混居的社区理想自19世纪开始就有了。②③句就这一设想的理论依据做具体阐述。穷人扎堆则越穷，富人扎堆则越富，贫富融合才能帮到穷人。④句对这一理论略作评价，并说明了其所带来的影响。Sound一词暗示表面上这一理论是不证自明的，而实则不然。破折号后的半句解释了其对城市住宅规划的影响：社会福利住房和经济适用房零星分布于较贵的小区里。⑤句通过yet一转折，借专家之口提出这一理论是没有可靠依据的。

第二段，介绍了杜克大学的研究及其发现。①句是过渡句，承上启下，指出新的证据表明贫富融合能帮助穷人的说法是不对的。②介绍了研究对象和方法，跟踪调查1600名5到12岁的英格兰和威尔士儿童。③到⑥是研究发现。生活在富人区的贫困儿童和生活在贫民区的富人孩子都容易出现行为不端。

第三段，分析出现这一现象的原因。①为段落主旨句，关键词是reasons。②句说明了现象发生的外部原因。贫民区警察监控严格，能有效阻止违法犯罪；富人区生活安逸，人们很难注意到各种不端行为。③④两句说明了现象发生的内部原因。生活在富人区的孩子更能明显感觉到自己和他人的贫富差距，导致自己的被孤立感增强，由此引发反社会的犯罪行为。

第四段，作者总结全文并为改善贫困儿童的教育提出建议。①②两句退一步指出贫富混合社区并不是一无是处，它的好处可能体现在其他方面，比如让政治家不再那么极端。③句回归主题，转而强调贫富混合社区确实不能带来人们所设想的那么直接的好处。④⑤两句讨论贫富混合社区可能带来的问题，指出其最终受益者可能还是富人。⑥句为改善贫民教育提出建议：增加资金投入和师资配备。⑦句作者用略微调侃的语气指出有个富邻居就能改变穷人的命运是非常天真的想法。

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