高中概率分布知识点

2016年6月大学英语四级考试真题（第三套）

Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to express your thanks to your parents or any other family members upon

making memorable achievements.You should write at least 120

words but no more than 180 words.

Part ⅡListening Comprehension (25 minutes)（说明：由于2016年6月六级考试全国共考了2套听力，本套真题听力与前2套内容完全一样，只是顺序不一样，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现)

Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word

bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before

making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.

Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2

with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in

the bank more than once.

Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

Signs barring cell-phone use are a familiar sight to anyone who has ever sat in a hospital waiting room. But the 26 popularity of electronic medical records has forced hospital-based doctors to become 27 on computers throughout the day, and desktops—which keep doctors from besides—are 28 giving way to wireless devices.

As clerical loads increased, “something had to29 , and that was always face time with patients,” says Dr. Bhakti Patel, a form er chief resident in the University of Chicago’s internal-medicine program. In fall 2010, she helped 30 a pilot project in Chicago to see if the iPad could improve working conditions and patient care. The

experiment was so 31 that all internal-medicine residents at the university now get iPads when they begin the program. Johns Hopkins’ internal-medicine program adopted the same 32 in 2011. Medical schools at Yale and Stanford now have paperless, iPad-based curriculums. “You’ll want an iPad just so you can wear this” is the slogan for one of the new lab coats 33 with large pockets to accommodate tablet computers.

A study of the University of Chicago iPad project found that patients got tests and 34 faster if they were cared for by iPad-equipped residents. Many patients also 35 a better understanding of the illnesses that landed them in the hospital in the first

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the

paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is

derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph

is marked with a letter. Answer the question by marking the

corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

Ancient Greek Wisdom Inspires Guidelines to Good Life

[A] Is it possible to enjoy a peaceful life in a world that is increasingly challenged by

threats and uncertainties from wars, terrorism, economic crises and a widespread outbreak of infectious diseases? The answer is yes, according to a new book The

10 Golden Rules: Ancient Wisdom from the Greek Philosophers on Living a

Good Life. The book is co-authored by Long Island University’s philosophy professor Michael Soupios and economics professor Panos Mourdoukoutas.

[B] The wisdom of the ancient Greek philosophers is timeless, says Soupios. The

philosophy professor says it is as relevant today as when it was first written many centuries ago. “There is no expiration (失效) date on wisdom,” he says. “There is no shelf life on intelligence. I think that things have become very gloomy these days, lots of misunderstanding, misleading cues, a lot of what the ancients would have called sophistry (诡辩). The nice thing about ancient philosophy as offered by the Greeks is that they tended to see life clear and whole, in a way that we tend not to see life today.”

Examine your life

[C] Soupios, along with his co-author Panos Mourdoukoutas, developed their 10

golden rules by turning to the men behind that philosophy—Aristotle, Socrates, Epictetus and Pythagoras, among others. The first rule—examine your life—is the common thread that runs through the entire book. Soupios says that it is based on Plato’s observation that the unexamined life is not worth living. “The Greeks are always concerned about boxing themselves in, in terms of convictions (信念),” he says. “So take a step back, switch off the automatic pilot and actually stop and reflect about things like our priorities, our values, and our relationships.”

Stop worrying about what you can not control

[D] As we begin to examine our life, Soupios says, we come to Rule No.2: Worry

only about things that you can control. “The individual who promoted this idea was a Stoic philosopher. His name is Epictetus,” he says. “And what the Stoics say in general is simply this: There is a larger plan in life. You are not really going to be able to understand all of the dimensions of this plan. You are not going to be able to control the dimensions of this plan.”

[E] So, Soupios explains, it is not worth it to waste our physical, intellectual and

spiritual energy worryi ng about things that are beyond our control. “I can not control whether or not I wind up getting the disease swine flu, for example.” He says. “I mean, there are some cautious steps I can take, but ultimately I can not guarantee myself that. So what Epictetus would say is sitting at home worrying about that would be wrong and wasteful and irrational. You should live your life attempting to identify and control those things which you can genuinely control.”

Seek true pleasure

[F] To have a meaningful, happy life we need friends. But according to Aristotle-a

student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great—most relationships don’t qualify as true friendships. “Just because I have a business relationship with an individual and I can profit from that relationship, it does not necessarily mean that this person is my friend.” Soupios says. “Real friendship is when two individuals share the same soul. It is a beautiful and uncharacteristically poetic image that Aristotle offers.”

[G] In our pursuit of the good life, he says, it is important to seek out true

pleasures—advice which was originally offered by Epicurus. But unlike the modern definition of Epicureanism as a life of indulgence (放纵) and luxury, for the ancient Greeks, it meant finding a state of calm, peace and mental case.

[H] “This was the highest and most desirable form of pleasure and happiness for the

ancient Epicureans,” Soupios says. “This is something that is very much well worth considering here in the modern era. I do not think that we spend nearly enough time trying to concentrate on achieving a sort of calmness, a sort of contentment in a mental and spiritual way, which was identified by these people as the highest form of happiness and pleasure.”

Do good to others

[I] Other golden rules counsel us to master ourselves, to avoid excess and not to be a

prosperous(发迹的) fool. There are also rules dealing with interpersonal relationships: Be a responsible human being and do not do evil things to others.

[J] “This is Hesiod, of course, a younger contemporary poet, we believe, with Homer,” Soupios says. “Hesiod offers an idea—which you very often find in some of the world’s great religions, in the Judeo-Christian tradition and in Islam and others—that in some sense, when you hurt another human being, you hurt yourself. That damaging other people in your community and in your life, trashing relationships, results in a kind of self-inflicted(自己招致的) spiritual wound.”

[K] Instead, Soupios says, ancient wisdom urges us to do good. Golden Rule No. 10 for a good life is that kindness toward others tends to be rewarded.

[L] “This is Aesop, the fabulist (寓言家), the man of these charming little tales, often told in terms of animals and animal relationship,” He says. “I think what Aesop was suggesting is that when you offer a good turn to another human being, one can hope that that good deed will come back and sort of pay a profit to you, the doer of the good deed. Even if there is no concrete benefit paid in response to your good deed, at the very least, the doer of the good deed has the opportunity to enjoy

a kind of spiritually enlightened moment.”

[M] Soupios say following the 10 Golden Rules based on ancient wisdom can guide us to the path of the good life where we stop living as onlookers and become engaged and happier human beings. And that, he notes, is a life worth living.

36. According to an ancient Greek philosopher, it is impossible for us to understand

every aspect of our life.

37. Ancient Philosophers saw life in a different light from people of today.

38. Not all your business partners are your soul mates.

39. We can live a peaceful life despite the various challenges of the modern world.

40. The doer of a good deed can feel spiritually rewarded even when they gain no

concrete benefits.

41. How to achieve mental calmness and contentment is well worth our consideration

today.

42. Michael Soupios suggests that we should stop and think carefully about our

priorities in life.

43. Ancient philosophers strongly advise that we do good.

44. The wise teachings of ancient Greek thinkers are timeless, and are applicable to

contemporary life.

45. Do harm to others and you do harm to yourself.

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four

choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best

choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a

single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

Attitudes toward new technologies often fall along generational lines. That is, generally, younger people tend to outnumber older people on the front end of a technological shift.

It is not always the case, though. When you look at attitudes toward driverless cars, there doesn’t seem to be a clear generational divide. The public overall is split on whether they’d like to use a drive rless car. In a study last year, of all people surveyed, 48 percent said they wanted to ride in one, while 50 percent did not.

The fact that attitudes toward self-driving cars appear to be so steady across generations suggests how transformative the shift to driverless cars could be. Not everyone wants a driverless car now—and no one can get one yet—but among those who are open to them, every age group is similarly engaged.

Actually, this isn’t surprising. Whereas older generations are sometimes reluctant to adopt new technologies, driverless cars promise real value to these age groups in particular. Older adults, especially those with limited mobility or difficulty driving on their own, are one of the classic use-cases for driverless cars.

This is especially interesting when you consider that younger people are generally more interested in travel-related technologies than older ones.

When it comes to driverless cars, differences in attitude are more pronounced based on factors not related to age. College graduates, for example, are particularly interested in driverless cars compared with those who have less education: 59 percent of college graduates said they would like to use a driverless car compared with 38 percent of those with a high-school diploma or less.

Where a person lives matters, too. More people who lived in cities and suburbs said they wanted to try driverless cars than those who lived in rural areas.

While there’s reason to believe that interest in self-driving cars is going up across the board, a person’s age will have little to do with how self-driving cars can be becoming mainstream. Once driverless cars are actually available for sale, the early adopters will be the people who can afford to buy them.

46. What happens when a new technology emerges?

A) It further widens the gap between the old and the young.

B) It often leads to innovations in other related fields.

C) It contributes greatly to the advance of society as a whole.

D) It usually draws different reactions from different age groups.

47. What does the author say about the driverless car?

A) It does not seem to create a generational divide.

B) It will not necessarily reduce road accidents.

C) It may start a revolution in the car industry.

D) It has given rise to unrealistic expectations.

48. Why does the driverless car appeal to some old people?

A) It saves their energy.

B) It helps with their mobility.

C) It adds to the safety of their travel.

D) It stirs up their interest in life.

49. What is likely to affect one’s attitude toward the d riverless car?

A) The location of their residence.

B) The field of their special interest

C) The amount of training they received.

D) The length of their driving experience.

50. Who are likely to be the first to buy the driverless car?

A) The seniors.

B) The educated.

C) The wealthy.

D) The tech fans.

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

In agrarian (农业的), pre-industrial Europe, “you’d want to wake up early, start working with the sunrise, have a break to have the largest me al, and then you’d go back to work,” says Ken Albala, a professor of history at the University of the Pacific.“Later, at 5 or 6, you’d have a smaller supper.”

This comfortable cycle, in which the rhythms of the day helped shape the rhythms of the meals, gave rise to the custom of the large midday meal, eaten with the extended family. “Meal are the foundation of the family,” says Carole Couniban, a

professor at Millersville University in Pennsylvania, “so there was a very important interconnection between e ating together and strengthening family ties.”

Since industrialization, maintaining such a slow cultural metabolism has been much harder, with the long midday meal shrinking to whatever could be stuffed into a lunch bucket or bought at a food stand. Certainly, there were benefits. Modern techniques for producing and shipping food led to greater variety and quantity, including a tremendous increase in the amount of animal protein and dairy products available, making us more vigorous than our ancestors.

Yet p lenty has been lost too, even in cultures that still live to eat. Take Italy. It’s no secret that the Mediterranean diet is healthy, but it was also a joy to prepare and eat. Italians, says Counihan, traditionally began the day with a small meal. The big meal came at around 1 p.m. In between the midday meal and a late, smaller dinner came a small snack. Today, when time zones have less and less meaning, there is little tolerance for offices’ closing for lunch, and worsening traffic in cities means workers can’t make it home and back fast enough anyway. So the formerly small supper after sundown becomes the big meal of the day, the only one at which the family has a chance to get together. “The evening meal carries the full burden that used to be spread over two meals,” says Counihan.

51. What do we learn from the passage about people in pre-industrial Europe?

A) They had to work from early morning till late at night.

B) They were so busy working that they only ate simple meals.

C) Their daily routine followed the rhythm of the natural cycle.

D) Their life was much more comfortable than that of today.

52. What does Professor Carole Counihan say about pre-industrial European families

eating meals together?

A) It was helpful to maintaining a nation’s tradition.

B) It brought family members closer to each other.

C) It was characteristic of the agrarian culture.

D) It enabled families to save a lot of money.

53. What does “cultural metabolism” (Line 1, Para. 3) refer to?

A) Evolutionary adaptation.

B) Changes in lifestyle.

C) Social progress.

D) Pace of life.

54. What does the author think of the food people eat today?

A) Its quality is usually guaranteed.

B) It is varied, abundant and nutritious.

C) It is more costly than what our ancestors ate.

D) Its production depends too much on technology.

55. What does the author say about Italians of the old days?

A) They enjoyed cooking as well as eating.

B) They ate a big dinner late in the evening.

C) They ate three meals regularly every day.

D) They were experts at cooking meals.

Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

在山东潍坊市，风筝不仅仅是玩具，而且还是这座城市文化的标志。潍坊以“风筝之都”而闻名，已有将近2400年放飞风筝的历史。传说中国古代哲学家墨子用了三年时间在潍坊制作了世界上首个风筝，但放飞的第一天风筝就坠落并摔坏了。也有人相信风筝是中国古代木匠鲁班发明的。据说他的风筝用木头和竹子制作，飞了三天后才落地。