专升本英语考试中的重点与难点
专升本英语考试中的重点与难点
-----语法结构与写作
邵润平
西北大学外国语学院
考试形式及试卷结构
I. Vocabulary and structure
1). 存在的问题
2). 解决方法
II. Writing
1). 存在的问题
2). 解决方法
Vocabulary and Structure
一、存在的问题
1、典型、特殊结构掌握不牢靠
2、易混词之间辨析能力差
二、解决方法
1、归类
2、举一反三
3、增强辨析意识
4、强化记忆
一、倒装
1. Only under special circumstances ____ to take make-up tests.
A. are permitted freshmen
B. freshmen are permitted
C. permitted are freshmen
D. are freshmen permitted
1). Only in this way can we succeed.
2). Only by working hard can one succeed.
3). Only when one falls ill does one know the value of health.
4). Only after the accident did he become careful.
5). Only then did I realize the importance of English.
“only + 副词, 介词短语, 状语从句” 位于句首，即当句首状语由only修饰时, 谓语部分需部分倒装。
Only Tom can enter the room freely.
You can come to a sound conclusion only when you have obtained sufficient data.
2. ______ yesterday, I would have asked him not to do that.
A. Had he come
B. Provided he came
C. If he came
D. Has he came
虚拟条件句中的倒装
Were, had, should等词开头的虚拟条件句（即省略了if的虚拟条件句）谓语需部分倒装。
1). Should he come, tell him to phone me.
2). Were I in your position, I would go to the party.
二、虚拟语气中的特殊句型
1. It is necessary that the students ____ more exercises to do.
A. have
B. can have
C. must have
D. will have
(should) + 动词原形
important, necessary, urgent, essential, insistent, vital, advisable,
proper…
2. I had not expected Rose to come and see me, but I _____ that she could
have phoned me.
A. hope
B. hoped
C. had hoped
D. would hope
Mike had hoped that she would answer his letter.
3. Would rather + that-clause
I would rather you stayed at home.
She would rather that he had stayed at home last night.
4. It’s (high/about) time that…
It’s time that the kids went to bed.
It’s high time that we left.
5. 表示祝福或愿望
May you be happy!
May you succeed!
三、易混词的辨析
1. We can’t hear you clearly. You’d better ___ your voice.
A. raise
B. arise
C. rise
D. arouse
2. The doctor used strong medicine to ____ the sick child for cold.
A. restore
B. cure
C. treat
D. recover
3. The new government report on agricultural production is a very
interesting ____.
A. edition
B. volume
C. copy
D. publication
4. When any non-human organ is transplanted into a person, the body
immediately recognizes it as ____.
A. novel
B. remote
C. distant
D. foreign
四、固定短语
1. You are always ____ fault with what I do.
A. thinking
B. seeing
C. discovering
D. finding
2. He offered to ___ her a hand as the suitcase was too heavy for her to
carry.
A. borrow
B. show
C. help
D. lend
3. Scientists will have to ___new methods of increasing the world’s food
supply.
A. come up with
B. come up for
C. come down with
D. come down to
五、非谓语动词
1. There ___ nothing to say, the girl remained silent.
A. was
B. had
C. being
D. having
2. _____ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving
B. Not having received
C. having not received
D. Not received
3. Mike used to look hurt and surprised when ____.
A. scolding
B. having scolded
C. to scold
D. scolded
六、定语从句
1. 1).The village (that/which) we visited yesterday is very beautiful.
2). The village where/in which I was born is very beautiful.
2. 1). I won’t forget the days (that/which) I spent in the country.
2). I won’t forget the days when/during which I lived in the country.
3. 1). The reason (that/which) he gave is reasonable.
2). The reason why/ for which he was late is that he had lost the way. 词汇和语法结构:
归类
举一反三
增强辨析意识
强化记忆
Writing
评分标准
1、文章切题, 字数在120个单词以上, 用词和句型无重大错误, 词汇范围和句型灵
活多样, 有少数拼写错误, 得17-20分。
2、文章切题，字数在110-120个单词之间，文章基本通顺，用词和句型较单调，且
有少数语法错误和少数拼写错误，得14-16分。
3、文章基本切题，字数在100个单词左右，文章表达的意思基本清楚，但有重大语
法错误，有不少拼写错误，得10-13分。
4、文章基本切题，字数在80个单词左右，但大部分句子词不达意或不通顺，得7-9
分。
5、文章基本不切题，但写了少数句子，只得1-6分。
6、文章不切题，找不出一个完整而正确的句子，不得分。
关键存在的问题
1、切题一、不切题
2、内容完整二、结构混乱
3、语言连贯三、缺乏逻辑
4、表达清楚准确四、词不达意
5、语言灵活多变五、语言缺乏美感
关键五步
一、读题与审题
二、构思与布局
三、草拟提纲
四、写作
五、检查与修改
一、认真审题
审题-----文章是否切题、文章成败的关键
1、分析题目和提示句（内容）
2、主语人称（避免人称混乱的有效途径）
3、时态、语态、语气有无特殊要求
Example 1
What would happen if there were no power?
Ever since early this century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life.
If there were no electric power, …
Therefore, …
二、扩展提示句（brainstorming）
围绕关键词，尽可能多地扩展提示句所提供的信息，构建基本框架
Make the most of School Days
1、为什么上学；
2、在校时应多与老师接触；
3、在校时只钻书本或置学习于不顾都不好；
主题；人称；时态
扩展提示句
1、为什么上学（目的）
acquire knowledge; learn how to get on well with others; improve
ourselves; prepare ourselves for the future;
2、为什么应多接触老师（多接触老师的好处）
learned; experienced; learn how to be a man
3、不走两个极端（联想为什么走两个极端都不好）
if we only have the knowledge of the textbooks,…
if we lack the knowledge of the textbooks,…
三、写出段落主题句
文章主题句是作者思维的起点，切题的准绳，阐述的对象；而段落主题句则统领段落的中心内容。好的主题句，不但切题，便于围绕主题句进行扩展，而且常给读者一针见血之感。
好的主题句：
语法结构完整，内容概括，用词简洁明了的单句。
Example 3
Keys to Success
Three fundamental principles should be kept in mind: diligence, devotion and perseverance.
The first key factor to success is diligence, … Devotion, is another key factor to success,…; perseverance, is also necessary in order to make success a certainty,….
No pains, no gains.
Exercise 1
Don’t hesitate to say “No”
1. 在有人要求帮忙时，什么时候应该说“不”？
2. 为什么有人在该说“不”的时候却不说“不”？
3. 该说“不”却没说“不” 的坏处。
1. (We should) say “No” under the following situations (when asked for
help).
2. There are several reasons for people’s hesitating to say “No”.
3. Hesitating to say “No” results in many side effects.
四、草拟提纲
Example 5
Learn how to learn
1、大学生中有许多人把拿到文凭视为学习的目的；
2、也有人认为大学的学习应该以发展个人兴趣和培养特长为目标；
3、我的看法。
1. Ts : Some believe that having a diploma is certainly the destination of
study.
Ds1: Diploma will guarantee opportunities.
Ds2: Their life focuses on how to get a diploma.
2. Ts: Others believe that it is important to develop personal interests and
specialties.
Ds: They can lead to excellent academic achievements, even if at the cost of other subjects.
3. Ts: I believe we should learn how to learn.
Ds1: We should learn broadly.
Ds2: We are supposed to take a wide interest in many disciplines.
五、段内句子的连贯性
除切题之外，作文的另一个重要评分标准是连贯性，即层次分明，思路清晰，文字连贯------承接词
We go to school to become learned and to get ready for the future.
That is to say, we acquire knowledge at school. More than that, we go to school not only to be educated, but also to adjust and perfect ourselves, for school consists of different people with different nature. Thus, it
enables us to deal with relationships among various peoples. School also trains us to have clear and sound minds. Therefore, we can be useful to the society.
承接词
1、表总结、归纳
generally speaking, in general, in short, in summary, obviously, in brief, to sum up, generally, in a word, to conclude, therefore, in conclusion…
2、表比较、对比
like, otherwise, rather than, on the contrary, whereas, in contrast,
similarly, unli ke, however, but, nevertheless, on the one hand…, on the other hand…
3、表举例、列举
for example, for instance, to begin with, first, second, third; such as,
moreover, what’s more, for one thing, for another, finally, in addition, in the first place, first of all, besides
4、表原因、结果
because, as, for, since, thus, so, therefore, hence, consequently, because of, for this reason, on account of, due to, as a result of, owing to…
5、表强调
especially, particularly, no doubt, certainly, indeed, needless to say, in fact,
a ctually, …
6、表让步
although, even though, after all, yet, despite, in spite of, as, though…
六、句式的多样性
1、There be 句型
2、倒装结构
3、祈使句
4、感叹句
4、疑问句
5、强调句
6、长、短句
7、省略句标点的多样性
七、检查与修改
1、是否切题
1）文章内容是否切合文章标题要求；
2）段落主题句是否与各段提示句内容一致；
3）段落内部的内容是否与段落主题句表达一致；
2、是否连贯
段落之间是否连贯，句子是否自然流畅，连接词是否恰当
3、是否有语法错误
主谓一致，时态，语态，人称，语气，词组搭配
4、是否有大小写、拼写、标点错误
How to develop a paragraph
Plan a paragraph
Think of the topic/theme/main idea
Think of the details/examples/facts
Arrange them in a logical order
Ways of developing paras.
1. Development by time
time order
telling a story,
recounting an event
2. Development by process
to explain how sth is done.
time order
step-by-step description
3. Development by space
to describe a place
to decide on the order in which to name different parts;
4. Development by detail
talk about experience, news or historical events;
a general statement:
“I saw a very funny film yesterday.”
“A traffic accident occurred at the crossroads north of our school.”
5. Development by example
If details are used to illustrate a general point, the become examples.
“The dictionary is very useful.”
6. Development by generalization
from the general to the specific
from the specific to the general
7. Development by comparison and contrast
similarity & difference
8. Development by cause and effect
effect----- causes
cause------effects
9. Development by classification
“The 40 students of this class fall into 3 groups.”
“ Every educated person has at least two ways of speaking his mother tongue.”
10. Development by definition
a. give a synonym
“ to mend means to repair.”
b. use a sentence
“ Ink is colored water that is used for writing.”
c. write a para. Or even an essay.
11. Development by a combination of methods
基本句子结构
S.V
S.V.O
S.V.O.O
S.V.C
S.V. O.C
Effective sentences
U nity
C oherence
c onciseness
Unity
Unified sentence-----expression of a single complete thought in words, and consequently it produces a single effect.
e.g.
Born in a small town in South China in 1937, he grew up to be a musician. The girl is too young.
Coherence
A sentence is coherent when its words or parts are properly connected and
their relationships made unmistakably clear.
一、并列结构
A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.
and, but, or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, not…but, not only… but also, both… and
e.g.
He likes to sing, to swim and table-tennis.
We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman.
二、指代关系
She told my sister that she was young.
He was knocked down by a bicycle but it was not serious.
As she was greatly influenced by her history teacher, she chose it as her major.
In Dreiser’s Sister Carrie, he describes a penniless girl’s way to success.
三、修饰语
To get up early, the clock was set at six.
Rotted in the cellar, he had to throw away the potatoes.
Although seriously ill, the boss made her work ten hours a day in the hot workshop.
Nanjing University has many well-known professors at home and abroad. The Japanese mountaineer sent us the full story of his rescue from Tibet.
四、转移
An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, you should not plagiarize.
Students who wish to take linguistics are asked to sign his name on a sheet of paper.
He left the library when his paper is written.
五、混合及不完整结构
By taking a No. 10 bus is one way to get to Tian An Men.
His job is a policeman.
My hometown is closer to Nanjing than Shanghai.
Conciseness
Avoid wordiness and unnecessary repetition.
年老，口中无牙。
老，无牙。
It was blue in color, round in shape, small in size.
In my opinion, I think your plan is feasible.
How to polish sentences
高级词汇替换简单词汇
ways—approaches
carry out---implement
make it easier---facilitate
ability---proficiency
2. 善于使用副词
increasingly, exceedingly, additionally, undoubtedly, relatively,
comparatively, consequently, completely, universally, accordingly….
3. 适当使用涉及高级词汇短语
harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is
universally acknowledged that----think
for my part, from my own perspective--- in my opinion
bear/keep in mind----remember
4. 善于运用符合英语习惯的句式
Have interest in, take interest in, be interested in
--- sth. appeals to sb.
sth. exerts a fascination on sb.
Doing morning exercises is good for our health.
It is good for our health to do morning exercises.
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