自动装置课后答案1

第一章绪论习题答案

一、名词解释

1．电力系统自动装置答：直接为电力系统安全、经济和保证电能质量服务的基础自动化设备。

2．电力系统自动化答：应用远动通信技术和计算机技术，对电力系统进行自动监视、控制和调度，更好地保证安全、经济运行和电能质量。

二、问答题

1．电力系统包括哪些主要自动装置，如何配置，各自有什么作用？

答：1）自动并列装置，配置在待并发电机的同期断路器和解列为两部分系统的同期断路器上。保证并列操作的正确性和安全性。

2）自动调节励磁装置，配置在发电机的励磁系统，保证电压水平，提高电力系统的运行稳定性；实现并联运行的发电机间无功功率的合理分配。

3）自动调频装置，配置在发电机的调频系统，保证系统频率水平且使系统负荷在同步发电机之间实现最优经济分配。

4）自动重合闸装置，配置在1KV及以上的架空线路和电缆与架空混合线路的上。提高输电线路供电的可靠性。

5）备用电源和备用设备自动投入装置，配置在发电厂厂用电、变电站站用电及重要用电单位。提高用户供电的可靠性。

6）自动按频率减负荷装置，配置在变电站中。防止电力系统因事故发生有功功率缺额时频率的过度降低，保证了电力系统的稳定运行和重要负荷的正常工作。

2．电力系统自动化的主要任务？

答：（1）保证电能质量：频率、电压、波形。（2）提高系统运行安全性。（3）提高事故处理能力。（4）提高系统运行经济性。

3．电力系统自动化技术包括的容？

答：电力系统自动装置，电力系统调度自动化。

4．电力系统自动装置包括的容？

答：自动并列装置，自动调节励磁AER ，自动调频，自动重合闸ARD；备用电源和备用设备自动投入ATS；自动按频率减负荷AFL及自动解列、电气制动、水轮发电机自动起动及自动切负荷、火电厂事故减出力、水电厂事故切机等，

第二章同步发电机自动并列装置习题答案

2-1并列的方法有哪两种？如何定义？各有何特点？

答：1）准同步并列：发电机在并列合闸前已加励磁，当发电机电压的幅值、频率、相位分别与并列点系统侧电压的幅值、频率、相位接近相等时，将发电机断路器合闸，完成并列操作。

准同步并列的优点是并列时冲击电流小，不会引起系统电压降低；不足是并列操作过程中需要对发电机电压、频率进行调整，并列时间较长且操作复杂。

2）自同步并列：将未加励磁、接近同步转速的发电机投入系统，随后给发电机加上励磁，在原动机转矩、同步力矩的作用下将发电机拉入同步，完成并列操作。

自同步并列的优点是并列过程中不存在调整发电机电压、频率的问题，并列时间短且操作简单，在系统电压和频率降低的情况下，仍有可能将发电机并入系统，容易实现自动化；不足是并列发电机未经励磁，并列时会从系统中吸收无功而造成系统电压下降，同时产生很大的冲击电流。

2-2准同步并列的实际条件有哪些？如果不满足这些条件，会有什么后果？

答：1）待并发电机与系统电压幅值接近相等，电压差不应超过额定电压的5%~10%。

2）在断路器合闸瞬间，待并发电机电压与系统电压的相位差应接近零，误差不应大于5°。3）待并发电机电压与系统电压的频率应接近相等，频率差不应超过额定频率的0.2%~0.5%。如果不满足并列条件，将产生冲击电流，引起发电机产生振荡，严重时冲击电流产生的电动力会损坏发电机，振荡导致发电机失步，造成并列不成功。

2-3为什么要在δ=00之前提前发合闸脉冲？

答：发电机准同步并列要求并列断路器主触头闭合时，应使δ等于0°。由于断路器的合闸过程有一定的时间，因此必须在δ=0°导前一个时间tad发出合闸脉冲。

2-4自动准同步装置的任务是什么？

答：应能自动检定待并发电机和系统母线间的压差、频差大小，当满足要求时，导前（δ=0°）tad时间自动发出合闸脉冲命令，使断路器主触头闭合时δ=0°。如果压差或频差不满足要求，则检出压差和频差方向，对待并发电机进行电压或频率的调整，以加快自动并列的过程。2-5何谓整步电压？

答：包含同步条件信息量的电压。

2-6说明全波线性整步电压的特点。

答：1）uzb最大值EΔ对应δ=0°或360°，最小值对应δ=180°。所以线性整步电压包含了相角差信息量。

2）uzb波形和顶值电压与uG、usys 的幅值无关，不包含压差信息量。

3）uzb的斜率与fs成正比，包含了频差信息量。

2-7试分析线性整步电压最低值不为零时，对导前时间有何影响？

答：如图线性整步电压最低值不为零Uzb’相当于比例电路形成的电压上叠加一个直流分量，导致tad两增大。

2-8 说明自动准同步装置中导前时间脉冲和导前相角脉冲的根本区别。

答：导前时间脉冲脉冲终止于δ=0°，对应的tad=nRC，tad仅与电路参数R、C值及n值有关，不受频差、压差大小变化的影响。

恒定导前相角脉冲对称于δ=0°，对应的不受频差、压差大小变化的影响。

2-9 自动准同步装置由哪几个部分构成？各部分的作用是什么？

答：ZZQ－5型自动准同步装置由合闸部分、调频部分、调压部分和电源部分组成。

1）合闸部分作用：检查并列条件，当并列点处两侧的压差、频差均满足要求时，导前（δ=0°）tad时间自动发出合闸脉冲命令，使断路器主触头闭合时δ=0°；当压差或频差不满足要求时，闭锁合闸命令。

2）调频部分作用：鉴别频差方向，当发电机频率高于系统频率时，应发减速脉冲；当发电机频率低于系统频率时，应发增速脉冲。

3）调压部分的作用：鉴别压差方向,当发电机电压高于系统电压时发降压脉冲，当发电机电压低于系统电压时发升压脉冲，使发电机电压趋近系统电压；当压差满足并列条件时解除压差闭锁。

4）电源部分作用：为准同步装置提供直流电源。

2-10说明频差大小检查的方法及原理。

答：1）方法：比较导前时间脉冲和导前相角脉冲出现的先后次序

2）频差大小的检查原理

设恒定导前时间所对应的相角为δt ，恒定导前相角所对应的时间为，则在某一滑差ωs 下有

整定

式中为的整定滑差。整理可得如下关系

当 |ωs.set|；频差不满足要求；

当 > tad ，即比先出现时，有|ωS| < |ωs.set|，频差满足要求；

= tad，和同时出现时，有|ωS| = |ωs.set|。频差刚好满足要求。

所以，通过比较与出现的先后次序，可以检查频差大小。

2-11画出合闸方框图，说明其流程，并分析当满足准同步条件时才发合闸脉冲。

答：流程：uG，uSyS经整形电路获得方波，经混频、低通滤波获得UZb，UZb经比例—微分电路和电平检测电路获得，uzb经电平检测电路得到恒定导前相角脉冲；电源闭锁电路装置判断投入电源时间，由调压部分给出压差检查结果U△U，最后由合闸逻辑电路决定是否发出合闸命令。

合闸逻辑检查并列条件，当并列点处两侧的压差满足要求时，输出U△U低电位，投入电源1~2s时为低电位；比先出现时，频差满足要求，则导前（δ=0°）tad时间自动发出合闸脉冲命令，使断路器主触头闭合时δ=0°；当压差或频差不满足要求时，闭锁合闸命令。

2-12自动准同步装置主要输入信号和输出信号？

答：输入信号：uG，uSyS状态量输入；tad ，ωs.set ，等并列点数字量，工作状态及复位按钮。

输出信号：A.合闸脉冲及信号；B．增速脉冲及信号；C．减速脉脉冲及信号；D．升压脉冲及信号；E.降压脉冲及信号；F.同步信号

2-13说明频差方向鉴别的方法。

答：利用[uG]和[usys]后沿与[usys]和[uG]高低电位相对关系

（1）fG

（2）fG>fsys：在0o<δ<180o， [uG]后沿位置落在[usys]高电位区间。

2-14对调频部分有哪些基本要求？定性画出调频部分的构成框图。

答：基本要求：1）正确鉴别频差方向。2）按频差比例调节。3）调频脉冲宽度可调。4）当频差过小（小于0.05Hz）时自动发加速命令。

2-15说明压差大小和方向鉴别原理。

答：用直接比较法鉴别压差大小和方向

设|△U|=| - | 当

闸脉冲；

当 >Uact时，电平检测电路动作，表示压差不满足要求，闭锁合闸脉冲，不允许合闸。

当Uan= - >0，且Uan-Uset>Uact ，电平检测1动作，发降压命令；

当Ubn= - >0，且 Ubn-Uset>Uact ，电平检测2动作, 发升压命令。

2-16某发电机并列断路器的合闸时间为0.28s，当要求频差控制在0.2Hz时，若采用自动准同步装置来使系统并列，试求导前相角脉冲的导前角度为多少度？ ZZQ－5型装置需整定的参数有哪些？是调整哪些元件？

答：并列装置中整定tad=tYC，则 =2*1800*0.2*0.28=20.160

ZZQ－5型装置需整定的参数有1)tad调整元件是：R111 、C103 C104 C106其中作粗C 调，R111作细调，一般tad≈tYC另外通过调整R120整定电平检测动作电压也可改变tad 值。

2）δad调整元件是：通过调整R142整定电平检测动作电压，

3）加速脉冲宽度：调整R241；减速脉冲宽度：调整R240。

4）调压脉冲间隔时间：调整R333；调压脉冲时间：调整R335。

2-17 自动准同步装置中，导前相角因故增大1倍或缩小1倍，试问发电机并列时有何现象？

答：比较导前时间脉冲和导前相角脉冲出现的先后次序检查频差大小,为正确检查频差，整定tad=tYC，，若将导前相角δad增大1倍，则在相当于2倍的Wset下合闸，将使发电机产生振动，严重时导致发电机失步，造成并列不成功。

若将导前相角δad缩小1倍,ZZQ－5将按照Wset/2作为滑差定值进行频差

检查,即频差条件减少1倍,使发电机调整过程加长。

2-18 自动准同步装置，若接入uG时极性反接或将uG和usys两者接错，试分析装置的行为，有何现象和结果？

答：1）若接入uG时极性反接，产生的线性整步电压Uzb移相1800，即Uzb.max对应δ=180o。

对合闸部分的影响：造成和在δ=180o前出现，如果此时合闸，将产生很大的冲击电流。对调频部分的影响：[uG]和[usys]后沿与[usys]和[uG]高低电位相对关系也移相180o，调频方向不受影响，但区间鉴别电路将在δ=（180o+500）左右输出低电位脉冲，允许调频。对调压部分无影响。

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