经济学人杂志一些图表文章

Our interactive overview of global house prices and rents

全球房价和租价互动概貌

SCARCELY has one bubble deflated when another threatens to pop. While America's housing bust—the crash that began the global financial crisis—is near an end, adjustments elsewhere are incomplete. In a few countries, like China and France, values look dangerously frothy. There is always trouble somewhere. And because buying a house usually involves taking on lots of debt, the bursting of this kind of bubble hits banks disproportionately hard. Research into financial crises in developed and emerging markets shows a consistent link between house-price cycles and banking busts.

一个泡沫很少在另一个泡沫行将破灭时自行减退。当美国房地产泡沫破裂（房地产暴跌导致全球金融危机）接近尾声之时，其他地方的一些调整措施尚在进行中。在一些国家——如中国和法国——房地产价格看上去依然是危险的泡沫。总会有地方有麻烦。并且，买房通常涉及承担大量贷款，这种类型的泡沫破裂之后，对银行造成的冲击会相当的大。对发达和新兴市场的金融危机的研究表明，房价周期与银行萧条有一致的联系。

The Economist has been publishing data on global house prices since 2002. The interactive tool above enables you to compare nominal and real house prices across 20 markets over time. And to get a sense of whether buying a property is becoming more or less affordable, you can also look at the changing relationships between house prices and rents, and between house prices and incomes.

《经济学人》自2002年以来就开始发布全球房地产价格数据。您可以使用上面的互动式工具来比较不同时间段20个市场的房地产名义价格和实际价格。并且，对于购买物业是变得容易了还是难了，您可以看看房价和租价、房价与收入之间变化的关系，来作出自己的判断。

Insurance 保险业

经过两年下滑，全球保险业于2010年恢复增长。根据瑞士再

保险提供的数据上，2010年保费收入按实值计算达4.3万亿

美元，整体上增长了2.7％。按总量计算，富国主宰市场，但

增长集中在新兴市场。占全球市场份额四分之一多的美国去

年保费名义上小幅上涨，但考虑到通胀因素，实际下跌。新

兴市场的保费实质增长11％。中国保险市场虽然仍不及美国

的五分之一，但它是去年增长最快的大市场，保费实际总额

增长超过四分之一。

After two years of decline, the global insurance industry returned to growth in 2010. Overall, insurance premiums rose by 2.7% in real terms to $4.3 trillion in 2010, according to Swiss Re, a reinsurance firm. Rich countries dominate the market by volume, but growth was concentrated in emerging markets. In America, which accounts for more than a quarter of the world market, premiums rose slightly in nominal terms last year, but fell after adjusting for inflation. Emerging-world premiums rose by 11% in real terms. China’s insurance market, though still less than a fifth the size of America’s, was the fastest-growing big market last year, with total premiums surging by more than a quarter in real terms.

Women in politics女性从政

A noticeable number of females related to leaders are now in high political office

相当数量的一些与领导人有关的女性现居政治高位

YINGLUCK SHINAWATRA, whose party won Thailand’s general election and who is the country’s presumptive prime minister, is far from the only female relative of a former leader to have taken over the family political mantle (Yingluck is the youngest sister of Thaksin Shinawatra, the prime minister ousted by the army in 2006). As our table shows, there are at least 20 such figures now active in politics, including three presidents or prime ministers and six leaders of the opposition or presidential candidates. (The region most receptive to female dynastic leaders seems to be South Asia. Two of the last three presidents of the Philippines have also been related to former presidents.) Historical figures are not available for comparison, but it is hard to think of any period when so many such women hold high political office. A remarkable number are daughters or other relatives of former strongmen: they are influential in Ghana, France, Peru, South Korea, Guatemala, Kazakhstan and Italy. Perhaps women are thought best able to soften an authoritarian family brand, and make it more acceptable in a democracy.

英拉·西那瓦所在的政党赢得泰国大选，据信她将成为总理。不过作为接过家族政治重任的前领导人的

女性亲属，她远非独一无二（英拉是他信最小的妹妹，后者在2006年被军队剥夺了权力）。正如《经济学人》表格所示，至少有20位英拉式的人物现在活跃在政治舞台上，包括3位总统或总理、6位反对党领袖或总统候选人。（对女性王朝领导人最为接纳的地方似乎是南亚。菲律宾最近3位总统中，有两位都与前总统有关）。尚没有历史数据可以拿来比较，不过很难想象哪一个时期有如此之多的女性居于政治高位。相当数量的一些女性是前政治强人的女儿或者其他亲戚：她们在加纳、法国、秘鲁、韩国、瓜地马拉、哈萨克斯坦和意大利颇有影响力。可能人们认为女性最能软化独裁主义家族烙印，使其在民主国家更能被接受。

Europe’s social media hotspots

欧洲社交媒体的热点地区

Which Europeans are the most enthusiastic, and the most fearful, social networkers

哪些欧洲人最热衷社交网络，哪些欧洲人最害怕社交网络？

WEB users in Germany are less likely to visit social networking sites than any of their European neighbours, according to a new study of internet habits published by the European Commission. Only 37% of German internet users make use of such services, compared with 80% in Hungary. In deed, internet geeks in the EU’s eastern member states seem the most smitten by networking sites, with Latvia, Poland, Slovakia and Cyprus registering similarly high proportions of users.

A similar report in 2010 found that Europeans are increasingly concerned about online data privacy. Viewed as a whole, EU citizens are now split over whether to worry about the misuse of personal data on social networking websites. Curiously, the Commission has also found that European countries with high percentages of social network users tend to have low percentages of online shoppers (and vice-versa). The suggestion that friending and spending are largely incompatible may be a cause for concern for social networks that still struggle to extract steady revenues from their mammoth memberships.

根据欧洲委员会(European Commission)最新发布的一份互联网行为习惯的研究报告，德国的互联网用户比起其它欧洲国家的网民较少访问社交网站。只有37%的德国网民使用这类服务，而匈牙利的比率是80%。此外，欧盟东部成员国的互联网极客们似乎受社交网站的吸引最深，拉脱维亚、波兰、斯洛文尼亚和塞浦路斯都有类似的高比例社交网站注册用户。2010年的一份类似报告发现欧洲人对于在线数据的隐私变得越来越担心。尽管欧盟居民被看作是一个整体，但是现在对于是否该对社交网站上个人信息的滥用担忧却出现了不一致的意见。有趣的是，该委员会还发现，社交网络用户比例高的欧洲国家其网购人数比例往往较低（反之亦然），暗示出交友和花钱在很大程度上不相容，这也许是社交网络要担心的一个问题（社交网络仍然在竭力从数量庞大的会员中攫取稳定的收益）。

Commercial-property prices

商业地产价格

Soaring property prices played such an important role in the financial crisis—fuelling ever more borrowing—that recovery is unlikely to be robust until the sector peps up. Figures from the Bank for International Settlements suggest that commercial property might at least be reaching an inflection point. Except in Ireland, where the dire state of banks is likely to curtail credit for

some time, and Canada, which peaked late, prices are dropping gradually, if at all. American commercial-property prices have stopped falling, which may bode well for the residential market, where the subprime crisis originated. But future interest-rate rises in America and Europe could yet strangle any recovery.

飞涨的房地产价格通过更进一步地刺激借贷对金融

危机起了推波助澜的作用，房地产业如果不能振兴，

经济复苏就不可能有强劲的势头。国际清算银行的数

字表明，商业地产价格可能至少正在接近转折点。爱

尔兰和加拿大除外，前者银行的恶劣状态可能会使其

在一段时间内缩减信贷，后者的价格达到高峰值的时

间晚一些，目前价格还在逐渐下降。美国的商业地产

价格已停止下降，这可能是引发次贷危机的住宅市场

的好兆头。但是，美国和欧洲未来利率的上升有可能

会抑制地产业的恢复。

The world's biggest banks

全球最大银行

尽管在全球金融危机中遭受重创，但根据一级资本排

名，美国银行在世界最大银行年度排行榜上仍据统治

地位。据《银行家》，按照该标准，在危机期间收购

了美林证券公司的美国银行于2009年取代摩根大通

成为世界最大银行。另有三家美国银行名列十强。不

过，最大并不意味着最盈利。去年，中国工商银行名

列全球银行业绩榜首。在全球最盈利十大银行中，中

美各有三家。世界第三大银行花旗集团去年同时跃升

为第三大亏损银行。

Despite their prominent role in the global financial crisis, American banks still dominate an annual lis t of the world’s biggest, ranked by their tier -one capital. According to the Banker , Bank of America, which bought Merrill Lynch during the crisis, became the largest bank in the world by this measure in 2009, displacing JPMorgan Chase. Three other American institutions make the top ten. Being the biggest does not, however, mean being the most profitable: ICBC, a Chinese bank, topped that global league table last year. America and China each have three banks among the world’s ten most profitable. Citigroup, the third-largest bank in the world, also ran up the third-largest losses last year.

Overheating emerging markets

过热的新兴市场

Which emerging economies are at greatest risk of overheating?

哪一个新兴经济体过热的风险最大？

THIS chart, based on an analysis by The Economist, ranks 27 economies according to their risk of boiling over. We take each economy’s temperature using six different indicators: the inflation rate, the unemployment rate relative to its ten-year average, GDP growth relative to trend, excess credit (the growth in bank lending minus the growth in nominal GDP), real interest rates, and the forecast change in the current-account balance in 2011.

根据《经济学家》的分析，该表将27个经济体按照失控风险排了座次。在测量各个经济体的热度时，一共用到6个不同的指标：通货膨胀率、（某年）失业率与10年平均失业率之比、（某年）GDP增长率与GDP趋势增长率之比、超额信贷（银行借贷的增长率和名义上GDP增长率之差）、实际利率以及2011年经常账户余额变化的预期值。

Countries are first graded according to the risk of overheating suggested by each indicator (2=high risk, 1=moderate, 0=low). For example, if the growth in excess credit is more than 5% it scores 2 points, 0-5% 1 point, and below 0% nil. The scores from each indicator are then summed and turned into an overall index; 100 means that an economy is red-hot on all six measures.

根据由每一指标表明的过热风险，国家首先被评分（2分表示高风险，1分表示中等风险，0分表示低

风险）。举例来说，如果超额信贷的增长率超过5%，它得2分；增长率在0-5%之间，得1分；增长率为负，得0分。随后，把每一个指标的分数进行加总，并转化成总体指数；100分表明经济在所有六项测量中属于炽热状态。

There are seven hot spots where a majority of the indicators are flashing red: Argentina, Brazil, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Turkey and Vietnam. In particular, the growth in credit is sizzling in all seven. Argentina is the only economy where all six indicators are on red, but Brazil and India are not far behind. China, often the focus of overheating concerns, is well down the rankings in the middle of the amber zone, partly thanks to more aggressive monetary tightening. Russia, Mexico and South Africa are in the green zone, suggesting little risk of overheating.

有七个热点地方，大多数指标闪烁红色。它们是：阿根廷、巴西、香港、印度、印度尼西亚、土耳其和越南。特别是，这几个国家或地区的信贷增长都呈现出极热状态。阿根廷是唯一六个指标全线飘红的经济体，不过巴西和印度紧随其后。中国总是经济过热的焦点，不过部分由于更积极的货币紧缩政策，它的排名降到中间琥珀色区域。俄罗斯、墨西哥、南非在绿色区域，表明它们的经济没有丝毫过热的风险。

The UN's world drug report

联合国的世界毒品报告

The price of cocaine varies greatly between rich countries

联合国毒品和犯罪署每年会发布一份世界

各地非法毒品生产和消费的报告，许多数据

引人入胜。今年的报告强调了一些有趣的趋

势：尽管多方努力打击毒品，在过去20年

中可卡因在欧洲的零售价还是持续下跌（即

便根据通货膨胀和纯度调整了价格）。这或

许可以解释对可卡因生产者而言，为何欧洲

现在市场与美国一样巨大。下面我们挑选的

数字显示出被选国家的可卡因价格差异以

及这些地方的人均消费情

EVERY year the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime publishes a report with lots of fascinating data on the production and consumption of illegal drugs around the world. This year'sreport highlights a few interesting trends: despite all the effort put into the war on drugs, the street price of cocaine in Europe has dropped relentlessly over the past two decades (even adjusting for inflation and impurity). This may explain why Europe is now almost as big a market for cocaine producers as America. The numbers we have picked out below show the variations in price between a selection of different countries, as well as consumption per person in those places.

Employment outlook

就业前景Which countries are most optimistic about hiring?

根据就业服务公司Manpower对39个

国家和地区的调查，其中有35个国家

和地区今年第三季度就业前景乐观。

雇主们在未来三月打算用于增加劳动

力的净余额在印度和巴西达到最高

点，分别是47%和37%。在意大利和

西班牙，自2008年早些时候以来，雇

主们对就业前景从未如此消极。并且

他们的看法愈发悲观。相形之下，德

国和加拿大迅速恢复元气，自低迷期

以来显现出最积极的雇佣意愿。即便

在5月份向欧盟东部（国家）工人开

放边境，德国失业情况还是急剧减少。

近期，中央银行将其归因为“极其顺

利的劳动力市场发展”。

THE outlook for employment in the third quarter of this year is positive in 35 of the 39 countries and territories covered by Manpower, an employment-services firm. The net balance of employers expecting to increase the size of their workforces in the next three months is highest in India and Brazil, at 47 and 37 percentage points respectively. In Italy and Spain employers have been mostly negative about job prospects since early 2008, and their outlook is getting gloomier. By contrast, German and Canadian companies have seen a quick recovery, and report their most positive hiring intentions since the downturn. Even with the opening of its borders to the European Union’s eastern workers in May, Germany's unemployment has been falling sharply. The central bank recently referred to its “extremely favourable labour market developments”.

US interactive交互式美国

US interactive guide June 2011

AMERICA'S recovery is now two years old, and new state-level GDP data reveal that most state economies are growing once again. Not everyone is growing at the same speed, however. In 2010, the Northeast and Midwest enjoyed relatively strong performances. New York and Massachusetts grew by 5.1% and 4.2%, respectively. The Southeast and the West fared worse. Florida's economy grew just 1.4%, and Nevada's continued to shrink. Unemployment trends reflected varying growth experiences. Labour markets are relatively strong in the Northeast and improving rapidly across the Rust Belt. Jobless rates remain high across America's Sun Belt.

美国经济复苏已有两年，新的州级GDP数据表明大多数州的经济再次增长。不过，并非所有州的增速相同。在2010年，东北和中西部地区相对来说表现抢眼。纽约和马萨诸塞州各自的增长率分别是5.1%和4.2%。东南和西部地区进步要逊色一些。佛罗里达的经济只增长了1.4%，内华达州经济持续萎缩。失业趋势反映了不同的成长经历。劳动力市场在东北地区相对更景气一些，在美国中西部和东北部各州迅速改善。在美国南部各州，失业率依然居高不下。

As the 2012 election campaigns warm up, the economic map looms large. Rapid improvement in the hard-hit industrial heartland may boost support for President Obama in bellwether states like Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. But the president may struggle to fend off a Republican challenger in struggling swing states like Colorado, Florida, and Nevada. Economic discomfort is sufficiently widespread to have incumbents everywhere feeling nervous.

随着2012年大选升温，经济地图隐约凸现。对工业腹地重灾区的迅速改善可能促进领头羊州——如印第安纳、俄亥俄、宾夕法尼亚对奥巴马总统的支持。不过，在如科罗拉多、佛罗里达、内华达这样的摇摆州奥巴马可能要努力击退一位共和党人的挑战。经济不适足以蔓延使各州现任执政者感到不安。

Endangered species

濒危物种

The latest estimates on endangered species

关于濒危物种的最新估计

OVER 19,000 species of animal and plant are in danger of extinction, up from just over 11,000 in 2000, according to the latest "Red List of Threatened Species" from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Of those evaluated, nearly one-third are considered "threatened" (critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable). Between 2000 and 2011 the number of species assessed by the IUCN grew by over 60%. This goes part way towards explaining why some groups now appear strikingly more endangered than before. Amphibians (frogs, toad s and salamanders), for example, were not “completely evaluated” (with more than 90% of species assessed) until 2004. But other factors have also had an impact: habitat loss, pollution, disease and invasive species. The news is best for mammals, whose complete dataset has made evaluation easier. The percentage of endangered species has actually fallen since 2000. And one antelope in particular, the Arabian Oryx, which was hunted to near extinction, now has a wild population of over 1,000.

根据国际自然保护联盟(IUCN)最新发布的《濒危物种红皮书》，有超过1.9万个动植物物种面临灭绝的危险，而2000年的数字只有1.1万多。在那些被评估的物种中，有近1/3被认为是“受威胁”（极度濒危，濒危或者易受危害）物种。在2000到2001年间，IUCN评估的物种数量增长超过60%。这部分可以解释为什么有些濒危种群的状况现在看起来明显比以前更加严重。例如，两栖类（青蛙，蟾蜍和蝾螈）直到2004年才被“全部评估”（超过90%的评估比率）。但是其它因素也会带来影响：栖地的流失、污染、疾病和入侵的物种。哺乳动物的状况最好（它有一个完整的数据库，这让评估变得更容易）。其濒危物种的百分比自2000年以来的确在下降。尤其是曾因猎杀而近乎灭绝的“阿拉伯羚羊(Arabian Oryx)”，其野生数量现在已经超过1000只。

Graduate salary expectations

毕业生薪水期望

Female students expect lower salaries across Europe

WOMEN earn on average 17.5% less than men in the European Union. No surprise then, that female university students in Europe expect to earn less than men once they graduate. According to a recent report by Universum, a Swedish consultancy, women studying in the top European institutions expect to earn on average around €8,600 ($12,400), or 21% less than men, (men expect a graduate starting salary of €40,898). Women and men seem to differ in workplace and career aspirations, which may explain why salary expectations differ. Men generally placed more importance on being a leader or manager than women (34% of men verses 22% of women), and want jobs with high levels of responsibility (25% v 17%). Women, however want to work for a company with high corporate social responsibility and ethical standards; men are more interested in prestige (31% v 24%).

在欧盟国家，女性平均比男性要少挣17.5%。那么在欧洲，女性大学生在毕业时薪水期望值比男性低就不足为怪了。根据瑞典咨询机构Universum的最新报告，在欧洲顶尖学院学习的女性月薪期望值约为8600欧元（合12400美元），比男性期望值低21%。（男性期望毕业后的起薪为40898欧元）。女性和男性在工作环境和职业抱负上似乎有所不同，这也许可以解释为何他们薪水的期望不同。男人在能否成为领导或经理方面通常比女性要看得更重一些。（男性和女性对此看重的比例为34%和22%），男性、女性希望拥有高度负责工作的比例分别为25%和17%。不过，女性希望在具有高度企业和社会责任以及道德标准的公司工作，而男性对公司的声誉更为感兴趣。（男女比例为31%：24%）

Derivatives trade

衍生品交易

Global OTC derivatives 全球场外衍生品

THE notional amount of outstanding over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives stood at $601 trillion in December 2010, up from $583 trillion six months earlier, according to the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). That is marginally below December 2009’s figure of $603 trillion, but far lower than the record $684 trillion outstanding in June 2008. Interest-rate contracts, which make up the bulk of the market, reached $465 trillion in December 2010, exceeding their pre-financial-crisis level. While notional amounts are one measure of market size, the BIS says that gross market values, which measure the cost of replacing all existing contracts, more accurately assess the amounts that are actually at risk. The gross market values fell by 13% in the six months to December 2010, to $24.5 trillion.

根据国际结算银行(BIS)的数据，2010年12月，场外(OTC)衍生品未结算的名义额从六个月前的583万亿美元涨到601万亿美元。虽然这只略低于2009年12月的603万亿美元，但是却远远低于2008年6月的未结算最高记录603万亿美元。作为该市场主要部分的利率合约，在2010年12月达到465万亿美元，超过了其在金融危机前的水平。虽然名义额是市场规模的一个衡量尺度，但是BIS说，总市值（用来衡量取代所有已有合约所需的成本）可以更精确地估计实际处于风险的总额。在截至2010年12月的六个月中，总市值下降了13%，至24.5万亿美元。

Consumer internet traffic

互联网用户消费流量

Data guzzlers 数据饕餮者

How the world will use the internet in 2015

RELIABLE data about internet traffic is hard to come by. One of the better sources is Cisco's annual Visual Networking Index, which was published on June 1st. Internet traffic, the world's biggest maker of networking gear predicts, will quadruple and reach 80.5 exabytes per month (80 exabytes would fill 20 billion DVDs) by 2015. That year, for the first time, Asia will generate more traffic (24.1 exabytes per month) than North America (22.3 exabytes per month)—although Amercia still beats China (6.9 versus 5.6 exabytes per month). Yet if traffic figures are divided by population, a somewhat different (and more meaningful) picture emerges: South Korea is and will be the world's most data-hungry country in Cisco's sample. Even Canada and France (and, by 2015, Britain) will consume more gigabytes per month per person than America. As for China, it drops down the list and will be overtaken by Brazil, but remains way ahead of India.

很难获得可靠的互联网流量数据。一个较好的统计来源是思科于6月1日发布的年度视觉网络指数。据这家世界最大的网络设备制造商预测，到2015年，互联网流量将会翻两倍，每月达到80.5EB（80EB 可以装满200亿片DVD）。届时，亚洲产生的流量（每月24.1EB）将受首次超过美国（每月22.3EB）——尽管美国产生的流量仍然多于中国（每月6.9EB比5.6EB）。但是，如果把流量数字用人口来分，

多少会是另一番景象（而且更具统计意义）：在思科调查的国家中，韩国现在是，而且将来仍会是世界上对数据最饥渴的国家。甚至加拿大和法国人均每月消耗的数据也多于美国（到2015年，英国也会超过美国）。而中国会在榜单中滑落，并被巴西赶超，但是会仍然排在印度之前。

Youth unemployment

青年失业问题

Where the financial crisis has hit hardest

OF THE many gloomy indicators generated by the financial crisis in the rich world, the sharp rise in youth unemployment is perhaps the most dispiriting. Countries that entered the crisis with this problem already entrenched, such as Spain, have fared the worst. Their labour markets tend to be characterised by privileged cliques of workers with high levels of job protection, and indignados who are outside the system, banging on the window in the hope of being let in. But countries with more liberalised labour markets, such as Ireland, have done badly too. There the hope is that more flexible employment laws will prove their worth and that the spike in youth unemployment will be temporary. Ensuring this happens is as great a challenge for these governments as protecting their tottering banks and slashing their budget deficits.

在富裕国家发生的金融危机产生的众多阴郁指标中，青年失业人数攀升恐怕是最让人沮丧的。进入这种存在根深蒂固问题危机的国家——如西班牙——正在经历最坏时光。劳动力市场似乎以有高水平就业保障的特权派系的工人和渴望进入体制的愤怒青年为特征。不过，劳动力市场更为自由的国家如爱尔兰，表现同样糟糕。在这些国家，人们期望更为灵活的法律能够证明自身的价值、青年失业率的骤升将只是暂时的。政府能否在这个问题得偿所愿的难度系数和保护风雨飘摇的银行、削减财政赤字的难度系数一样高。

Refugees 难民

America’s wars continue to account for many of the world’s refugees: 4.7m originate from Ira q and Afghanistan, almost half the world’s total, according to the UNHCR’s annual report. America also accepts more refugees for permanent settlement than any other country (71,400 in 2010). Most refugees, however, end up as temporary residents in neighbouring countries. If a conflict or natural disaster is regional, states of origin may also be host states. Hundreds of thousands have fled civil wars in Congo and Sudan, but many seek refuge in both countries too. Tibetans may flee China, but the People’s Re public hosts more refugees than it produces—mostly accounted for by 300,000 Vietnamese long settled in China.

美国发动的战争仍然是造成全世界许多难民的罪魁祸首：据联合国难民署的年度报告，有四百七十万源自伊拉克和阿富汗，差不多占了全球难民总数的一半。同时，美国接受永久定居的难民人数比任何别的国家都多（2010年大71,400人）。不过，大多数难民一般都是在邻国临时居住。如果冲突或自然灾害属地区性的，难民原籍国也可能就是难民接受国。刚过和苏丹有数以万计的难民为躲避内战逃往国外，但也有许多难民在国内避难。西藏人可能会逃离中国，但是中国接纳的难民要比产生的难民多——主要是长期在中国居住的三十万越南人。

Diabetes 糖尿病

The progress of a disease over thirty years

THE number of adults with diabetes more than doubled between 1980 and 2008, according to a new study led by Professor Majid Ezzati of Imperial College London and Goodarz Danaei at Harvard University and published in the Lancet. This jump is not quite as horrific as the numbers might initially suggest, because ageing helped push up rates. But a good 30% of the increase was caused by higher prevalence of diabetes across age groups. Obesity seems to be a main culprit; the authors found a high correlation between rising rates of diabetes and a rise in body mass index. The global leap masks considerable variation between the sexes and among regions. Across the world the rate of diabetes rose by 18% for men and by 23% for women, to 9.8% and 9.2% respectively. In some countries the gap between the sexes was more dramatic. In Pakistan, for example, rates jumped by 46% for men and by 102% for women. The highest incidence of all is found in the Marshall Islands, where more than a quarter of all adults had diabetes in 2008. America has lived up to its hefty reputation. Women’s rate of diabetes jumped 79%, someth ing that has contributed to a decline in life expectancy among some groups. And once again, French women are the envy of the world. Rates there fell by 11.2%.

根据由伦敦帝国理工学院的马吉德·埃扎蒂（MajidEzzati）和哈佛大学的Goodarz Danaei领头并发布在《柳叶刀》上的一份新研究显示，在1980年至2008年间，成年人中患糖尿病的人数翻了一番还多。其实这种激增并不像数字看起来那样可怕，因为年龄的增长也抬高了患病几率。。不过，各个年龄段糖尿病的上升也占到整体的30%。肥胖似乎是罪魁祸首，作者发现糖尿病的比率上升与体重指数上升之间有密切联系。糖尿病在全球范围内上升，使得人们忽视了男性与女性、以及不同地区之间这种病的显著变动。全球男性与女性患糖尿病的比率分别上升18%和23%，达到各自人口数量的9.8%和9.2%。在一些国家，性别之间的差距让人印象更为深刻。比方说，在巴基斯坦，男女患病的比率分别上升了46%和102%。马绍尔群岛的患病率最高，在2008年，超过1/4的成年人患有糖尿病。美国人糖高一向名不虚传。女性患糖尿病的比例激增了79%，这导致部分人群的预期寿命减短了。法国女人再次让世界羡慕嫉妒恨，她们患糖尿病的比率下降了11.2%。

考研英语经济学人文章阅读训练五十

Convalescent plasma and artificial antibodies:Survivors as saviours 恢复期血浆和人工抗体：康复者成为了人们的救星 During the flu pandemic of1918-19doctors at an American naval hospital developed a treatment which,according to the American Journal of Public Health,had“a decided influence in shortening the course of the disease and in lowering the mortality”. 据《美国公共卫生杂志》报道称，在1918年至1919年的流感大流行期间，美国一家海军医院的医生研发了一种能够“有效缩短疾病病程并降低患者死亡率”的治疗方法。It involved clotting and then centrifuging blood from people who had got over the disease so as to separate out the antibodies it contained,then giving those antibodies to patients in dire need. 该方法是对处于恢复期的病人的血液进行采集和离心，进而分离出含有抗体的血浆，然后将其用于那些亟待治疗的患者。 Since then antibody-rich“convalescent plasma”(CP)has been used as a treatment for various diseases,including SARS and the pandemic strains of H1N1and H5N1influenza.Now covid-19has joined the list. 从那时起，富含抗体的“恢复期血浆”被广泛用于治疗包括SARS以及H1N1和H5N1流感大流行在内的各种疾病。如今，新冠肺炎也也位列其中。 A recent study in Wuhan found that severely ill covid-19patients treated with CP did significantly better than patients matched with them by age, gender and severity of infection had done earlier in the epidemic. 最近在武汉进行的一项研究发现，相比疫情早期那些年龄、性别和病情相当的新冠肺炎患者，接受恢复期血浆治疗的重症患者的治疗效果明显要好一些。

经济学人经济类文章精选3

What went wrong IN RECENT months many economists and policymakers, including such unlikely bedfellows as Paul Krugman, an economist and New York Times columnist, and Hank Paulson, a former American treasury secretary, have put “global imbalances”—the huge current-account surpluses run by countries like China, alongside America’s huge deficit—at the root of the financial crisis. But the IMF disagrees. It argues, in new papers released on Friday March 6th, that the “main culprit” was deficient regulation of t he financial system, together with a failure of market discipline. Olivier Blanchard, the IMF's chief economist, said this week that global imbalances contributed only “indirectly” to the crisis. This may sound like buck-passing by the world’s main interna tional macroeconomic organisation. But the distinction has important consequences for whether macroeconomic policy or more regulation of financial markets will provide the solutions to the mess. In broad strokes, the global imbalances view of the crisis argues that a glut of money from countries with high savings rates, such as China and the oil-producing states, came flooding into America. This kept interest rates low and fuelled the credit boom and the related boom in the prices of assets, such as houses and equity, whose collapse precipitated the financial crisis. A workable long-term fix for the problems of the world economy would, therefore, involve figuring out what to do about these imbalances. But the IMF argues that imbalances could not have caused the crisis without the creative ability of financial institutions to develop new structures and instruments to cater to investors’ demand for higher yields. These instruments turned out to be more risky than they appeared. Investors, overly optimistic about continued rises in asset prices, did not look closely into the nature of the assets that they bought, preferring to rely on the analysis of credit-rating agencies which were, in some cases, also selling advice on how to game the ratings system. This “failure of market discipline”, the fund argues, played a big role in the crisis. As big a problem, according to the IMF, was that financial regulation was flawed, ineffective and too limited in scope. What it calls the “shadow banking system”—the loosely regulated but highly interconnected network of investment banks, hedge funds, mortgage originators, and the like—was not subject to the sorts of prudential regulation (capital-adequacy norms, for example) that applied to banks. In part, the fund argues, this was because they were not thought to be systemically important, in the sense that banks were understood to be. But their being unregulated made it more attractive for banks (whose affiliates the non-banks often were) to evade capital requirements by pushing risk into these entities. In time, this network of institutions grew so large that they were indeed systemically important: in the now-familiar phrase, they were “too big” or “too interconnected” to fail. By late 2007, some estimates of the assets of the bank-like institutions in America outside the scope of existing prudential regulation, was around $10 trillion, as large as the assets of the regulated American banking system itself. Given this interpretation, it is not surprising that the IMF has thrown its weight strongly behind an enormous increase in the scale and scope of financial regulation in a series of papers leading up to the G20 meetings. Among many other proposals, it wants the shadow banking system to be subjected to the same sorts of prudential requirements that banks must follow. Sensibly, it is calling for regulation to concentrate on what an institution does, not what it is called (that is, the basis of regulation should be activities, not entities). It also wants regulators to focus more broadly on

经济学人杂志

经济学人杂志 Suga Yoshihide became Japan’s 99th prime minister. He won the leadership of the Liberal Democratic Party with 377 votes of a possible535, following Abe Shinzo’s resignation due to ill health in August. Mr. Suga, who served as Mr. Abe’s chief cabinet secretary, has promised continuity. But his background and stated priorities suggest a narrower focus on the economy。 菅义伟成为日本第99届首相。在安倍晋三八月份由于生病离职之后，他赢得了自由民主党535票中377票，从而获得领导权。菅义伟先生（曾经作为安倍晋三的内阁官房长官）承诺继续安倍的政策。但是他的背景和陈述出来的施政的优先权显示他对经济的聚焦将会减弱。 Thailand became the first South-East Asian country to lose tourism restrictions introduced during the pandemic. Visitors who agree to a14-day quarantine and a minimum stay will be allowed to enter. Malaysia’s prime minister, by contrast, said he would tighten controls at borders. Singapore will give all adult residents vouchers worth S$100 ($73) to spend on local hotels and sights.

考研英语经济学人文章阅读训练2020021502

Youngsters’job preferences and prospects are mismatched 年轻人的工作偏好与就业前景不相匹配 Teenage picks 青少年的选择 The world of work is changing.Are people ready for the new job outlook? A survey of15-year-olds across41countries by the OECD,a club of mostly rich countries,found that teenagers may have unrealistic expectations about the kind of work that will be available. 职业的世界正在发生变化。人们做好准备接受新的就业观了吗？世界经合组织（一个以发达国家为主的组织）对41个国家的15岁青少年进行了一项调查，结果发现青少年对于未来可能从事的工作抱有不切实际的期望。 Four of the five most popular choices were traditional professional roles: doctors,teachers,business managers and lawyers. Teenagers clustered around the most popular jobs,with the top ten being chosen by47%of boys and53%of girls.Those shares were significantly higher than when the survey was conducted back in2000. 在五个最受欢迎的职业选择中有四个是传统的职业角色：医生、教师、企业经理和律师。青少年对于最受欢迎工作的选择呈现了聚集性，有47％的男孩和53％的女孩选择了排在前十位的职业。这一比例显著高于2000年调查时的水平。 The rationale for this selection was partly down to wishful thinking on the part of those surveyed(designers,actors and musical performers were three of the top15jobs).Youth must be allowed a bit of hope. 受访者做出这一选择往往是出于自己的一厢情愿（最受欢迎的15个职业中有3个分别是设计师、演员和歌手）。我们必须给年轻人一点希望。

高中英语 【高考阅读拔高训练】精选外刊篇章解析 经济学人：Rural education in China

经济学人：中国乡村教育 写在前面的话： 篇章阅读一直是高考英语拉分重点，也是同学们一直头疼的问题。对于阅读部分，同学们一方面要掌握答题技巧，扩充词汇量，另一方面也要拓展自己的阅读面，尤其是阅读一些外刊原文，体会英文地道表达和文章结构的呈现方式。虽然一开始会很难，但是长期坚持下去，阅读能力就会有质的提升！ 对于本资料的使用： 如果你是阅读一般，平时不能完全看懂文章，答题正确率较低的同学，先不要阅读原文，直接阅读每个段落的词汇详解部分，打好词汇基础。然后看每个段落的句子分析，再打开本文，进行阅读，回顾词汇及句子分析，感受原文风采。 如果你是阅读能力强，词汇储备量高，答题正确率高的同学，可直接阅读本篇外刊文章，挑战自己，尽最大能力去理解文章中的句子含义，了解文章大意。之后再看下面的词汇详细介绍，查缺补漏。如此，进一步提升自己的阅读能力，强化语言实力。 So, are you ready now ? Let's read it! 篇章总览 来源：本文来自经济学人2017.4.15. 主要内容：中国乡村教育现状。 语言特点：中国特色表达；高频中等词汇；写作亮点短语；固定搭配短语；熟词僻义。Rural education in China ：Separate and unequal Last year some images spread on the internet in China. They showed children descending an 800-metre (2,600-foot) rock face on rickety ladders made of vines, wood and rusty metal. Their destination: school. The photographer was told by a local official that "seven or eight" people had died after losing their grip. Yet the children did this regularly—there is no school at the top of the mountain in Sichuan province where they live. The photographs conveyed two striking aspects of life in the Chinese countryside: a hunger for education so strong that children will risk their lives for it, and a lack of government attention to the needs of rural students. In many ways, education in China is improving. Since 2000 the annual tally of students graduating from university has increased nearly eightfold, to more than 7.5 million. But many rural students are neglected by China's school system, and they are not the only ones. So too are the children of migrants who have moved to the cities from the countryside and poor students who want to go to senior high school. This is not only unfair; it is also counterproductive. China faces a demographic crunch: its workforce is shrinking and it can no longer depend on cheap, low-skilled migrant labour to

2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一三六

Japanese commuters try new ways to deter gropers 日本通勤族尝试用新方法防止性骚扰 Victims are fighting back with apps,badges and invisible ink 受害者正在用应用程序、徽章和隐形墨水来反击 Throughout her20s,Yayoi Matsunaga was groped,almost daily,on packed rush-hour trains going to and from work.Three decades later,she discovered that her friend’s daughter was being molested on her commute to high school. 在松永弥生20多岁的时候，她几乎每天都会在上下班高峰拥挤的列车上被人骚扰。30年过去了，她发现她朋友的女儿仍会在上高中的通勤路上被人骚扰。 The teenager,after fruitless talks with the police and railway companies, decided to hang a sign from her bag that read:“Groping is a crime.I will not cry myself to sleep.”The groping stopped immediately. 在与警方和铁路部门交涉无果后，这名女孩决定在她的书包上挂一个牌子，上面写着：“性骚扰就是犯罪，我不会暗自哭泣的。”效果立竿见影。 Inspired,Ms Matsunaga launched a crowdfunding campaign in2015to create badges with the same message.They proved as effective as the sign: nearly95%of users stopped experiencing groping on public transport, according to a survey.

经济学人科技类文章中英双语

The Brain Activity Map 绘制大脑活动地图 Hard cell 棘手的细胞 An ambitious project to map the brain is in the works. Possibly too ambitious 一个绘制大脑活动地图的宏伟计划正在准备当中，或许有些太宏伟了 NEWS of what protagonists hope will be America’s next big science project continues to dribble out. 有关其发起人心中下一个科学大工程的新闻报道层出不穷。 A leak to the New York Times, published on February 17th, let the cat out of the bag, with a report that Barack Obama’s administration is thinking of sponsoring what will be known as the Brain Activity Map. 2月17日，《纽约时报》刊登的一位线人报告终于泄露了秘密，报告称奥巴马政府正在考虑赞助将被称为“大脑活动地图”的计划。 And on March 7th several of those protagonists published a manifesto for the project in Science. 3月7日，部分发起人在《科学》杂志上发表声明证实了这一计划。 The purpose of BAM is to change the scale at which the brain is understood. “大脑活动地图”计划的目标是改变人们在认知大脑时采用的度量方法。 At the moment, neuroscience operates at two disconnected levels. 眼下，神经学的研究处在两个断开的层次。 The higher one, where the dimensions of features are measured in centimetres, has many techniques at its disposal, notably functional magnetic-res onance imaging, which measures changes in tissues’ fuel consumption. 在相对宏观的层次当中各个特征的规模用厘米来衡量，有很多技术可以使用，尤其是用来测量组织中能量消耗变动情况的核磁共振成像技术。 This lets researchers see which bits of the brain are active in particular tasks—as long as those tasks can be performed by a person lying down inside a scanner. 该技术可使研究人员找出在完成具体的任务时，大脑的哪些部分处于活跃状态。At the other end of the scale, where features are measured in microns, lots of research has been done on how individual nerve cells work, how messages are sent from one to another, and how the connections between cells strengthen and weaken as memories are formed. 而另一个度量的层次则要求用微米来测量各种特征，这一层次的研究很多都是关于单个神经细胞是如何工作的、信息在神经细胞之间是如何传递的以及当产生记忆的时候神经细胞之间的联系是如何得到加强和减弱的。 Between these two, though, all is darkness. 然而，位于这两个层次之间的研究还处于一片漆黑当中。 It is like trying to navigate America with an atlas that shows the states, the big cities and the main highways, and has a few street maps of local neighbourhoods, but displays nothing in between.

考研英语经济学人文章阅读训练2020082202

Cloth of gold 一块价值堪比黄金的布 Why the economic value of a face mask is$56.14 为什么说一个口罩的经济价值是56.14美元 After a brutal first six months of the year,governments across the world are hoping for an economic bounce-back.Rich-world GDP fell by about 10%in the first half of2020. 在经历今年上半年的残酷考验后，世界各国政府都期待经济能够触底反弹。2020年上半年，发达国家的GDP下降了约10%。 Yet much has changed since—including that more people are now wearing masks.Economists,obsessed with translating everything into GDP,wonder if more widespread face-covering could help the recovery.然而，自从越来越多的人戴上口罩后，情况发生了显著变化。经济学家痴迷于用GDP来解释一切事物，如今他们想知道，随着更多的人戴上了口罩，经济能否走向复苏。The thinking goes that masks can,in part,substitute for lockdowns. People wearing them need not be discouraged as much from using public transport.More shops and offices might be able to reopen,albeit while practising social distancing. 这种想法基于这样一个逻辑，戴口罩在一定程度上可以代替封锁措施。当人们戴上口罩后，就不必再对公共交通工具进行限制了。更多的商店和办公室也将重新开放，尽管是在保持社交距离的前提下。 Calculations from Goldman Sachs,a bank,suggest that a15 percentage-point rise in the share of the population that wears masks

大家论坛_CATTI人事部翻译配套训练--英语口译实务2级

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TikTok time-bomb 抖音，一颗定时炸弹 TikTok’s silly clips raise some serious questions 抖音的搞笑视频带来了一些严肃的问题 If this article were a TikTok video,it would already be almost over—and you would be smiling.TikTok’s15-second clips are all the rage among teenage netizens. 如果这篇文章是一段抖音短视频的话，那么到这会应该就快结束了，而此时的你应该在哈哈大笑。抖音的15秒短视频在青少年网民中风靡一时。 The app was downloaded more than750m times in the past12months, more than Facebook plus its sister services,Instagram and WhatsApp, combined.Fun aside,TikTok raises serious questions—about data geopolitics,the power of internet incumbents and who sees what online. 这款应用在过去的一年的下载量高达7.5亿次，超过了Facebook及其姊妹应用Instagram和WhatsApp的总和。除了给人们带来欢乐外，抖音也带来了一些严肃的问题，例如数据地缘政治、互联网公司的力量以及用户能看到什么内容。 TikTok is YouTube on steroids.It bombards users with self-repeating clips. It forms a genre of quick-hit entertainment:a prank,a dare,a teenager looking pretty.Most are produced by adolescents,with easy-to-use

经济学人

China in Laos Busted flush How a Sino-Lao special economic zone hit the skids May 26th 2011 | BOTEN, LAOS | from the print edition ?Tweet ? Soon all this will be jungle again AT HOME and abroad, China is a byword for fast-track development, where yesterday’s paddy field is tomorrow’s factory, highway or hotel. Less noticed is that such development can just as quickly go into reverse. Golden City, in Boten, just over the border from China in tiny Laos, is a case in point. When a Hong Kong-registered company signed a 30-year, renewable lease with the Lao government in 2003 to set up a 1,640-hectare special economic zone built with mainland money and expertise, Golden City was touted as a

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Tencent Video battles iQiyi in China’s streaming wars腾讯视频与爱奇艺之中国流媒体大战 But the two big Chinese streaming platform may onc day settle into a cosy duopoly 但两大平台在未来某天或将实现双头垄断 L aunched in2010,iQiyi has grown used to the foreign press calling it“the Netflix of China”.Not the worst nickname,given the videostreaming pioneer’s success.But Gong Yu,iQiyi’s founder and boss,insists that his firm is more accurately described as“Netflix plus”.A bold claim for a loss-making business worth one-fifteenth as much as America’s(cash-generating)entertainment powerhouse with a market value of$214bn.Still,Mr Gong has a point. 创立于2010年的爱奇艺常常被外国媒体称为“中国版网飞”。鉴于这家流媒体先驱的成功，这一称号也算名副其实。但爱奇艺创始人兼老板龚宇坚称，准确来说，爱奇艺是“加强版网飞”。对于这家仍在亏损的公司来说，这种说法有些张狂，作为美国娱乐业巨头的网飞现已实现盈利，市值高达2140亿美元，而爱奇艺市值仅为其十五分之一。不过，龚宇所言仍有些许道理。 Like Netflix,iQiyi offers customers a deep catalogue of licensed and original content.Unlike Netflix,which relies almost entirely on subscription fees,iQiyi has multiple revenue streams.“Membership fees”,which start from19.8yuan ($2.87)a month,accounted for just over half of iQiyi’s7.4bn yuan in revenues in the second quarter. 爱奇艺和网飞一样，也为客户提供海量版权及原创影视作品。但不同于几乎完全依赖会员费的网飞，爱奇艺拥有多项收入来源。在爱奇艺第二季度74亿元的营收中，每月19.8元（约合2.87美元）起的“会员费”占比刚刚过半。 The rest came mainly from an online store(which sells“entertainment-related merchandise”),a nascent mobile-gaming arm,an e-book business and advertisements;iQiyi operates a“freemium”model which allows stingier users to stream some content free of charge provided they agree to watch ads.

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1、The Americas Argentina's debt Let's not make a deal Argentina may spurn a chance to settle with its creditors 美洲阿根廷债务别签协议啦阿根廷或将还债机会弃如敝履 WHEN Argentina defaulted on its debt for the second time in 13 years last July, the government blamed a pesky clause in its contracts with bondholders. 去年七月，阿根廷发生了十三年来的第二次债务违约，而政府却将这次违约归咎于与债权人签订的合同中的某项麻烦条款。 The so-called Rights Upon Future Offers (RUFO) clause was set to expire on December 31st,in theory opening the way to a settlement with bondholders who had refused Argentina's earlier offers of partial payment. 由于之前债权人拒绝阿根廷部分偿还，这项本应于12月31日到期的未来发行权利（RUFO）条款理论上可以解决与债权人之间的债务问题。 A deal would make it easier to borrow dollars, which the country badly needs to pay for imports. 这项协议可以为阿根廷借入美元提供更多便利，有了美元，阿根廷就可以解决进口商品所使用货币的燃眉之急。 But the president, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner, may spurn the opportunity. 不过，克里斯蒂娜?费尔南德斯?基什内尔总统却有可能将这一机会弃如敝履。 After its previous default (in 2001) Argentina offered RUFO as a way to entice bond holders to swap the old debt for new bonds worth much less than the original ones. 上次（2001年）债务违约后，阿根廷通过RUFO 怂恿债券持有人进行债务掉期，也就是说用原先价格较低的旧债券交换价格较高的新债券。 The clause says that any future deal offered to some bondholders would be extended to all of them. 这一条款规定，合同签署后，政府和部分债券持有人达成的协议将适用于全体债券持有人。 In 2012 a court in New York ruled that Argentina would have to pay in full the small minority of bondholders who refused the debt swap. 2012年，纽约一家法院判定阿根廷政府应向拒绝债务掉期的少数债券持有人一次付清所有债务。 These are mostly American hedge funds, which bought the bonds at a fraction of their face value. 后者主要是美国对冲基金，它们当初就是以远远低于面值的价格买入了阿根廷债券。 Argentina argued that complying with the court order would trigger billions in payments to all holders of bonds issued under New York law, and so chose to default. 阿根廷称，根据纽约法律，按法庭裁决行事将导致对债券持有人支付高达数十亿的费用，于是便选择了违约。 Since the court's ruling, its foreign-exchange reserves have dwindled to 30 billion, less than needed to pay for six months' imports. 法院作出判决后，阿根廷外汇储备已缩减至300亿美元，甚至不足以支付六个月的商品进口。 Low commodity prices mean that few dollars are flowing in. 较低物价意味着美元流入会更少。 The government has responded by further restricting imports, which has led to shortages of supplies to factories and of some consumer goods. 由于限制进口导致工厂供货和部分日用品出现了短缺，政府已对进一步限制进口做出了回应。 That is one reason why the economy is expected to shrink by around 1% in 2015. 这便是阿根廷经济增速预计将在2015年下跌1个百分点的原因之一。 Debt payments during the year will siphon off some 40% of international reserves. 全年的债务将造成外汇储备流失40%。In December Argentina tried to reduce that drain by offering holders of bonds due for repayment new securities that mature in 2024. 十二月时，阿根廷曾试图给债券持有人提供2024年到期的新债券，以避免本国外汇储备消耗过快。 The gambit failed miserably:just 4% of creditors volunteered to exchange their 2015 bonds. 这项策略后以惨败告终:只有4%的债权人自愿用2015年债券进行兑换。 Things are so desperate that the government will soon make an attractive offer to holdout bondholders, some observers believe. 一些观察家认为，当前情况万分危急，政府不久就会制定出富有吸引力的政策来维系人心。 The expiration of the RUFO clause makes the cost bearable; the government would not have to make the same offer to the other bondholders. 这次RUFO条款期满后，违约成本尚可担负；但政府今后不会再和其他债券持有人签署同样的协议了。But that is a minority view. 不过，这只是小部分人的看法。 The real obstacles to paying off the holdouts have always been political rather than contractual, many think. 许多人认为，一直以来，政府无力清偿债务的真正原因都不是合同问题，而是各种政治方面的因素。 Ms Fernandez and her advisers demonised them as vultures and blamed them for many of Argentina's woes. 在费尔南德斯总