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Caught in a squeeze between the health needs of aging populations on one hand and the financial crisis on the other, governments everywhere are looking for ways to slow the growth in health-care spending. Increasingly, they are looking to the generic-drugs (普通药物) industry as a savior. In November Japan's finance ministry issued a report complaining that the country's use of generics was less than a third of that in America or Britain. In the same month Canada's competition watchdog criticized the country's pharmacies for failing to pass on the savings made possible by the use of generic drugs. That greed, it reckoned, costs taxpayers nearly C$1 billion a year.

Then on November 28th the European Commission issued the preliminary results of its year-long probe into drug giants in the European Union. The report reached a damning~, though provisional, conclusion: the drugs firms use a variety of unfair strategies to protect their expensive drugs by delaying the entry of cheaper generic opponents. Though this initial report does not carry the force of law (a final report is due early next year), it has caused much controversy. Neelie Kroes, the EU's competition commissioner, says she is ready to take legal action if the evidence allows.

One strategy the investigators criticize is the use of the "patent duster( 专利群)". A firm keen to defend its drug due to go off-patent may file dozens or hundreds of new patents, often of dubious merit, to confuse and terrify potential copycats and maintain its monopoly.

An unnamed drugs firm once took out 1,300 patents across the EU on a single drug. The report also suggests that out-of-court settlements between makers of patented drags and generics firms may be a strategy used by the former to delay market entry by the latter.

According to EU officials, such misdeeds -have delayed the arrival of generic competition and the accompanying savings. On average, rite report estimates, generics arrived seven months after a patented drug lost its protection, though where the drug was a big seller the lag was four months. The report says taxpayers paid about q 3 billion more than they would have-had the generics gone on sale immediately.

But hang on a minute, Though many of the charges of bad behavior leveled at the patented-drugs industry by EU investigators may well be true, the report seems to let the generics industry off the hook(钩子) too lightly. After all, if the drugs giants stand accused, in effect, of bribing opponents to delay the launch of cheap generics, shouldn't the companies that accepted those "bribes" also share the blame?

56. Why are governments around the world seeking ways to reduce their health-care spending?

A) They consider the generic-drugs industry as a savior.

B) They are under the double pressure of aging group and financial crisis.

C) Health-care spending has accounted too large proportion.

D) Health-care spending has cost taxpayers too much income.

57. What can we learn from the report issued by the European Commission?

A) Drug firm will use just ways to protect their drags.

B) Cheaper generic drugs are easy to enter market,

C) The report has come to an ultimate conclusion.

D) The final report may lead to commissioner's legal action.

58. The investigators seriously condemned the drug firms for__________.

A) they do not let their opponents to resort to the comet

B) they use clusters of patents to protect their products

C) they bribe the cheaper generic opponents

D) trey do not pass on the savings made by use of generic drugs

59. On average, the genetics will be delayed to enter the market by __________.

A) seven months

B) three months

C) four months

D) eleven months

60. Which of the following accords with the author's view?

A) Charges on patented-drug industry are anything but true.

B) Generics industry is a sheer victim in the competition.

C) Only drug giants are to blame.

D) Exclusion of generics industry from taking responsibility is questionable.

参考答案：

56.B)。由定位句可知，各国政府一方面面临老龄化人群的健康需求，另一方面受到金融危机的影响，所以都在寻求减少医疗保健开支的途径，B)符合题意。

57.D)。定位句提到，11月28日欧洲委员会发布的一个初步调查报告，下文开始对该报告进行描述，由第二段最后一句Neelie Kroes，the EU's competition commissioner，says she is ready totake legal action if the evidence allows.可推断如果证据充足，委员们会采取行动，D)符合题意。

58.B)。由定位句可知，调查员们严厉谴责药品公司是因为其利用“专利群”这一策略，即为一个产品申请多项专利，B)符合题意。

59.A)。由定位句可知，平均来说，普通药物要等专利药物的专利保护失效7个月后才能上市，

A)符合题意。B)、D)中的数字文中没有提及;文中提到了four months，但指的是畅销药品被推迟的时间，而不是平均的，故排除C)。

60.D)。由定位句可知，作者认为欧盟调查员们对专利药物行业的控诉是正确的，但不应让普通制药行业太轻易地逃脱责任，因为它们有可能接受了专利药物行业的贿赂，因此作者认为普通药物行业同样需对此承担责任，D)符合题意。

Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.

Yet with economies in free fail, managers also need up-to-date information about what ishappening to their businesses, so that they can change course rapidly if necessary. Cisco, anAmerican network-equipment giant, has invested over many years in the technology needed togenerate such data .Frank Caideroni, the firm's CFO, says that every day its senior executivescan track exactly what orders are coming in from sales teams around the world, and identifyemerging trends in each region and market segment. And at the end of each month, the firmcan get reliable financial results within four hours of closing its books. Most firms have to waitdays or even weeks for such certainty.

Admittedly, Cisco's financial results have not made happy reading recently because, incommon with many other large technology companies, it has seen demand for its productsdecline in the downturn. In early February it announced that its fiscal

second-quarterrevenues of $ 9.1 billion were 7.5% lower than the same period in 2008 and that its profit hadfallen by 27%, to $1.5 billion.

In response to hard times, Cisco plans to cut $1 billion of costs this year by, among otherthings, making use of its own video-conferencing and other communications technologies toreduce the amount its executives travel. It is also using these facilities to relay information fromemployees on the ground to its senior managers, and to get instructions from Cisco's leadersback out to its 67,000 staff. A rapid exchange of information and instructions is especiallyvaluable if the company wants to alter course in stormy times.

If everybody in a company can rapidly grasp what they have to do and how it is changing,they are more likely to get the job done. But some firms are reluctant to share their goals withthe wider world. Unilever, a big Anglo-Dutch consumer-goods group, has decided againstissuing a 2009 financial forecast to investors, arguing that it is difficult to predict what is goingto happen, given the dangerous state of the world economy. "We're not just going to providenumbers for the sake of it," explains James Allison, the company's head of investor relations.

Other companies that have decided not to provide annual earnings estimates for 2009include Costco, a big American retailer, and Union Pacific, an American railway company.

Some firms, such as Intel, seem to have chosen to take things quarter by quarter. Thegiant chipmaker(芯片制造商) said in January that it would not issue an official forecast for thefirst quarter of 2009 after its fourth-quarter 2008 profit decreased by 90%. Several retailchains have also stopped providing monthly sales estimates because they cannot see what thefuture holds. Retailers, chipmakers and firms in many other industries may have a long waitbefore the economic fog finally lifts.

61. What can we learn about Cisco from the passage?

A) It will keep a record of the orders from sales teams.

B) It cuts $1 billion cost by solely relying on its own technologies.

C) Unlike other technology companies, its financial reports are encouraging.

D) Only employees can use the video-conferencing to pass information.

62. According to the author, the staff can perform better by__________.

A) getting instructions from their senior managers

B) seizing what to do at hand and what to do next

C) having a financial forecast as a goal

D) sharing their goals with others

63. What is important in the unstable time ff a company wants to change strategies?

A) To issue company's financial reports faster.

B) To obtain the up-to-date information of company's business.

C) To predict what is going to happen in the future.

D) To wait until the economic fog finally lifts.

64. The reason Unilever plans not to issue financial forecast in 2009 lies in__________.

A) its reluctance to share its goal with others

B) its rapid grasp of changes in the markets

C) the unstable economic situation

D) its reduction in the cost of prediction

65. What can we know about the giant chipmaker, Intel in the passage?

A) It did not issue first-quarter forecast for great decrease in January.

B) Inters chain store used to report sales estimates by year.

C) Only retailers and chipmakers are greatly influenced.

D) Intel's profit was greatly decreased in 2008's last quarter.

参考答案：

61.A)。由定位句可知，思科公司的高级主管每天都会跟踪销售团队的订单，确定各个地区的新的发展趋势，A)符合题意。

62.B)。由定位句可知，如果公司的每一名员工都可以迅速掌握自己目前和下一步该做的事情，他们就能更容易完成工作，即更好地完成工作，B)符合题意。

63.B)。由定位句可知，如果公司想在动荡时期改变策略，必须迅速交流信息与指示，也就是获得公司最新的业务信息，B)符合题意。

64.C)。由定位句可知，联合利华不计划发布其2009年的财务预测的原因是：面临世界经济动荡;的不安局势，一切事情都很难预测。可见他们不发布预测就是因为世界经济不稳定(unstable economicsituation)，C)符合题意。

65.D)。由定位句可知，根据大型芯片生产巨头英特尔一月份的声明，2008年第四季度其利润F 降了90%，因此该公司不会正式发布其2009年第一季度的预估;可见，该公司2008年最后一个季度的利润大幅下降了.D)符合题意。

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