学术英语——医学unit8整理

学术英语医学Academic English for Medicine

Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics

Doctors and biomedical researchers make tough decisions that have to be morally justifiable every day. Biomedical ethics provides moral principles and behavioral guidelines for the biomedical research and practice of medicine. It encompasses philosophy , sociology, theology, and practical applications in clinical settings. Text A

Useful expressions

The distinction between research and

practice is blurred partly because… and

partly because notable departures from…

be treated as autonomous agents

persons with diminished autonomy are

entitled to protection

A provides an instructive example

prisoners not be deprived of the opportunity to volunteer for research

for which they would not otherwise volunteer

Just as the principle of respect for persons finds expression in the requirements for

consent, and the principle of beneficence in risk/benefit assessment, the principle of

justice gives rise to moral requirements that there be fair procedures and outcomes in the selection of research subjects.

Difficult sentences

Almost all commentators allow that

distinctions based on experience, age,

deprivation, competence, merit and position do sometimes constitute criteria justifying differential treatment for certain purposes.几乎所有的评论员承认，出于特定目的，进行差异化对待的标准可以包括有无经验、年龄大小、是否贫困、有无能力、功过大小和地位高低等因素的差异。

Text B

Useful expressions

opinion is divided as to whether…

to justify a risky and experimental procedure

a pediatric neurosurgeon from Johns Hopkins

At a press conference

they were so determined to be separated that he felt compelled to try to help them

adding, ''I was convinced they would

he had no regrets about

at a later press conference back in the United States

surgeons should have performed the operation differently

in several stages over the course of weeks

until the surgery was already under way

the team considered halting the surgery

They proposed this to the person the twins had chosen to represent them, but the

representative insisted that the sisters

would want the separation to proceed no

matter what, so the doctors pressed on.

keeping the name confidential

the women's adoptive and biological fathers Useful expressions

it violated ethical standards for

experimental surgery and should not have been done.

the 50 percent risk of death

You need more than an autonomous choice on the part of the patient.

You need responsible judgment on the part of the surgeon.

to meet the psychological needs of the twins

spoken about their desire to pursue separate interests and careers.

on at least two occasions

at the representative's request

…when their medical judgment seemed to

suggest a different course.

a death rate of about 50 percent

occupational and physical therapy

a neurological setback from contracting

meningitis

physiologically probably the most

challenging procedure

are better at compensating for any damage

one twin died of an infection

The survivor did great and neurologically is doing very well.

a major stumbling block

the hope was to transfer the babies to a

center with experience in treating them

have not finalized their plans

Words to Be Remembered in Unit 8

1.designate

2.generalizable

3.justification

4.beneficence

5.autonomous

6.diminish

7.coerce

8.unduly

9.maximize

10.oath

11.imperative

12.forgo

13.conceive

14.explication

15.deprivation

16.formulation

17.arrayal

18.infirm

19.pediatric

20.neurosurgeon

21.vein

22.amend

23.confidential

24.meningitis

25.skull

26.circulation

27.jurisdiction

28.under the auspices

29.affiliated

30.protocol

31.exempt

32.liability

33.criminal liability

34.transfusion

35.pathology

36.humanity

37.histo-compatibility

38.autism

39.systematic

40.prescription