南开大学考博英语阅读题及其解析

南开大学考博英语阅读题及其解析Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below eac

h text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEE

T 1.(40points)

Text1

Of all the areas of learning the most important is the develo

pment of attitudes:emotional reactions as well as logical though

t processes affect the behavior of most people.“The burnt child

fears the fire”is one instance;another is the rise of despots

like Hitler.Both these examples also point up the fact that atti

tudes come from experience.In the one case the experience was di

rect and impressive;in the other it was indirect and cumulative.

The Nazis were influenced largely by the speeches they heard and

the books they read.

The classroom teacher in the elementary school is in a strate

gic position to influence attitudes.This is true partly because

Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi

qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu

liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu sa

n qi children acquire attitudes from those adults whose words are

highly regarded by them.

Another reason it is true is that pupils often devote their t

ime to a subject in school that has only been touched upon at hom e or has possibly never occurred to them before.To a child who h ad previously acquired little knowledge of Mexico his teacher s method of handling such a unit would greatly affect his attitude toward Mexicans.

The media through which the teacher can develop wholesome att itudes are innumerable.Social studies(with special reference to races,creeds and nationalities),science matters of health and safety,the very atmosphere of the classroom...these are a few o f the fertile fields for the inculcation of proper emotional reac tions.

However,when children go to school with undesirable attitude s,it is unwise for the teacher to attempt to change their feelin gs by cajoling or scolding them.She can achieve the proper effec t by helping them obtain constructive experiences.

To illustrate,first-grade pupils afraid of policemen will pr obably alter their attitudes after a classroom chat with the neig hborhood officer in which he explains how he protects them.In th e same way,a class of older children can develop attitudes throu gh discussion,research,outside reading and all-day trips.

Finally,a teacher must constantly evaluate her own attitudes, because her influence can be negative if she has personal prejud ices.This is especially true in respect to controversial issues and questions on which children should be encouraged to reach the

ir own decision as a result of objective analysis of all the fact s.(377words)

Notes:point up(=emphasize)强调，突出。touch upon触及。cree d信条，教义。inculcation谆谆教诲。cajoling哄骗。

1.Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text?

[A]An assertion is made and two examples are given to illust rate it.

[B]A controversy is stated and two opposite points of view a re presented.

[C]A widely accepted definition is presented and two men are described.

[D]An idea is stated and two results of recent research are summarized.

2.The central idea conveyed in the above text is that

[A]attitudes affect our actions.

[B]teachers play a significant role in developing or reshapi ng pupils attitudes.

[C]attitudes can be modified by some classroom experiences.

[D]by their attitudes,teachers don't affect pupils'attitud es deliberately.

3.In paragraph6the author implies that

[A]the teacher should guide all discussions by revealing her own attitude.

[B]in some aspects of social studies a greater variety of me thods can be used in the upper grades than in the lower grades.

[C]people usually act on the basis of reasoning rather than on emotion.

[D]children's attitudes often come from those of other child ren.

4.A statement not made or implied in the text is that

[A]attitudes can be based on the learning of untrue statemen ts.

[B]worthwhile attitudes may be developed in practically ever y subject area.

[C]attitudes cannot easily be changed by rewards and lecture s.

[D]the attitudes of elementary school-aged children are infl uenced primarily by the way they were treated as infants.

5.The text specially states that

[A]direct experiences are more valuable than indirect ones.

[B]whatever attitudes a child learns in school have already been introduced at home.

[C]teachers can sometimes have an unwholesome influence on c hildren.

[D]teachers should always conceal their own attitudes.

Text2

An industrial society,especially one as centralized and conc

entrated as that of Britain,is heavily dependent on certain esse ntial services:for instance,electricity supply,water,rail and road transport,and harbors.The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish,hospital and ambulance services,and, as the economy develops,central computer and information servic es as well.If any of these services ceases to operate,the whole economic system is in danger.

It is this economic interdependency of the economic system wh ich makes the power of trade unions such an important issue.Sing le trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries'econo mic blood supply.This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries,in part because the labor force is highly o rganized.About55percent of British workers belong to unions,c ompared to under a quarter in the United States.For historical r easons,Britain's unions have tended to develop along trade and o ccupational lines,rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy,democracy in industry and the improve ment of procedure for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.

There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade unio n movement,some of them arising from their outdated and ineffici ent structure.Some unions have lost many members because of thei r industrial changes.Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades.Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions,which means that different lev

els of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling b etween unions.In traditional trades which are being pushed out o f existence by advancing technologies,unions can fight for their members disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of othe r union members are threatened or destroyed.The printing of news papers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently be en halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditio nal highly-paid jobs.

Trade unions have problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do,problems which multiply in very large u nions or in those which bring workers in very different industrie s together into a single general union.Some trade union official s have to be re-elected regularly;others are elected,or even ap pointed,for life.Trade union officials have to work with a syst em of“shop stewards”in many unions,“shop stewards”being w orkers elected by other workers as their representatives at facto ry or works level.(411words)

6.Why is the interdependence of the UK economy mentioned in paragraph1?

[A]To point up the importance of the trade union power.

[B]To outline in brief the great scale of essential service s.

[C]To illustrate the danger in the whole economic system.

[D]To bring out a centralized and concentrated industrial so

ciety.

7.Because of their out-of-date organization some unions find it difficult to

[A]recruit new members to join.

[B]remold themselves as industries change.

[C]adapt to advancing technologies.

[D]bargain for high enough wages.

8.Disagreements arise between unions because some of them

[A]take over other unions'jobs.

[B]try to win over members of other unions.

[C]protect their own members at the expense of others.

[D]intend to represent workers in new trade organizations.

9.What basic problem are we told most trade unions face?

[A]They are equal in size of influence.

[B]They are less powerful than ever before.

[C]They don't have enough members.

[D]They are not organized efficiently.

10.The title which best expresses the idea of the text would be

[A]British Trade Unions and Their Drawbacks.

[B]A Centralized and Concentrated Society.

[C]The Power of Trade Unions in Britain.

[D]The Structure of British Trade Unions.

Text3

Is the literary critic like the poet,responding creatively, intuitively,subjectively to the written word as the poet respond s to human experience?Or is the critic more like a scientist,fo llowing a series of demonstrable,verifiable steps,using an obje ctive method of analysis?

For the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary crit icism,the subjectivity versus objectivity,or critic-as-artist-o r-scientist,debate has special significance;for her,the questi on is not only academic,but political as well,and her definitio n will provoke special risks whichever side of the issue it favor s.If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific —a valid,verifiable,intellectual method that anyone,whether m an or woman,can perform—the definition not only makes the criti c-as-artist approach impossible,but may also hinder accomplishme nt of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to c hange the academic establishment and its thinking,especially abo ut sex roles.If she defines feminist criticism as creative and i ntuitive,privileged as art,then her work becomes vulnerable to the prejudices of stereotypic ideas about the ways in which women think,and will be dismissed by much of the academic establishme nt.Because of these prejudices,women who use an intuitive appro ach in their criticism may find themselves charged with inability to be analytical,to be objective,or to think critically.Where as men may be free to claim the role of critic-as-artist,women r

un different professional risks when they choose intuition and pr ivate experience as critical method and defense.

These questions are political in the sense that the debate ov er them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matter s in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power str uggle,in which the careers and professional fortunes of many wom en scholars only now entering the academic profession in substant ial numbers will be at stake,and with them the chances for a dis tinctive contribution to humanistic understanding,a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our socie ty.

As long as the academic establishment continues to regard obj ective analysis as“masculine”and an intuitive approach as“f eminine,”the theoretician must steer a delicate philosophical c ourse between the two.If she wishes to construct a theory of fem inist criticism,she would be well advised to place it within the framework of a general theory of the critical process that is ne ither purely objective nor purely intuitive.Her theory is then m ore likely to be compared and contrasted with other theories of c riticism with some degree of dispassionate distance.(418words)

11.Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the text?

[A]How Theories of Literary Criticism Can Best Be Used

[B]Problems Confronting Women Who Are Feminist Literary Crit

ics

[C]A Historical Overview of Feminist Literary Criticism

[D]Literary Criticism:Art or Science?

12.According to the author,the debate has special significa nce for the woman who is a theoretician of feminist literary crit icism because

[A]women who are literary critics face professional risks di fferent from those faced by men who are literary critics.

[B]there are large numbers of capable women working within t he academic establishment.

[C]there are a few powerful feminist critics who have been r ecognized by the academic establishment.

[D]like other critics,most women who are literary critics d efine criticism as either scientific or artistic.

13.The author specifically mentions all of the following as difficulties that particularly affect women who are theoreticians of feminist literary criticism EXCEPT the

[A]tendency of a predominantly male academic establishment t o form preconceptions about women.

[B]limitations that are imposed when criticism is defined as objective and scientific.

[C]likelihood that the work of a woman theoretician who clai ms the privilege of art will be viewed with prejudice by some aca demics.

[D]tendency of members of the academic establishment to trea t all forms of feminist literary theory with hostility.

14.It can be inferred that the author would define as“poli tical”(Line1,Para.3)the questions that

[A]cannot be resolved without extensive debate.

[B]are primarily academic in nature and open to abstract ana lysis.

[C]are contested largely through contention over power.

[D]will be debated by both men and women.

15.Which of the following is most likely to be one of the“u tilitarian political objectives”mentioned by the author?

[A]To forge a new theory of literary criticism.

[B]To pursue truth in a disinterested manner.

[C]To demonstrate that women are interested in literary crit icism that can be viewed either subjectively or objectively.

[D]To convince the academic establishment to revise the ways in which it assesses women scholars professional qualities.

本文由“育明考博”整理编辑

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