文档视界 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档视界 › 并购的财务风险研究外文翻译

并购的财务风险研究外文翻译

并购的财务风险研究外文翻译
并购的财务风险研究外文翻译

中文3270字

JohnA . Douka,International Journal of business and management[J]January2009

并购的财务风险研究

摘要

并购是一个高风险的活动。并购业务,无论是在准备阶段,还是在合并的运营阶段,或之后的整合阶段,将伴随着大量的不确定性。这些跨国并购所带来的不确定性有可能导致巨大的财务风险。尤其在当前,更多的国内企业已经选择了并购这条路。本文对并购的各个重点阶段容易受到的财务风险分析,并对这些风险提出了防范措施。

关键词:并购,财务风险,防范措施

在西方国家,并购有大约超过100年的历史,交易规模不断扩大。2000年,在我国,第五次全球并购浪潮达到一个高峰,并购在我国越来越受欢迎。例如,许多公司加快海外扩张和并购的步伐,许多企业选择并购来渡过难关。正如我们所知道的,并购一定会有风险,比如:目标公司的评估,交易方法,或财务风险的选择。如何才能避免这些风险?我们要选择哪种方法?这就是这篇文章的目的。

1.并购导致财务风险的原因

1.1高估或低估了公司价值带来的风险

1.1.1信息不对称是影响估计的主要因素

由于信息不对称,目标公司一直隐瞒不良信息和夸大良好的信息。投标人还夸大自己的实力,他们所披露的情况不足或失真。因此,贸然行动的失败结果随处可见。有很多有关风险的资料,两个重要的例子就是:第一,股票风险,公平对任何一家公司都是很重要的,但所提供的信息和真实情况之间存在着差异,这些虚假的信息威胁到并购的成功;第二,债务信息的风险,如果没有发现这种风险,庞大的债务将毫无缘由的转嫁到投标人身上。

1.1.2缺乏合理的评估方法

有三种评估方法:成本法、市场法、收益法,这其中,市场法要求有关信息的对称性要高,只有当信息评价具有高对称性时才可以对企业作出准确判断。然而,在我国,信息对称水平低,小企业采用这种方法。他们大多采用替代法和收益法。这两个方法也有缺点,重置成本反映历史成本,不能反映未来盈利能力;就算把现值看做增值的收入,它也明显的缺陷,那就是,未来的收入预期是不同的。

1.1.3评估体系不健全

这是在整个行业中的一种评估制度,而不是一个简单的方法。目前,我国缺少独立、专业的团体,海外并购多数由企业自行完成,在这点上是有一定程度的不合理。由于缺乏专业技能,且没有长期随访观察的习惯,并不能得到长期、稳定的信息等等,这一切导致了评估结果不能按照预期发展。

1.2交易方式的选择导致的风险

1.2.1现金方法

如果你不期望在现金支付中有风险,就必须使增加的预期现金流的净现值大于所支付的,而投标人的股东将承担损失。当现金付款的成本扩大,面临着巨大的债务负担,并且最后期限的资金来源结构不合理,或缺乏短期融资,很容易带来收购的流动性压力。此时如果有一个新公司流动性资产水平低,就会产生流动性风险,而流动性风险最突出的是通过现金付款体现的。

1.2.2支付普通股

整体而言,股票支付的主要风险来自增值的期望,股东交易所扩大股东的基础,导致了每股收益下降,因为稀释了每股收益,投资者会怀疑目标公司取回每股收益的能力下降,投标人的股票价格将下降。这表明从该可转换股权稀释的比例是造成支付风险的最重要手段。

1.2.3杠杆付款

杠杆将不可避免地带来债务风险。杠杆是投标人作出贷款,向银行抵押企业资产,合并后的生产和经营活动产生的现金将成功偿还贷款。其杠杆付款方式目的是通过贷款解决使用贷款的资金问题,并希望收购能得到有效的杠杆效益。这种方法必将实现高的投资回报,这需要稳定的现金流来完成。否则,因为无法还清了更高的债务,收购公司可能会破产。

1.3合并后的整合不利导致财务风险

在整合期间,当风险因素作用到一定程度时,这将导致财务风险的发生。根据表现,财务风险可以分为机制风险,财务风险和经营风险。机制风险意味在整合时期,由于设立了金融机构,财政职能,财政管理体制,金融机构的更新,金融的协同作用和其他因素,财政收入和投标人的预期财政收益发生偏离并因此遭受到的损失。财务风险是指如果当金融运行有错误,财政收入和财政税收将脱离预期。在资产管理过程中,投标人控制他们的资产、成本、金融业务、负债、利润和其他财务职能,按照实现协同收入最大化的原理是为了实现跨国并购成功的的最终目的。然而,不确定性的宏观和微观环境的,影响着财务运作,从而导致财务风险。经营风险是指金融活动的监管不足,导致财务风险的结果。

这说明并购进程的结束并不等于最后的成功,金融一体化是财务管理的结

束,也是最重要的方面,如果失败就意味着整个并购是失败的。

2.财务风险防范措施

2.1防范信息风险

这主要作用是通过合理,有效的方法排除虚假信息然后获得真正的,全面的信息。对于股票的风险,有两个要点:适当谨慎和披露。适当的谨慎是指调查,审查和评价过程。投标人必须调查目标公司外部和内部的情况,以便找到一些限制产权交易的政府活动。信息披露是指目标公司应该告诉诸如投标人的有关材料,信息,债权债务等。信息披露必须真实,完整,没有误导成分。至于债务风险,我们必须首先选择最好的方法;第二,你必须与有关的债务范围达成一致。

2.2建立完善的评价体系,并选择适当的评估方法

适当的评价方法通常包括两个系统的评价:一个是基本系统,包括财务分析,业内人士分析,运行情况分析。金融体系的分析有助于理解双方财政状况,业内人士分析系统,可以使投标人了解了外部环境,以及行业发展趋势的状态。通过对经营状况分析,可以了解存在的问题,操作并提供了整合的基础。在此基础上,企业才能避免这种风险。

二是评价体系。有很多评价体系的方法,正如账面价值,市场价值,清算价值,贴现现金流量等。不同的评估方法会导致不同的价格,因此企业应根据自己的动机,选择更好的方法。

2.3选择灵活的付款方式

在付款方式上合理安排和减少财务费用,是与该付款方式有关,其中现金支付面临最大压力。并购企业可以结合自己的现有资源,稀释每股收益和股票价格波动,在股权结构的变化,以便使他们发放现金,债券和股票的组合,使其能满足双方的需要。例如,并购需要两层付款方式,在第二个步骤,采取现金方式的混合方法。此付款,在一方面,由于交易规模,买方支付现金对价的能力有限,应保持一个比较合理的资本结构,以减少对贷款的巨大压力,另一方面,投标人可以诱导目标公司股东尽快作出出售决定,接着就可以达到取得对目标企业控制的目的。

2.4加强并购后的整合

2.4.1加强财务控制,人力资源,金融机构和金融一体化的功能

例如,兼并和收购业务,任命首席财务总监,在日常的日常财务活动,财务主任明确责任和权力,他们发挥对并购业务的组织和监督作用,并享有对整个企业所涉及的重大事件的决策权;并购实施调整,资源的分配,重大投资,技术结构发展和其他重大决策权的企业并购,预算的重大决策的监测和控制各种类型的预算执行情况,并审核其财务报告;负责人事管理业务的的财务会计,定期报告

并购的资产经营和财务状况。与此同时,当收购完成后,金融机构应改善其组织的具体情况,包括财务会计制度,内部控制制度,投资和融资制度,使其更符合双方的需要,并建立一个统一的金融信息平台,以便使能更快,更准确和更全面的管理,使得所有类型的财务信息得以满足决策的需求。

2.4.2财务管理一体化

财务管理的目标是财务工作的出发点和归宿点,其结果影响到金融体系的理论,将决定一个财务决策的各种选择。一旦并购完成后,企业应该在目标公司财务方面做一个财务管理基础上的明确目标。

2.4.3整合资产和负债

在并购业务,投标人的债务可能增加,因为在接管时所采取的债务等方法只是为贷款和发行债券。如果资本结构不合理,金融形势也变得恶化。因此旨在改善财务状况的综合平衡和加强企业的偿付能力。

2.4.4为了加强企业管理的风险意识,建立和完善金融风险的预测和监控

若要提高风险管理业务的认识,将从源头防范并购的财务风险。此外,建立企业内部自己的财务风险防范和控制系统,加强企业对并购风险的预测是建立早期预警机制的关键领域之一。

综上所述,并购作为一种扩展业务规模,转变市场策略,调整社会经济结构和资源优化配置的更好更独特的方式,因而成为一个很受关注的话题,财务风险由并购产生的,因此也在各领域引起了深人广泛的讨论。随着市场的成熟,我认为并购活动的研究将更加深入,对并购和其财务风险问题将得到进一步深化,实现真正意义上的理论指导实践。

注:图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。

International Journal of business and management[J]January2009

The Study of Financial Risk in M&A

JohnA . Douka

Abstract

M &A is a risky activity. M & A business, whether in the preparation stage, or in the operational phase of the merger, or post-integration phase, will be accompanied by a large number of uncertainties. These uncertainties brought about by mergers and acquisitions could lead to a huge financial risk. In particular, more domestic enterprises have chosen the path of M & A. This article focuses on the various stages of the merger vulnerable to financial risks, and risks of these raised a number of preventive measures.

Keywords: M&A, Financial risk, Preventive measures

In the west countries, M&A have a history about more than 100 years, and transactions have been expanding. The 5th wave of global mergers and acquisitions peaked in 2000.In our country, M&A become more and more popular. For example, many companies step up the pace of overseas expansion and M&A. However, , many companies choose M&A to tide over the difficulties. As we known, M&A must have risks, for instance: estimate of target firms, choice of transaction method, or financial risks. How can avoid these risks? Which method should we choose? This is the purpose of this article.

1.The cause of financial risk in M&A

1.1 Overestimate or underestimate the value of firms lead to the risk

1.1.1 Information asymmetry is the major factor which impacts the estimation

Because of Information asymmetry, target firm always conceal adverse information and exaggerate good information. Bidders also exaggerate their strength, disclosure between them are inadequate or distorted. Therefore, failures which result from rash actions can be found everywhere. There are many information risks, for tow important examples: first, equity risk, equity is very important in any firms, however there are difference between the offer information and the real, these illusive information threaten the succeed of M&A; second, debt information risk, if this risk would not be found, a large debt will fall to the bidders with no reasons.

1.1.2 Lack of rational evaluation methods

There are three evaluation methods: replacement cost method; market value method; the present value of earnings, between them, market value method has high request about Information symmetry, for firms can make an exact evaluation only when the information is high symmetry. However, in our country, the level of information symmetry is lower, little firms adopt this method. Most of them adopt replacement method and the present value of earnings method. These two methods also have disadvantages, replacement cost reflects the historical cost which can’t reflect the future profitability; although the present value considers the value-added revenue, it has also obvious flaws, that is, future revenue expected is very different. 1.1.3 The system of assessment is not perfect

Here is the assessment system in the whole industry, rather than a simple method. At present, our country is lack of independent, professional bodies, the majority of overseas M&A is completed by the enterprises themselves, on this point there is a certain degree of irrationality. Because lack of professional skills, and there is no habits of long-term follow-up observation, and can’t receive long-term and stable information and so on, all this lead to the re sult can’t follow the expectation.

1.2 Risk result from the choice of transaction methods

1.2.1 Cash method

If you expect there is no risk in cash payment, you must make the present value of incremental of expected cash flow net present value is greater than the paid, whereas shareholders of bidders will bear the loss. When the cost of cash payment is expansion, and face huge debt burden, and the source of funding deadline is unreasonable structure, or lack of short-term financing, it is easy to bring to the acquisition of liquidity pressure. At this time if the new company has a low level of liquid assets, it will have a liquidity risk, and liquidity risk is the most outstanding performance of cash payment.

1.2.2 Common stock payment

On the whole, the major risk of stock payment comes from the value-added expectation, the stock exchange expand the shareholder’s base, leading to the decline of earnings per share, when investors doubt the target firm’s ability of getting back earnings per share, the stock price of bidder will decline because of dilution of earnings per share. It shows that the proportion of equity dilution resulting from the convertible is the most important means of payment risks.

1.2.3 Leverage payment

Leverage will inevitably bring the debt risk. Leverage is the bidders make target enterprise assets as collateral for loan to banks, post-merger success with the production and operation activities generated cash to repay the loan. The aim of leverage payment is to solve the fund problem by using the loans, and hope that the acquisition can receive effective leverage benefit. This method is bound to achieve a high return on investment and it need stable cash flows to complete. Otherwise, the acquiring company may go bankrupt because of can’t pay off the higher debt.

1.3 Financial risk resulting from adverse integration in the post-merger

In the integration period, when the role of risk factors come to a certain extent, that will lead to the occurrence of financial risks. According to the manifestations, financial risk can be divided into the mechanisms risk, financial risk and operational risk. Mechanisms risk means in the integration period, because of setting up financial institutions, financial functions, financial management system, update of financial organizations, financial synergies, and other factors, the financial income and financial gains of bidders occurred in a departure from expectations, and thus suffer losses. Financial risk means financial income and financial revenue will depart from the expected if there is something wrong with the financial running. In the process of asset management, bidders control their assets, costs, financial operations, liabilities, profits, and other financial functions in accordance with the principle of maximizing the synergy earnings in order to achieve the final purpose of mergers and acquisitions. However, the uncertainty of macro-and micro-environment affect the decision-making process in the financial operation, which lead to financial risk. Operational risk means financial risk result from inadequate monitoring of financial activities.

That shows process ending is not equals to final succeed, financial integration is the end of financial management in the M&A, and is also the most important aspect, if it failed it means the whole M&A is failed.

2.Prevention measures of financial risk

2.1 Prevention for information risk

The important role for this prevention is to rule out the false information through legitimate and effective method and then to get real, comprehensive information. For the equity risk, there are two main points: an appropriate cautiousness and disclosure. Appropriate cautiousness means a process of investigation, review and evaluation. Bidders must investigate the external and internal situation of target firms, in order to

find some government activities which restrict property right transaction. Disclosure means that the target company should tell the bidders just as relevant materials, information, debt claims and so on. Disclosure must be true, complete and not misleading. As for the debt risk, we must first choose the best method; second, you must make an agreement about debt scope.

2.2 Establish a perfect evaluation system, and select appropriate assessment methods

Appropriate evaluation methods usually include tow systems: One is the basic system which includes financial analysis, industry analysis, operating conditions analysis. Analysis of the financial system contribute to the understanding of the financial situation between the two sides, Industry analysis system, can make the bidder understand the external environment, as well as the status of industry trends. Through the analysis of operating conditions can understand the existing problems the operation, and provide the basis for integration. On this basis, enterprises can avoid this risk. Second is the evaluation system. There are many methods of the evaluation system, just as book value, market value, liquidation value, discounted cash flow and so on. Different valuation methods will lead to different price, so firms should select a better method in accordance with their own motive.

2.3 Flexible choice of payment methods

Reasonable arrangements for the payment method and financial cost reducing are related to the payment method in which cash payment face the most pressure. M & A business can combine their own available resources, diluted earnings per share and stock price volatility, changes in the shareholding structure in order to make their payment as combinations of cash, debt and stock, so that it can meet the need between two sides. For example, M&A takes two-tier payment method, for the first, adopt cash method while mixed method is used when the second step. This payment, on the one hand, because of the size of the transaction, the buyer paid cash consideration of a limited capacity, should maintain a more reasonable capital structure to reduce the enormous pressure on the loan, on the other hand, bidder can induce shareholders of target firm to make sell decision as soon as possible, and then they can reach the goal of obtaining control of the business.

2.4 To strengthen the post-merger integration

2.4.1 Strengthening financial control, financial integration of human resources, financial institutions and functions of the organization

For example, mergers and acquisitions business was to appoint Chief Financial

Officer, Chief Financial Officer has clear responsibility and authority, they play the organization and monitoring role on the M & A business from day-to-day financial activities, and enjoy the decision-making power on a major event involved in the whole enterprise; implementing the structure of the M & A Adjust, the allocation of resources, a significant investment, technology development and other major decision-making to the budget of the corporate mergers and acquisitions, monitoring and controlling various types of the budget implementation, and audit its financial reporting; being responsible for personnel management business of their own financ ial accounting; reporting the M & A’s assets operation and financial position on a regular basis. At the same time, when the acquisition is completed, financial institutions and the functions should be improved according to the specific circumstances of their organizations, including financial accounting systems, internal control systems, investment and financing system to make it more responsive to the needs of both mergers and acquisitions, and to establish a unified Financial information platform, so that management can be faster, more accurate and more comprehensive access to all types of financial information in order to meet the needs of decision-making.

2.4.2 Integration of financial management

Financial management objective is the starting point and end point of financial working, its determination directly impact on the theory of the financial system, and will determine the choice of a variety of financial decision-making. Upon completion of mergers and acquisitions, firms should make a clear objective of financial management based on the financial side of target firms.

2.4.3 Integration of asset and liabilities

In M & A business, debt of bidders may increase because of taking over the acquisition's debt, or adopt financial method just as loans and bonds issue. If capital structure is irrational, and financial situation also become deterioration. So the balance of integration aiming at improving the financial situation and enhance the solvency of enterprises.

2.4.4To enhance the risk awareness of management of enterprise, establish and improve financial risk prediction and monitoring system.

To raise the risk awareness of management of the business will guard against financial risks of mergers and acquisitions from the source. In addition, establish its own enterprise financial risk prevention and control system within the enterprise, to

strengthen business-to-risk M & A forecast is one of the key areas of the establishment of early warning mechanism for risk prevention system.

Conclusion

To sum up,M & A business as a better way with the unique advantages of the expansion of the scale, rapid market strategy, the socio-economic restructuring and resources optimization to become a topic of concern, the financial risk arising from the merger is also a deep wide range of people discussion of the field. As the market matures, I think M & A activity will be more thoroughly researched on mergers and acquisitions of financial risk issues will be further deepened, to achieve a real and practical application of theory to guide practice.

References

[1] Barnea , A., Haugen, R. A., and Senbet , L. (1981). An Equilibrium Analysis of Debt Financing Under Costly Tax Arbitrage and Agency Problems. Journal of Finance, pp. 569-581.

[2] Bin, Jacob Y., and Joshua Ronen. (1978). The Smoothing of Income Numbers: Some Empirical Evidence on Systematic Differences among Management controlled and Owner-controlled Firms. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 3:141-157. [3]Chen, A. H., and Kim. E. H. (1979). Theories of Corporate Debt Policy: A Synthesis. Journal of Finance, pp. 371-384.

[4]Jensen, Michael C., and Richard S. Ruback. (1983). The Market for Corporate Control: The Scientist Evidence. Journal of Financial Economics, 2:5-50.

[5]Lee, L. W. (1977). Co-insurance and Conglomerate Merger. Journal of Finance, pp. 1527- 1538.

[6]W. Y. Lee, and H. H. Barker. (1977). Bankruptcy Costs and the Firm's Optimal Debt Capacity: A Positive Theory of Capital Structure. South Economic Journal, pp. 1453-1465.

财务风险及防范措施范文

浅析基于价值最大化目标下的企业财务风险 摘要 一、企业价值最大化与财务风险的基本理论问题 要研究财务管理的适当模式,必然首先确定企业财务管理目标。研究财务管理目标,有利于完善财务管理的理论结构,有效地指导财务管理实践,科学地设置财务管理目标,有利于优化理财行为,实现财务管理的良性循环。 (一)财务管理的目标 1、概念 企业财务管理目标又称理财目标,是在特定的理财环境中,通过组织财务活动,处理财务关系所要达到的根本目的或所希望实现的结果。 它是企业财务理论与实践研究的起点,是企业优化理财行为结果的理论化描述,企业未来发展的蓝图。同时,理财目标又是对企业理财行为的理性化牵引,有助于财务决策的科学性与合理性。理财目标是评价企业理财活动是否合理有效的基本标准,是企业财务管理工作的行为导向,是财务人员工作实践的出发点和归宿。 科学的财务管理目标能适时、合理地控制企业的理财行为,优化企业财务状况,更好地发挥财务管理在现代企业管理机制中的作用。 2、主要观点 随着市场经济体制的逐步完善,财务管理理论在不断地丰富和发展。其中财务管理的目标,也在不断推陈出新。到目前为止,

先后出现了四种比较具有代表性的观点,分别是:利润最大化原则、资本利润率最大化或每股收益最大化原则、股东财富最大化原则和企业价值最大化原则。 (1)利润最大化,利润代表了企业新创造的财富,利润越多则说明企业的财富增加得越多,越接近企业的目标。 (2)资本利润率最大化或每股收益最大化原则 (3)股东财富最大化,是指通过财务上的合理经营,为股东带来最多的财富。该观点强调应站在股东的立场来考虑问题,认为股东是企业的所有者,其投资的价值在于它能给所有者带来未来报酬。在股份经济条件下,股东财富由其所拥有的股票数量和股票市场价格来决定,因此股东财富最大化也最终体现为股票价格。股价的高低代表了投资大众对公司价值的客观评价,反映了资本和获利之间的关系,每股盈余大小和取得的时间以及每股盈余的风险。 (4)企业价值最大化,是指通过企业财务上的合理经营,采取最优的财务政策,充分考虑货币的时间价值和风险与报酬的关系,在保证企业长期稳定发展的基础上使企业总价值达到最大。企业是多边契约关系的总和,如果将企业财务管理的目标归结为股东的目标,而忽视其他相关利益主体,必然导致矛盾冲突,最终损害企业的价值。如果把企业的财富比做一块蛋糕,可以分属于企业契约关系的各方——-股东、债权人、员工、政府,等等。企业财富总额一定时,各方利益是此消彼长的关系,而当企业的财富增加后,利益各方都会较好地得

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离,该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好,但是其需要消耗大量的时间,并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时,这些问题显得更加突出。近年来,几种制备系统已经进行了改进,能将分离时间减少到1-3h,并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥(使用薄层色谱分析进行分析)。在这些方法中,在我们的实验室中,媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近,我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术,可用于反应产物的常规提纯,我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等(ΔR f≥),而且构建这个系统花费非常低,并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础,专门针对快速分离,介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的,优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本,放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内,使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间(r)和峰宽(w,w/2)的比率进行测定的(Figure 1),结果如图2-4所示,图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

企业财务风险及其应对文献综述

企业财务风险及应对探讨文献综述 重庆工商大学会计专业200X级X班XX 指导老师XXX 目录 摘要 ............................................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 一、财务风险基础理论研究在理论界,财务风险已经成为现在财务理论的核心内容,得到了学者的广泛关注和重视。财务风险与企业资金的筹措、运用、管理以及安全密切相关,它是从价值方面反映企业在理财活动里边以及处理财务关系中所遇到的风险。.......................... 错误!未定义书签。 1、财务风险的概念研究........................................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。James C. Van Horn, John M. Wachowicz Jr(2001)在《Fundamental of Financial Management》里面更宽泛地说明了财务风险包括可能丧失偿债能力的风险,以及由于使用财务杠杆而导致的每股收益变动。 ......................................................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 2、财务风险的类型研究........................................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 二、财务风险产生因素研究.......................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 三、财务风险管理策略研究.......................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。参考文献 ......................................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

企业的财务风险及防范措施

企业的财务风险及防范措施

————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:

浅谈企业的财务风险及防范措施 企业的财务风险是指在各项财务活动过程中,由于各种难以预料或控制的因素影响,从而使企业有蒙受损失的可能性。在市场经济条件下,财务风险是客观存在的,要完全消除风险及其影响是不现实的。企业财务风险管理的目标在于:了解风险的来源和特征,正确预测、衡量财务风险,进行适当的控制和防范,健全风险管理机制,完善财务政策,将损失降至最低程度,为企业创造最大的收益。 一、财务风险涵义与特征的理性认识 对于财务风险的定义,学术界尚未有一个确切的说法。但一般认为,财务风险即指在各项财务活动中,由于各种难以预料和控制因素的作用,使企业实际收益与目标收益发生背离,因而蒙受损失的可能性。财务风险涵义有狭义和广义之分。狭义的财务风险指在筹资决策时,由于负债性资本占全部资本比例过高,使得企业不能按期还本付息所造成的风险,也称为负债风险或筹资风险;广义的财务风险是泛指企业全部财务活动过程中所存在的风险,它不仅包括在筹资活动、投资活动、利润分配及日常资金营运过程中产生的风险,还包括企业其他各项关联活动的失败而诱发的财务损失和危机。本文讨论的财务风险是广义的财务风险范畴。 根据产生路径的不同,财务风险可划分为5种类型: (1)筹资风险,是指企业在筹集资金过程中由于资金来源结构、债务期限结构不合理及筹资成本过高等原因而给企业财务成本带来的不确定性。筹资风险亦即狭义的财务风险。 (2)投资风险,是指企业在投资活动过程中由于各种因素的变化而致使投资报酬达不到预期目标而产生的风险。 (3)现金流量风险,产生于企业正常运营过程中,由于权责发生制与收付实现制的偏离,导致企业货币资金回收的金额和回收时间的不确定性,此时,企业因债务规模过大或债务期限结构不合理,很可能会造成偿债能力急剧下降,现金支出压力陡升,进而陷入财务困境。 (4)连带财务风险,是指企业其他各项关联活动的失败而诱发的风险。如企业为其它单位提供贷款担保而可能产生的财务风险。(5)外汇风险,即由于汇率变

机械设计外文翻译(中英文)

机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域,主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思,还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性,还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉,机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处,只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而,应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前,必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面,应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如,即使将一个小数点的位置放错,也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法,而且愿意承担一定的风险,当新的方法不适用时,就使用原来的方法。因此,设计人员必须要有耐心,因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计,要求屏弃许多陈旧的,为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规,这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法,在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理,将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生,只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后,才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此,一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时,也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是,如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法,就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段,应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性,不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法,也会在设计的早期,即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样,才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常,要提出几套设计方案,然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中,采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。

财务风险中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料外文翻译 财务风险重要性分析 译文: 摘要:本文探讨了美国大型非金融企业从1964年至2008年股票价格风险的决定小性因素。我们通过相关结构以及简化模型,研究诸如债务总额,债务期限,现金持有量,及股利政策等公司财务特征,我们发现,股票价格风险主要通过经营和资产特点,如企业年龄,规模,有形资产,经营性现金流及其波动的水平来体现。与此相反,隐含的财务风险普遍偏低,且比产权比率稳定。在过去30年,我们对财务风险采取的措施有所减少,反而对股票波动(如独特性风险)采取的措施逐渐增加。因此,股票价格风险的记载趋势比公司的资产风险趋势更具代表性。综合二者,结果表明,典型的美国公司谨慎管理的财政政策大大降低了财务风险。因此,现在看来微不足道的剩余财务风险相对底层的非金融公司为一典型的经济风险。 关键词:资本结构;财务风险;风险管理;企业融资 1 绪论 2008年的金融危机对金融杠杆的作用产生重大影响。毫无疑问,向金融机构的巨额举债和内部融资均有风险。事实上,有证据表明,全球主要银行精心策划的杠杆(如通过抵押贷款和担保债务)和所谓的“影子银行系统”可能是最近的经济和金融混乱的根本原因。财务杠杆在非金融企业的作用不太明显。迄今为止,尽管资本市场已困在危机中,美国非金融部门的问题相比金融业的困境来说显得微不足道。例如,非金融企业破产机遇仅限于自20世纪30年代大萧条以来的最大经济衰退。事实上,非金融公司申请破产的事件大都发生在美国各行业(如汽车制造业,报纸,房地产)所面临的基本经济压力即金融危机之前。这令人惊讶的事实引出了一个问题“非金融公司的财务风险是如何重要?”。这个问题的核心是关于公司的总风险以及公司风险组成部分的各决定因素的不确定性。 最近在资产定价和企业融资再度引发的两个学术研究中分析了股票价格风险利

[加强企业财务风险管理的具体措施]财务风险防控措施

[加强企业财务风险管理的具体措施]财务风险防控措施如何防范企业财务风险,化解财务风险,以实现财务管理目标,是企业财务管理的工作重点。下面跟着一起来探讨加强企业财务风险管理的具体措施。 (一)提高企业对财务管理环境的适应能力和应变能力 建立并不断完善财务管理系统,以适应不断变化的财务管理环境,即应制定财务管理战略。面对不断变化的财务管理环境,企业应设置高效的财务管理机构,配备高素质的财务管理人员,健全财务管理规章制度,强化财务管理的各项基础工作,使企业财务管理系统有效运行,提高财务管理系统对环境变化的适应能力。 (二)提高财务人员的风险意识 企业应通过会计政策和会计策略来解决财务风险问题。财务风险存在于财务管理工作的各个环节,任何环节的工作失误都会给企业带来财务风险。因此财务管理人员必须将风险防范意识贯穿于财务管理工作的始终。基于目前财务人员风险意识淡薄的现实情况,企业高层管理人员应定期对财务人员进行风险意识培训,积极向风险管理较好的企业学习,努力提高财务人员的风险意识,并能够贯彻于整个企业财务活动的始终。

(三)提高财务决策的科学化水平 财务决策的正确与否直接关系到财务管理工作的成败,经验决策和主观决策会使决策失误的可能性大大增加。为防范财务风险,企业在决策过程中应充分考虑影响决策的各种因素,尽量采用定量分析方法,并运用科学的决策模型进行决策。对各种可行方案决策,切忌主观臆断。如在对固定资产投资的决策中,应采用科学的方法,计算各种投资方案的投资回收期、投资报酬率、净现值及内含报酬率等指标,并对计算结果进行综合评价,在考虑其他因素的基础上选择最佳的投资方案。这样可以使产生失误的可能性大大降低,从而可以避免因决策失误所带来的财务风险。 (四)科学控制财务风险 1.坚持谨慎性原则。建立财务风险基金即在损失发生前以预提方式或其他形式建立一项专门用于防范风险损失的基金。企业可以按一定标准提取坏账准备金,这是弥补风险损失的一种有效方法。在损失发生后,从已经建立了风险基金的项目中列支,或分批进入经营成本,尽量减少财务风险对企业正常活动的干扰。

机械专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)

外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed,belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost.Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so.Nowadays,bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine).The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance.An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth,soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits.For load sharing on multiple drives.torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology,at present many more reliable.Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1.1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters.With a full-voltage starter design,the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive.Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors.With direct fu11-voltage starters.no control is provided for various conveyor loads and.depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements,empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load.The maintenance-free starting system is simple,low-cost and very reliable.However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque;therefore.they are

财务风险管理外文翻译

本科毕业论文(设计) 外文翻译 Financial Risk Management Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years, risk and risk management are not contemporary issues. The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market. Information is available instantaneously, which means that change, and subsequent market reactions, occur very quickly. The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates, interest rates, and commodity prices. Counterparties can rapidly become problematic. As a result, it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management. What Is Risk? Risk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss, while exposure is the possibility of loss, although they are often used interchangeably. Risk arises as a result of exposure. Exposure to financial markets affects most organizations, either directly or indirectly. When an organization has financial market exposure, there is a possibility of loss but also an opportunity for gain or profit. Financial market exposure may provide strategic or competitive benefits. Risk is the likelihood of losses resulting from events such as changes in market prices. Events with a low probability of occurring, but that may result in a high loss, are particularly troublesome because they are often not anticipated. Put another way, risk is the probable variability of returns. Since it is not always possible or desirable to eliminate risk, understanding it is an important step in determining how to manage it.

财务风险的分析与防范开题报告

财务风险的分析与防范开题报告 一、选题的来源、目的、理论意义及应用价值和基本内容 来源:题目来源于学生自拟 目的:企业财务风险是企业在进行财务活动过程中,由于各种难以预料或难以控制的不确定因素影响,财务状况具有不确定性,从而使企业有蒙受损失无法达到预期报酬的可能性。本文在理论中对财务风险不同的认识观点来探讨财务风险,通过比较明确企业财务风险的真正涵义,从而如何有效的规避和防范财务风险。因此企业经营者需做好投资风险的成因分析,制定出能够防范、控制、管理投资风险的具体措施,以达到降低风险、改善经营管理和提高企业效益的目的。 理论意义及应用价值:风险从财务角度看,即企业财务风险,又分狭义的财务风险和广义的财务风险。狭义的财务风险,是指由于企业举债筹资而给股东收益带来不确定性,甚至导致企业破产的可能性。广义的财务风险,是指企业财务活动中由于各种不确定性因素的影响,导致企业价值增加或减少的可能性,从而使各利益相关者的财务收益与期望收益发生偏离.在市场经济条件下,企业财务风险是客观存在的,要完全消除财务风险及其影响 是不现实的.随着市场经济的不断深入,企业要想在激烈的市场经济中求得生存与发展, 在重重风险中立于不败之地,就必须重视风险管理,而企业的技术管理、营销等方面的风 险最终都表现在了财务风险上。因此,经济活动的高风险迫使企业必须识别日常经济活动中面临的财务风险,及时了解风险的性质以及风险事故发生可能造成的损失后果,并在此基础上制定与实施对自己最有效的风险管理技术,尽量避免可能出现的不利后果,减少可能的损失,维持企业正常的经营活动。由于财务风险管理理论本身具有可研究性和较强的可操作性,所以在对企业管理实践时也将起到重要的推动作用。 基本内容: 一、企业财务风险及防范风险管理的理论研究状况 二、企业财务风险基本理论 (一)企业财务风险概念 (二)企业财务风险类型 (三)企业财务风险特征 (四)企业财务风险控制原则 (五)财务风险控制在企业中的重要作用

浅析企业财务风险及防范措施 正文

浅析企业的财务风险及防范措施 企业的财务风险是指在各项财务活动过程中,由于各种难以预料或控制的因素影响,从而使企业有蒙受损失的可能性。在市场经济条件下,财务风险是客观存在的,要完全消除风险及其影响是不现实的。企业财务风险管理的目标在于:了解风险的来源和特征,正确预测、衡量财务风险,进行适当的控制和防范,健全风险管理机制,完善财务政策,将损失降至最低程度,为企业创造最大的收益。 一、财务风险的含义 风险是指当一项活动可能产生几种不同的结果,而这些结果的可能性或概率又可以推算时,则认为这些活动是有风险的。一般来讲,企业面临两种风险:一是经营风险;二是财务风险。企业的财务风险往往是由经营风险引起的,是企业在财务活动中由于各种不确定因素的影响,财务收益与预期收益发生偏离,因而造成经营过程中的某一方面和某个环节的问题。都可能促使这种风险转变成损失,导致企业盈利能力和偿债能力的降低。 二、企业财务风险成因分析 只有了解了企业的财务风险的成因,才能采取相应的预防对策,加强财务风险的防范。不同企业财务风险形成的具体原因也不尽相同。总的来说,有以下几个方面的原因: (一)企业财务管理系统不能适应复杂多变的宏观环境 企业财务管理的宏观环境复杂多变是企业产生财务风险的外在成因。众所周知,持续的通货膨胀,将使企业资金供给持续发生短

缺,货币性资金持续贬值,实物性资金相对升值,资金成本持续升高。例如,世界原油价格上涨导致成品油价格上涨,使企业增加了运营成本,减少了利润,无法实现预期的收益。而利率的变动必然会产生利率风险,包括支付利息过多的风险、产生利息的投资发生亏损的风险和不能履行偿债义务的风险。市场风险因素也会对财务风险有很大的影响。这些因素存在于企业之外,但对企业财务管理产生重大影响。宏观环境的变化对企业来说,是难以准确预测和无法改变的。宏观环境的不利变化必然给企业带来财务风险。财务管理的环境具有复杂性和多变性,外部环境变化可能为企业带来某种机会,也可能使企业面临风险。财务管理系统如果不能适应复杂多变的外部环境,必然使企业理财陷入困境。 (二)财务管理决策缺乏科学性导致决策失误而产生财务风险 财务决策失误是产生财务风险的最直接的原因。目前我国企业的财务决策普遍存在着经验决策和主观决策现象,从而导致决策失误经常发生,导致产生财务风险。具体表现在: 1.固定资产投资决策缺乏科学性导致投资失误。在固定资产投资决策过程中,由于企业对投资项目的可行性缺乏周密系统的分析和研究,加之决策所依据的经济信息不全面、不真实以及决策者决策能力低下等原因,导致投资决策失误频繁发生。决策失误使投资项目不能获得预期的收益,投资无法按期收回,为企业带来巨大的财务风险。 2.对外投资决策失误,导致大量投资损失。企业对外投资包括有价证券投资,联营投资等。由于投资者对投资风险的认识不足,缺乏科学的论证,导致企业盲目投资和投资决策的失误使企业产生巨大的投资损失,由此产生很大的财务风险。 3.筹资规模和结构决策不当导致财务风险的产生。在我国有的企业盲目的扩大生产规模,本身资金又不够,只好向外筹集大量的负债资金,造成资金结

外文翻译英文

A Distributed Approach for Track Occupancy Detection Abstract This paper investigates the problem of track occupancy detection in distributed settings. Track occupancy detection determines which tracks are occupied in a railway system. For each track, the Neyman–Pearson structure is applied to reach the local decision. Globally, it is a multiple hypotheses testing problem. The Bayesian approach is employed to minimize the probability of the global decision error. Based on the prior probabilities of multiple hypotheses and the approximation of the prior probabilities of multiple hypotheses and the approximationofthereceiving operation characteristic curve of the local detector, a person-by-person optimization method is implemented to obtain the fusion rule and the local strategies off line. The results are illustrated through an example constructed from in situ devices. Key Words:Track occupancy detection,Neyman–Pearson, Generalized likelihood ratio test, Bayesian approach,Distributed detection 1Introduction With respect to the majority of railway systems in China, a quasi-moving block method is employed to specify the safe zone of a train. A key piece of knowledge to be determined is the set of track segments that are occupied, i.e., track occupancy detection. Then the speed restriction curves for the following trains are calculated accordingly. When there are misdetections, collisions may happen; additionally, false alarms may lead to declines of line capacity. Track occupancy detection is achieved by a set of track circuits. The track circuit is a crucial device mainly composed of a transmitter–receiver pair and a track segment. The measurement is the receiving signal at the end of the track. For each segment, a decision is made locally and individually, which leads to frequent ambiguities on which tracks are occupied for the whole line. It means that the false alarm rate of the line increases greatly. Besides, for the next generation of railway systems, a moving block method is adopted. Such a method requires the exact position and velocity of the train. However, those data are not provided in the current detection mechanism.

财务风险管理外文文献翻译译文

Financial Risk Management Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years, risk and risk management are not contemporary issues. The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market. Information is available instantaneously, which means that change, and subsequent market reactions, occur very quickly. The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates, interest rates, and commodity prices. Counterparties can rapidly become problematic. As a result, it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management. What Is Risk? Risk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss, while exposure is the possibility of loss, although they are often used interchangeably. Risk arises as a result of exposure. Exposure to financial markets affects most organizations, either directly or indirectly. When an organization has financial market exposure, there is a possibility of loss but also an opportunity for gain or profit. Financial market exposure may provide strategic or competitive benefits. Risk is the likelihood of losses resulting from events such as changes in market prices. Events with a low probability of occurring, but that may result in a high loss, are particularly troublesome because they are often not anticipated. Put another way, risk is the probable variability of returns. Since it is not always possible or desirable to eliminate risk,

(完整版)企业财务风险分析与防范

一、企业财务风险的基本特征 企业财务风险是指企业在整个财务活动过程中,由于各种不确定性所导致企业蒙受损失的机会和可能。企业的财务风险贯穿于生产经营的整个过程中,可将其划分为:筹资风险、投资风险、资金回收风险和收益分配风险四个方面。主要特征表现在:一是客观性。即风险处处存在,时时存在。也就是说,财务风险不以人的意志为转移,人们无法回避它,也无法消除它,只能通过各种技术手段来应对风险,进而避免风险。二是全面性。即财务风险存在于企业财务管理工作的各个环节,在资金筹集、资金运用、资金积累、分配等财务活动中均会产生财务风险。三是不确定性。即财务风险在一定条件下、一定时期内有可能发生,也有可能不发生。四是收益与损失共存性。即风险与收益成正比,风险越大收益越高,反之收益就越低。 二、企业财务风险分析 1、资产负债状况分析财务风险 从资产负债分析,主要分为三种类型:一是流动资产的购置大部分由流动负债筹集,小部分由长期负债筹集;固定资产由长期自有资金和大部分长期负债筹集,也就是流动负债全部用来筹集流动资产,自有资本全部用来筹措固定资产,这是正常的资本结构型,财务风险很小;二是资产负债表中累计结余是红字,表明一部分自有资本被亏损侵蚀,从而总资本中自有资本比重下降,说明出现财务危机,必须引起警惕;三是亏损侵蚀了全部自有资本,而且还占据了负债一部分,这种情况属于资不抵债,属于高度风险,必须采取强制措施。

2、从企业收益状况分析财务风险 从企业收益分析,分为三个层次:一是经营收入扣除经营成本、管理费用、销售费用、销售税金及附加等经营费用后的经营收益。二是在其一基础上扣除财务费用后为经常收益。三是在经常收益基础上与营业外收支净额的合计,也就是期间收益。对这三个层次的收益进行认真分析,就可以发现其中隐藏的财务风险。这其中分三种情况:一是如果经营收益为盈利,而经常收益为亏损,说明企业的资本结构不合理,举债规模大,利息负担重,存在一定风险;二是如果经营收益、经常收益均为盈利,而期间收益为亏损,可能出现了灾害及出售资产损失等,若严重可能引发财务危机,必须十分警惕;三是如果从经营收益开始就已经亏损,说明企业财务危机已显现。反之,如果三个层次收益均为盈利,则是正常经营状况。 三、企业财务风险的防范 在市场条件下,财务风险是客观存在的,要完全消除风险及其是不现实的。所以,企业在确定财务风险控制目标时不能一味追求低风险甚至零风险,而应本着成本效益原则把财务风险控制在一个合理的、可接受的范围之内。因此,要加强企业财务风险防范,如何防范企业财务风险,化解财务风险,以实现财务管理目标,是企业财务管理工作的重点。现着重从以下几点来谈谈如何防范企业财务风险。 1、树立风险意识,建立有效的风险防范处理机制 (1)、对财务风险进行事前控制。 企业在实施某一方案进行决策时,既要考虑可能获得的利益,又要兼顾风险,通过对财务风险的存在及其原因分析,运用概率分析法、风险决策法、弹性预算

关于中小企业财务风险的产生及解决措施

关于中小企业财务风险的产生及解决措施 财务风险是指企业丧失偿债能力的可能性,由于资金困难采取不同的筹资方式而带来的风险。财务风险防范就是企业在识别风险、评估风险和分析风险的基础上,充分预见、有效控制财务风险,用最经济的方法把财务风险导致的后果减少到最低限度的管理方法。中小企业财务风险的防范,首先要实施技术创新,获得多种投资者的支持;其次,实施企业信用管理,面临财务危机时,能较容易地从外部融资;再次,控制资产负债率,避免由于现金支付困难导致财务危机;最后,提高筹资的使用效果,努力降低经营风险引起的财务风险。 标签:中小企业财务风险解决措施 在市场经济条件下,企业财务风险贯穿于企业各个财务环节,是各种风险因素在企业财务上的集中体现。一般包括筹资风险、投资风险、现金流量风险、利率风险以及汇率风险。我国中小企业产生财务风险的原因很多,既有企业外部的原因,也有企业自身的原因,而且不同的财务风险形成的个体原因也不尽相同,总体来看,主要有以下几个方面: 第一,由于中小企业盈利能力弱,大多数只简单地注重销售额的增长和利润总额的实现,注重短期收益,致使成本失控,资金超量使用,单位资金获利水平很低;其次,长期受旧体制、旧财务制度的束缚,中小企业财务人员风险意识滞后,尚未树立时间价值、风险价值、边际机会成本等科学概念,未能确定最优化思想;不权衡资本成本,不考虑资本结构,投资时不测算风险报酬,不分析现金流量;再次,没有专门的对财务活动进行评价分析与控制的机构,简单地要会计部门承担财务预测、没有健全的会计核算体系,会计资料不齐全、不规范,无法进行事先的评价与防范。 第二,财务管理的宏观环境具有复杂性和多变性,外部环境变化可能为企业带来某种机会,也可能使企业面临某种威胁。中小企业由于财力、物力、人力的限制,不能适应复杂多变的外部环境,必然会给企业理财带来困难。 第三,中小企业由于缺乏科学合理的可行性分析、主观臆测严重。财务关系混乱,都可能导致财务风险的产生,内部审计与控制乏力,造成资金使用效率低下,资金流失严重,中小企业主要集中于事后控制,缺乏重要的事前预算和事中控制。他们财务信誉低下,应收账款膨胀,忽视现金运转的承受能力。盲目赊销,造成相当比例的应收账款长期无法收回,直到成为坏账。 第四,他们的经营目标主要是追求公司价值最大化,举债规模大,利息支付多,而导致偿还能力弱或出现破产的可能性,因而风险程度也高。 第五,融资方式不同,其风险也不同。向银行借款虽然周期较短、无需印制债券而使成本降低,还可以直接与银行进行谈判以寻求债务重组,但很难筹到大量资金。向公众发行的债券由于债权人较多,进行债务重组的可能性很小,如不

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档