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环境影响评价试题及答案(优.选)

环境影响评价试题及答案(优.选)
环境影响评价试题及答案(优.选)

环境影响评价

试卷:

一、名词解释:

1、环境影响:人类活动导致的环境变化以及由此引起的对人类社会的效应。

2、水体自净:污染物进入水体后首先被稀释,随后经过复杂的物理、化学和生物转化,使污染物浓度

降低、性质发生变化,水体自然地恢复原样的过程。

3、大气污染:大气中污染物或由它转化成的二次污染物的浓度达到了有害程度的现象。

4、环境容量:是指在一定行政区域内,为达到环境目标值,在特定的产业结构和污染源分布条件下,根据该区域的自然净化能力,所能承受的污染物最大排放量。

5、规划环境影响评价:对规划和建设项目实施后可能造成的环境影响进行分析、预测和评估,提出预防或者减轻不良环境影响的对策和措施,进行跟踪监测的方法与制度。

二、填空题:

1、环境影响的分类按影响的来源可分为直接影响、间接影响、累积影响。

2、生态环境影响的补偿有就地补偿和异地补偿两种形式。

3、我国的环境标准分为国家级和地方级。

4、环境影响评价程序可分为工作程序和管理程序,经常用工作程序来表示。

5、环境现状调查的方法主要有三种:收集资料法、现场调查法、遥感方法。

6、水体污染源分为两大类:自然污染源和人为污染源。

7、对于一、二、三级评价项目,大气环境影响评价范围的边长一般分别不应小于16~20Km 、10~14Km 、4~6Km 。对于一、二、三级评价项目,生态环境影响评价范围的边长一般分别不应小于8~30Km 、2~8Km 、1~2Km 。

三、判断并改错:

1、环境影响评价报告书是环评工作成果的一般体现。(×)[集中体现]

2、污染物随着污水排入河流后,在河流横向断面上与河水充分混合需要一定的横向断面混合时间。(√)

3、划分环评工作等级的依据是投资者的主观意愿。(×)

4、S—P模式适用于任何状态、任何物质的衰减规律。(×)

5、环境质量评价可以分为回顾性环境评价、环境现状评价和环境影响评价。(×)[环境质量评价按评价阶段分可以分为环境质量现状评价和环境影响评价。]

四、简答题:

1、中国环境影响影响评价制度有哪些特点?

答:(1)具有法律强制性。(2)纳入基本建设程序。(3)评价对象偏重于工程建设项目。(4)分类管理。(5)评价资格实行审核认定制。

2、简述环评报告书的主要内容。

答:根据环境和工程的特点及评价工作等级,选择下列全部或部分内容进行编制:(1)总则 (2)建设项目概况 (3)工程分析( 4)建设项目周围地区的环境现状 (5)环境影响预测 (6)评价建设项目的环境影响 (7)环境保护措施的评述及技术经济论证 (8)环境影响经济损益分析 (9)环境监测制度及环境管理、环境规划的建议 (10)环境影响评价结论。

3、在工程分析中“两本帐”、“三本帐”的具体内容是什么?

答:两本账:(1)一个是工程自身的污染物产生量;(2)另一本则是按治理规划和评价规定措施实施后能够实现的污染物削减量。两本账之差才是评价需要的污染物量终排放量。

三本账:(1)迁扩建与技术改造前现有的污染物实际排放量。这部分现有污染物源强可根据原环评报告书、项目竣工验收报告、环保监测部门例行监测资料核算,也可根据实际生产规模和原辅材料消耗量衡算,必要时也可进行污染源现场监测。(2)迁扩建与技术改造项目按计划实施的自身污染物产生量。(3)实施治理措施和评价规定措施历能够实现的污染削减量。三本账之代数和方可作为评价所需的最终排故量。

4、水环境影响评价和大气环境影响评价的评价等级是如何确定的?

答:水环境影响评价评价等级是《环境影响评价技术导则——地面水环境》根据建设项目的污水排放量,污水水质的复杂程度,受纳水域的规模以及水质要求,将水环境影响评价工作等级分为一、二、三级。地面水环境影响评价分级判据:1. 污水排放量:不包括间接冷却水、循环水及清净下水。2. 污染物分类:持久性、非持久性、酸碱、热污染。3. 污水水质的复杂程度:复杂(污染物>=3,需预测的水质参数>10 );中等(=2,需预测的水质参数<10,=1,水质参数>7);简单(=1,需预测的水质参数<7)。4. 地面水域的规模:大河(>=150m3/s)、小河(< 15m3/s)、中河(15m3/s

大气环境影响评价等级的确定是:《环境影响评价技术导则—大气环境》(HJ/T2.2-93)规定,1.根据拟建项目的主要污染物排放量,2.周围地形的复杂程度。3.当地应执行的环境空气质量标准等因素。将大气环境影响评价分为三级。不同级别的评价工作要求不同,一级评价项目要求最高,二级次之,三级较低。

环境空气质量标准分为三级:一类区执行一级标准;二类区执行二级标准;三类区执行三级标准。

一类区,主要适用于自然保护区、风景名胜区和其他需要特殊保护的地区;

二类区,主要适用于城镇规划确定的居住区、商业交通居民混合区、文化区、一般工业区和农村地区;

三类区,主要适用于特定工业区。

5、什么是环境影响综合评价?它有哪些主要方法?

答:环境影响综合评价是按照一定的评价目的把人类活动对环境的影响从总体上综合起来,对环境影响进行定性或定量的评定。

环境影响综合评价的方法主要有:①列表清单法;②质量指标法;③矩阵法;④网络法;⑤图形叠加法;⑥动态系统模拟法。

五、计算题

1、假设3个不同的噪声源同时作用于A点,声压值分别为P1=8.6×10-4 N/m2,P2 =9.2×10-4N/m2,P3 =58 P0,请计算总声压级L PT的值?若B点离A点相距5米,该噪声源由于随传播距离而引起衰减,那么B点的噪声值L B是多少?

2、某工厂拟向河流排放废水,废水量为0.3 m3/s,苯酚浓度为30ug/L,河流流量为8m3/s,流速为1m/s,苯酚的背景浓度为1ug/L,苯酚的衰减系数在该河流中满足方程:X=100米时,C=25 ug/L;X=300米时,C=20 ug/L。试求排放点下游1.6公里处的污染物浓度?

3、某地计划建一化工厂,有一个烟囱向大气排放污染物,烟囱高45米,每小时燃煤1.8吨,已知烟气抬升高度55米,煤含硫量为1%,风速u = 2 m/s。问:该厂建成后在其正下风向1000米处距离地面100米的高空SO2的贡献浓度是多少?(σy =0.15X0.8;σz =0.1X0.9;S的原子量为32,O的原子量为16)

附加:

1、环境质量评价:根据国家和地方制定的环境质量标准,用调查、监测和分析的方法,对区域环境质量进行定量判断,并说明其与人体健康、生态系统的相关关系。

2、环境影响评价:环境影响评价是指对拟议中的建设项目、区域开发计划和国家政策实施后可能对环境产生的影响(后果)进行的系统性识别、预测和评估,并提出减少这些影响的对策措施。

3、环境标准:是为了保护人群健康、社会物质财富和促进生态良性循环,对环境结构和状态,在综合考虑自然环境特征、科学技术水平和经济条件的基础上,由国家按照法定程序制定和批准的技术规范

4、环境基准:通过科学实验,某一环境单元确保人类健康不受危害的污染物的最大浓度或质量。

5、环境标准值:由国家按照法定程序制定和批准的污染物的含量。

6、环境基准值:环境中污染物对待定对象不产生有害的不良影响的最大剂量。

7、环境本底值:是指未受人类活动影响的某一些地区的元素含量

8、背景值:是指受人类活动影响较小的相对清洁区监测所得的统计平均值。

9、环境基线值:是指某地区日常监测所获取的某元素的现状实际值。

10、环境质量:是环境系统客观存在的一种本质属性,并能用定性和定量的方法加以描述的环境系统所处的状态。

11、环境容量:是指在一定行政区域内,为达到环境目标值,在特定的产业结构和污染源分布条件下,根据该区域的自然净化能力,所能承受的污染物最大排放量。

12、水体污染:入水中的污染物超过了水体自净能力而导致天然水的物理、化学性质发生变化,使水质下降,并影响到水的用途以及水生生物生长的现象。包括水污染和水体污染两层含义。

13、大气扩散:将一定量的含有有害物质的气体排入高空,借大气湍流和分子运动,向大气中低浓度区域迁移,从而把有害物质稀释到容许浓度以下的过程。

14、环境风险评价(ERA):是在安全分析理论与技术的基础上,发展形成的一种评价制度。它的出现标志着环境保护的一次重要战略转折,即由原先污染后的治理转变为污染前的预测和实行有效管理。

15、污染源简化包括排放形式的简化和排放规律的简化。根据污染源的具体情况排放形式可简化为点源和面源,排放规律可简化为连续恒定排放和非连续恒定排放。

(1)排入河流的两排放口的间距较近时,可以简化为一个,其位置假设在两排放口之间,其排放量为两者之和。两排放口间距较远时,可分别单独考虑。

(2)排入大湖(库)的两排放口间距较近时,可以简化成一个,其位置假设在两排放口之间,其排放量为两者之和。两排放口间距较远时,可分别单独考虑。

(3)当评价等级为一、二级并且排入海湾的两排放口间距小于沿岸方向差分网格的步长时,可以简化一个,其排放量为两者之和。评价等级为三级时,海湾污染源简化与大湖(库)相同。

(4)无组织排放可以简化成面源。从多个间距很近的排放口排水时,也可以简化为面源。

(5)在地面水环境影响预测中,通常可以把排放规律简化为连续恒定排放。

16、地表水五类:(1)主要使用于源头水、国家自然保护区;(2)主要使用于集中式生活饮用水水源一级保护区、珍贵鱼类保护区、鱼虾产卵地等(3)主要使用于集中生活式饮用水二级保护区、一般鱼类保护及游泳区。(4)主要使用于一般工业用水区及人体非接触的娱乐用水区;(5)主要使用于农业用水区及一般景观要求水域。

17、工程分析的方法:类比法,物料衡算法,资料复用法。

18、从工作程序上,环境影响评价工作可分为三个阶段:

(1)准备阶段(2)正式工作阶段(3)报告书编制阶段

19、报告书的种类?

20、两级六类:(国家和地方两级。国家地方环境质量标准、国家地方污染排放标准、国家环境基础标准、国家环境方法标准、国家环境物质标准、国家环境保护行业六类)。

21、自主回答我国环境影响评价制度:自美国于1969年首先建立环境影响评价制度以来,世界上先后有 100 多个国家陆续确立了环境影响评价制度。我国则是从1973年起进行环境影响评价的研究,并尝试开展环境质量评价的工作(以“北京西郊环境质量评价”协作组成立为标志)。由北京师范大学等单位进行的江西永平铜矿环境影响评价成为我国第一个建设项目的环境影响评价。至 1979 年9月国家在《中华人民共和国环境保护法(试行)》中才将环境影响评价制度正式建立起来。三个发展阶段:一、规范建设阶段(1979-1989):主要是通过法律法规、行政规章逐步规范环境影响评价的内容、范围、程序,环境影响评价的技术方法也不断完善。二、强化和完善阶段(1990-1998)。三、提高阶段(1999-)这期间通过明确评价单位的资质规定、整顿评价队伍等行动提高了环境影响评价制度。

22、环境风险评价的内容:(1)环境风险评价的目的是确定什么样的风险是社会可接受的,因此也可以说环境风险评价是评判环境风险的概率及其后果可接受性的过程。(2)判断一种环境风险是否能被接受,通常采用比较的方法,即把这个环境风险同已经存在的其它风险、承担风险所带来的效益、减轻风险所消耗的成本等进行适当的比较。

23、规划环境影响评价的原则:(1)科学、客观、公正原则(2)早期介入原则(3)整体性原则(4)公众参与原则(5)一致性原则(6)可操作性原则。

24、规划环境影响评价的特点:(1)广泛性与复杂性(2)战略性(3)不确定性(4)评价时间的超前性。

25、规划环境影响评价的内容与工作程序:

基本内容:(1)规划分析。包括分析拟议的规划目标、指标、规划方案与相关的其他发展规划、环境保护规划的关系。(2)环境现状与分析。包括调查、分析环境现状和历史演变,识别敏感的环境问题记忆制约拟议

规划的主要因素。(3)环境影响识别与确定环境目标和评价指标。(4)环境影响分析与评价。(5)针对各规划方案,拟定环境保护对策和措施,确定环境可行的推荐规划方案。(6)开展公众参与。(7)拟定监测、跟踪评价计划,利用现有的环境标准和监测系统,监测规划实施后的环境影响,以及通过专家咨询和公众参与等,监督规划实施后的环境影响,评价规划实施后的实际环境影响,监督规划环境影响评价及其建议的减缓措施是否得到了有效的贯彻实施。确定为进一步提高规划的环境效益所需的改进措施。(8)编写规划环境应先评价条件。

工作阶段:准备阶段,评价阶段,报告编写阶段。

26、生态影响评价的概念:是指通过揭示和预测人类活动对生态的影响及其对人类健康和经济发展的作用,确定一个地区的生态负荷或环境容量,并提出减少影响或改善生态环境的策略和措施。

27、有一条铁路与风向垂直,列车平均速度为72公里/小时,每小时有36辆列车经过,每辆列车向大气排放SO2的浓度为8 g/s,已知列车烟囱高均为5米,风速u = 2 m/s,烟气抬升高度为25米。试求该厂建成后在铁路下风向离铁路800米处的地面上SO2的贡献浓度是多少?(σy =0.11X0.9;σz =0.12X0.85)

解:根据高斯烟流计算公式C(x,y,z)=Q/(sqrt(2л)uσz)*{exp[-(Z-He)2/(-2σz2)]+exp[-(Z+He)2/(-2σz2)]}得:(此处正确得4分)

由于线形源强为:Q=36*8/72= 4 g/s (此处正确得2分)

由σz =0.12X0.85,He=25+5=30m可知:(此处正确得2分)

因为x = 800m,y = 0m,z =0m,所以:

C(800,0,0) = Q/(sqrt(2л)uσz)*{exp[-302/(-2σz2)]+exp[-302/(-2σz2)]} = 0.065 g/s(此处正确得2分)

28、某企业向河流排放废水,废水量q=0.2m3/s,BOD5=75mg/L;河流流量Q=9.8m3/s,流速Ux=0.1m/s, BOD5背景值为1 mg/L. BOD5的降解系数为0.2d-1。求排污口下游2000m处的BOD5浓度。(忽略纵向弥散作用)解:先计算排放处BOD5的浓度:p0=(Q*p1+q*p2)/(Q+q)=2.48(mg/L)

再计算衰减系数K:K=0.2/86400(1/s)

最后计算排放处下游2000米处BOD5的浓度:

p=p0*exp(-k*x/u x) =2.48*exp(-0.2*2000/86400*0.1)=2.37(mg/L)

29、一条均匀的河段,平均河宽为200 m,平均水深为4 m,流量为360 m3/s,横向弥散系数为2 m2/s,平均坡底为0.0005,一拟建项目可能以岸边和河中心两种方案排放,试采用经验公式计算完全混合距离?

解:先计算流速:u=360/(4*200)=0.45 m/s (此处计算正确得2分)

再计算摩阻流速u=SQRT(g*H*I)=0.14 m/s (此处计算正确得2分,若只有公式正确得1分)

E y = a y*H* u =0.15*4*0.14=0.084 m2/s (此处计算正确得2分,若公式正确但结果错误得1分)

当采用河中心方案排放时,完全混合距离为:X=0.1* u *B2 / E y = 21428.6 m

(此处计算正确得2分,若公式正确但结果不正确得1分)

当采用河岸边方案排放时,完全混合距离为:X=0.4* u *B2 / E y = 85714.4 m

(此处计算正确得2分,若公式正确但结果不正确得1分)

最新文件---------------- 仅供参考--------------------已改成word文本--------------------- 方便更改

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They get as much as $4 million a year if their songs are used. G. Muzak is played in most of the big supermarkets in the world. Public speaking and critical thinking What is critical thinking? To a certain degree, it’s a matter of logic(逻辑)—of being able to spot weaknesses in other people’s argument and to avoid them in your own, it also includes related skills such as distinguishing fact from opinion and assessing the soundness of evidence. In the broad sense, critical thinking is focused, organized thinking—the ability to see clearly their relationships among ideas. 71 The greatest thinkers, scientists and inventors have often taken their information that was readily available and put it together differently to produce new ideas that, too, is critical thinking. 72 As the class goes on, for example, you will probably spend a good deal of time organizing your speeches. While this may seem like a purely mechanical(机械的) exercise, it is closely connected with critical thinking. If the structure of your speech is loose and confused, chances are that your thinking is also disordered and confused. If, on the other hand, the structure is clear, there is a good chance your thinking is too. Organizing a speech is not a matter ofarranging the ideas you already have. 73 What is true of organization is true of many aspects of public speaking. 74 As you work on expressing your ideas in clear, accurate language, you will improve your ability to think clearly and accurately. 75 As you learn to listen critically to speeches in class. You will be better able to assess the ideas of speakers in a variety of situations. If you take full advantage of your speech class, you will be able to develop your skills as critical thinker in many circumstances. This is one reason public speaking has been regarded as a vital part of education since the days of ancient Greece. A. Rather, it is an important part of shaping the ideas themselves. B. This may seem like a lot of time, but the rewards are well worth it. C. It may also help you to know that there is no such thing as a perfect speech. D. It has often been said that there are few new ideas in the world, only reorganized ideas. E. If you are wondering what this has to do with your public speaking class, the answer is quite a lot. F. The skills you learn in your speech class can help you become a more effective thinker in a number of ways. G. As you study the role of evidence and reasoning in speechmaking ,you will see how they can be used in other forms of communication as well. Empathy Last year, researchers from the University of Michigan reported that empathy, the ability to understand other people, among college students had dropped sharply over the past 10 years. __71__ Today, people spend more time alone and are less likely to join groups and clubs. Jennifer Freed, a co-director of a teen program, has another explanation. Turn on the TV, and you’re showered with news and reality shows full of people fighting, competing, and generally treating one another with no respect. __72__ There are good reasons not to follow those bad examples. Humans are socially related by nature. __73__ Researchers have also found that empathetic teenagers are more likely to have high self-respect. Besides, empathy can be a cure for loneliness, sadness, anxiety, and fear. Empathy is also an indication of a good leader. In fact, Freed says, many top companies report that empathy is one of the most important things they look for in new managers. __74__ “Academics are important. But if you don’t have emotional (情感的) intelligence, you won’t be as successful in work or in your love life,” she says. What’s the best way to up your EQ (情商)? For starters, let down your guard and really listen to others. __75__ To really develop empathy, you’d better volunteer at a nursing home or a hospital, join a club or a team that has a diverse membership, have a “sharing circle” with your family, or spend time caring for pets at an animal shelter. A.Everyone is different, and levels of empathy differ from person to person. B.That could be because so many people have replaced face time with screen time, the researchers said.

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