英国文艺复兴时期
Chapter I The Renaissance Period
(一) 文艺复兴时期概述
1. 识记：（1）文艺复兴时期的界定
（2）历史文化背景
2. 领会: （1）文艺复兴运动的意义与影响
（2）文艺复兴时期的文学特点
（3）人文主义的主张及对文学的影响
3. 应用：文艺复兴，人文主义及玄学诗等名词的解释
I. 应用
Definitions of the Literary Terms:
1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "revival," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expansion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.
2. Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new learning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, but the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.
3. Spenserian stanza: Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iambic hexameter, rhyming ababbcbcc.
？ 4. Metaphysical poetry: The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery in drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself.
5. The Renaissance hero: A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Christopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He embodies Marlowe's humanistic ideas of human dignity and capacity. Different from the tragic hero in medieval plays, who seeks the way to heaven through salvation and god's will,
he is against conventional morality and contrives to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts. With the endless aspiration for power, knowledge, and glory, the hero interprets the true Renaissance spirit. Both Tamburlaine and Faustus are typical in possessing such a spirit.
（二）该时期的重要作家
1.一般识记：重要作家的文学生涯
2.识记：重要作品及主要内容
3.领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物塑造，语言风格，艺术手法，社会意义等。
4.应用：（1）莎士比亚和邓恩诗歌的主题，意象
（2）喜剧《威尼斯商人》的主题和主要人物性格分析
（3）哈姆雷特的性格分析
（4）史诗《失乐园》的结构，人物性格，语言特点等的分析
I. Edmund Spenser
1. 一般识记
Brief Introduction：English poet，born in London, England, about 1552,and died in London, Jan 13, 1599.
2. 识记His Major Works
Spenser's most important work & masterpiece is The Faerie Queen, a great poem of its age. A complex moral, religious, & political allegory, it is also an epic that exalts Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ& the English nation. According to Spenser's own explanation, his principal intention is to present through a "historical poem" the example of a perfect gentleman: "to fashion a gentleman or noble person in virtuous & gentle discipline." Its principal hero is the Arthur of medieval legend. The six books of the poem illustrate the nature of particular virtues, such as, temperance & justice. Other major works of Spenser are The Shepheardes Calender(1579), a poem consisting of 12 eclogues-corresponding to the 12 months of the year; Epithalamion (1595), a poem expressing the deep personal feelings occasioned by the poets second marriage; Amoretti (1595), a series of sonnets.
3. 领会His Influence
1) Main qualities of Spenser's poetry
①a perfect melody ②a rare sense of beauty ③a splendid imagination ④a lofty moral purity & seriousness ⑤a dedicated idealism
2) In his writing, Spenser drew on the conventions & thought of Classical, medieval, & Renaissance literature. However, he added to his fusion of these diverse elements much that was original, & his works inspired many later English poets. He created a new stanza, called the Spenserian stanza, which is well suited to narrative verse. His skills in writing melodious English verse & his combination of emotion, erudition, & spiritual vision have won him the admiration of generations of English poets. It is his idealism, his love of beauty, &his exquisite melody that make him known as "the poets' poet."
4. 应用
The Faerie Queen:
1) It is a long, allegorical poem. In the poem, Spenser dramatized political, religious, & moral themes by personifying them, or making them characters.
2)Plot: The story, which is set against a background of Arthur & medieval legend, deals with the adventures of six knights of the court of the fairy queen named Gloriana, who represents Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ of English. The faerie Queen was left unfinished at Spenser's death. It was originally planned as a 12-book poem. But only 6 books were completed. The poem is particularly admired for the melodic beauty of its language & for its rich content of philosophical & mythological material presented in the form of vivid narratives.
II. Christopher Marlowe
1. 一般识记
Brief Introduction：English dramatist & poet,born in Canterbury, England, Feb, 6,1567, died in Deptford, England, May 30, 1593. Marlowe was the first great English Dramatist. He brought to the English stage a new concept of tragedy, one in which the drama centers around the struggles of a man overwhelmed by his passions & ambitions.
2. 识记His Major Works
His most famous tragedies are Doctor Faustus, he Jew of MaltTa, Tamburlaine & Edward Ⅱ. In his plays, Marlowe used blank verse, which he molded into a superb instrument for expressing intense emotions. After his development of blank verse it became the standard medium for English dramatic & epic poetry. His non-dramatic poetry includes Hero & Leander, "the Passionate shepherd to His love," & a verse translation of Ovid's Amores.
Doctor Faustus (about 1589), generally considered his best play, was based on a real Dr. Faustus, who was later associated with a medieval legend of a man selling his soul to the devil. The play's dominant moral is human rather than religious. It celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power & happiness; it also reveals man's frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a hostile moral order. The last scene, in which Faustus confronts his doom, brilliantly renders the fear & agony of a condemned man.
The Jew of Malta (about 1589) illustrates Marlowe's outstanding portrayal of character. Its hero, Barabas the Jew, served as the model for Shylock in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. In 1592. Marlowe wrote one of the first successful English historical dramas, Edward Ⅱ。It is his most dramatically mature play & exhibits his mastery of characterization, stage craft & rhetoric.
Tamburlaine is a play about an ambitious & pitiless Tartar conqueror in the fourteenth century who rose from a shepherd to an overpowering King. By depicting a great hero with high ambition & sheer brutal force in conquering one enemy after another, Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power & authority.
3. 领会His Achievements & Influence
Achievements: Marlowe's greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse & made it the principal medium of English drama.
His second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.The theme of his works is the praise of the Renaissance spirit.
His influence: A man of wide learning, Marlowe was one of the extra ordinary poets & playwrights of his time. "Marlowe's mighty line," as Ben Jonson called his blank verse, was one of the most important contributions to the art of English literature.
4. 应用Dr. Faustus
The selection of ActⅠfrom Dr. Faustus is mainly about Faustus is showing his great ambition, that is, if he had many souls, he would give them all to the Devil so that he could control the world. In portraying Faustus, a more introspective & philosophical figure than Tamburlaine, Marlowe praises his soaring aspiration for knowledge while warning against the sin of pride since Faustus's downfall was caused by his despair in God & trust in Devil.
Ⅲ. William Shakespeare
1. 一般识记Brief Introduction
William Shakespeare was the greatest writer of plays who ever lived. He was described as"not of an age but for all time." And his work was regarded as "the mirror of life."
2. 识记His Career: Generally, his dramatic career is divided into 4 periods.
●The First Period (1590-1594)-five historical plays & four comedies:
Henry Ⅵ, part Ⅰ (1590)；Henry Ⅵ, part Ⅱ (1590)；Henry Ⅵ, part Ⅲ (1591)；Richard Ⅲ (1592)
Titus Andronicus .《泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯》(1593)；The Comedy of Errors (1592)；The Two Gentlemen of Verona《维洛那二绅士》(1594); The Taming of the Shrew《驯悍记》(1593)；Love's Labor's Lost 《空爱一场》(1594)
●The Second Period (1595-1600)-five historical plays, six comedies & two tragedies:
Richard Ⅱ (1595)；King John (1596)；Henry Ⅳ, Part Ⅰ & Part Ⅱ(1597)；Henry V (1598)
A Midsummer Night's Dream (1595)；The Merchant of Venice (1596)；Much Ado About Nothing (1598)；As You Like It (1599)；Twelfth Night (1600)；The Merry Wives of Winsor《温莎的风流妻子》（(1598)；Romeo & Juliet (1595)；Julius Caesar《裘力斯·凯撒》(1599)
●The Third Period (1601-1609)-Seven tragedies & two dark comedies:
Hamlet；Othello；King Lear；Macbeth；Antony & Cleopatra；Troilus & Cressida；Coriolonus All's Well That Ends Well；Measure for Measure
●The Fourth Period (1609-1612)-Romantic tragic-comedies & two plays:
Pericles；Cymbeline；The Winte's Tale；The Tempest；Henry Ⅷ；The Two Noble Kinsmen Shakespeare's authentic non-dramatic poetry consists of two long narrative poems: Venus & Adonis & The Rape of Lucrece & his sequence of 154 sonnets.莎士比亚的正宗的非戏剧性诗歌由两个长篇叙事诗组成;《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》《鲁克丽丝受辱记》和他的154首十四行诗序列 3. 领会His Influence
1）Contributions to language：Many words and commonly used phrases have been added to everyday English vocabulary through their appearance in Shakespeare's works.
2）Effects on literature
Shakespeare's plays & poetry have had a pervasive[p?'ves?v]普遍的，最有渗透力的influence on world literature. Most of the great literary figures of the world have been inspired by his achievement. However, Shakespeare's contribution has been to the language & spirit of later writing rather than to its form. Perhaps the greatest inspiration to subsequent authors has been Shakespeare's capacity to describe life in all its complexity or to illustrate man's character and destiny
4. 领会His Major Works
1) Drama
A. The Merchant of Venice——《威尼斯商人》
Theme: to praise the friendship between Antonio & Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit & loyalty, & to expose the insatiable[in'sei?i?bl]不知足的greed & brutality残忍of the Jew. B. Hamlet——《哈姆雷特》
Hamlet is generally regarded as Shakespeare's most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a "blood-and-thunder" thriller & a philosophical exploration of life & death. And the timeless appeal of this mighty drama lies in its combination of intrigue, emotional conflict & searching philosophic melancholy['mel?nk?li](这个伟大戏剧的永恒魅力在于它的阴谋，情感冲突和对探索哲学忧郁的结合) The play opens with Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, appearing in a mood of world-weariness occasioned by his father's recent death & by his mother's hasty remarriage with Claudius（由于他父亲的去世和母亲同克劳迪斯仓促再婚所引致的厌世情绪）, his father's brother. While encountering his father's ghost, Hamlet is informed that Claudius has murdered his father & then taken over both his father's throne王位& widow. This, Hamlet, is urged by the ghost to seek revenge复仇for his father's "foul & most unnatural murder." Trapped in a nightmare world of spying, apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his father's death,. His life is one of constant role-playing, examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility, for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage avenger复仇者. By characterizing Hamlet, Shakespeare successfully makes a philosophical exploration of life & death.
C. The Tempest——《暴风雨》
It is known as the best of his final romances. The humanly impossible events can be seen occurring everywhere, in the play. The playwright resorts to the supernatural atmosphere & to the dreams to solve the conflict. To Shakespeare, the whole life is no more than a dream. Thus, The Tempest is a typical example of his pessimistic view towards human life & society in his late years.
2) Poems
A. Sonnets——《十四行诗》
The first 126 sonnets are apparently addressed to写a handsome young nobleman, presumably the author's patron大概是作者的守护神. The poems express the writer's selfless无私but not entirely uncritical 并非完全不加批判devotion to the young man. Twenty of the sonnets are about a young woman characterized as a " dark lady," whom the poet distrust but cannot resist. The poems addressed directly to her are perhaps the most remarkable in the sequence because their unsentimental
[,?ns?nt?'m?nt!]tone无情的语气is unlike that of traditional love sonnets. The form of the poems is the English Variation of the traditional Italian, or Petrarchan, sonnet, Shakespeare's sonnets have three quatrains, or groups of four lines, & a final couplet. Their rhyme scheme is abab, cdcd, efef, gg.
5. 领会His Major Theme
1) Shakespeare is against religious persecution & racial discrimination, against social inequality & the corrupting influence of gold & money.（反对宗教迫害和种族歧视，反对社会不平等寄黄金和金钱的腐蚀影响）
2) He was a humanist of the time & accepted the Renaissance views on literature.
6. 领会His Literary Achievements
1) Characterization
His major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones; they are individuals representing certain types某些类型. Each character has his or her own personalities; meanwhile, they may share features with others. The soliloquies独白in his plays fully reveal the inner conflict of his characters. Shakespeare also portrays his characters in pairs. Contrasts are frequently used to bring vividness to his characters.他经常用对比的方法来使角色变的更加生动
The women in the plays are vivid creations, each differing from the others. Shakespeare was fond of portraying "mocking wenches嘲笑的少妇," such as Kate of the Taming of the Shrew, but he was equally good at creating gentle & innocent women, such as Ophelia in Hamlet, Desdemona荻丝梦娜in Othello. His female characters also include, the iron-willed Lady Macbeth, the witty & resourceful Portia, the tender & loyal Juliet。
2) Plot Construction剧情结构
Shakespeare's plays are well known for their adroit娴熟的plot construction. He seldom invents his own plots; instead, he borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek & Roman sources. There are usually several threads主题running through the play, thus providing the story with suspense & apprehension悬念与忧虑.
3) Language
In Shakespeare's time, English grammar & spelling were not yet formalized, so Shakespeare could freely inter charge the various parts of speech, using nouns as adjectives or verbs, adjectives as adverbs, & pronouns as nouns. Such freedom gave his language an extraordinary flexibility, which enabled him to express his thoughts as easily in poetry. ？Most of Shakespeare's dramatic poetry is in blank verse, or unrhymed iambic pentameter. His bland verse is especially beautiful & mighty有力的. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary & idiom.
7. 应用Selected Readings
1) Sonnet 18
？Theme: a profound meditation冥想on the destructive power of time & the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves.
Imagery: a summer's day-youth
the eye of heaven-the sun
2) The Merchant of Venice
Theme: To praise the friendship between Antonio & Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit & loyalty, & to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.
3) Hamlet
This is one part of Hamlet's most famous monologue独白['mɑn?l?g]. Hamlet, facing the dilemma of action & mind, is hesitating whether he should revenge for his father, which may bring him death, or he should suffer & hide his hatred仇恨for his uncle in his deep heart, which may secure his life.
IV. Francis Bacon
1. 一般识记Brief Introduction
English Renaissance philosopher, essayist, statesman, born in London, England, Jan 22,1561 and died in London, April 9 1626. His chief interest were science philosophy, but he was also a distinguished man of letters & held several high governmental positions during the reign of king JamesⅠ. He was one of the earliest & most eloquent雄辩的spokesmen for experimental science. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking & fresh observation
2. 识记His works
As an author, Bacon is most famous for his Essays, which deal with such subjects as honor, friendship, love, & riches. Written in a terse, polished style简洁优美的风格, with many learned allusions & metaphors有识之士的典故和隐喻, the essays rank with the finest in English literature. Bacon's other important literary works include The New Atlantis, an account of an ideal society & an imaginary voyage, & The History of the Reign of King Henry Ⅶ, a perceptive psychological study of Henry's mind & characters.
His works can be divided into three groups：
◆First group: The Advancement of Learning (1605)：Novum Organum 《新工具》(1620) (Latin version)
◆Second group: Essays
Apophthagmes New & Old (1605)
The History of the Reign of Henry Ⅶ (1622)
The New Atlantis (unfinished)
◆Third group: Maxims of Law：The Learned Reading upon the Stature of Uses (1642)
3. 领会His Major Works
The term "essay" was borrowed from Montaigne's蒙田Essais, which appeared from 1580 to 1588. Bacon learned from Montaigne, the first great modern essayist, the economic & flexible way of writing. However, as a practical & prudential谨慎的man, he intends to write for the ambitious Elizabethan & Jacobean youth of his class & tell them how to be efficient & make their way in public life.
Bacon's essays are famous for their brevity, compactness简洁的的，紧凑的& powerfulness. The essays are well arranged & enriched by Biblical allusions, Metaphors & cadence圣经典故，隐喻和抑扬顿挫
4. 领会His achievements
As a literary man, Bacon is the first English essayist, whose Essays won him a high place in the history of English literature.
As a philosopher, he is the founder of English materialistic philosophy. He advocates the inductive method of reasoning他主张用归纳和推理的方法. Bacon demands three things: 1) the free investigation of nature, 2) the discovery of facts instead of the blind belief in theories 3) the verification验证of results by experiment rather than by argument. In our day, these are the ABC of science, but in Bacon's time they were revolutionary, Marx called him "the real father of English materialism & experimental science of modern times in general.
5. 应用Of Studies
Of Studies is the most popular of Bacon's 58 essays. It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, & how studies exert发挥influence over human character. Of Studies reveals to us Bacon's mature attitude towards learning. Bacon's language is neat, priest, & weighty.
V. John Donne
1.一般识记Donne & the Metaphysical Poetry？
English poet & Clergyman, born in London, England, 1572, and died in London, Mar. 31 1631. Donne is the leading figure of the 17th-century "metaphysical school.". The most striking feature of Donne's poetry is precisely its tang of reality, in the sense that it seems to reflect life in a real rather than a poetical world. "Metaphysical Poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellions spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan Love poetry.
The poems reflect a broad knowledge of science, art, & other branches of learning. At the same time, metaphysical poems express an intense awareness of common human feelings & experiences, such as jealousy, the loss of religious faith, the complexities of love & the fear of death. Although the imagery of metaphysical poetry is frequently strained牵强附会的，the language is often as natural & direct as ordinary speech.
2识记His major works
In his life, Donne wrote a large number of poems & prose works, His poems are especially admired for their unique combination of passionate feeling & intellectual wit. Among his most famous works are the poems Death Be Not Proud, "Go & Catch a Falling Star," The Ecstacy, & A Valediction Forbidding Mourning.Most of The Elegies & Satires & a good many of The Songs & Sonnets were written in the early period. He wrote prose works mainly in the later period. His sermons, which are very famous, reveal his spiritual devotion to God as a passionate preacher.His works are classified as songs & sonnets, epistles, elegies, & satires. Donne's great prose works are his sermons, which are both rich & imaginative
3. 领会Characteristics of His Poems
Donne's poetry is subtle不可捉摸的, complex, & often startling. His early Lyrics most exist in The Songs & Sonnets. Love is the basic theme. Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul & body. The operations of the soul depend on the body. As a religious poet, his chief power is shown in the Holy Sonnets & the last hymns. His poetry involves a certain kind of argument. With the brief, simple language, the argument is continuous throughout the poem.
4. 应用Selected Readings
1) Death Be Not Proud, one of Donne's Holy Sonnets, is an almost Startling惊人的put-down of poor death. Donne gives various reasons in accusing death of being little more than a slave bossed about by fate, chance, kings & desperate men-a craven thing that keeps bad company, such as poison, was & sickness. Finally, Donne taunts death with a paradox: "death, thou shalt die."
The sonnet is written in the strict Petrarchan pattern. It reveals the poet's belief in life after death: death is eternal.
2) The Sun Rising
The speaker criticizes the sun pays too much attention to such things as sex & that he should not be behaving so tediously as to stick to his rule & enter without thinking twice into such a place as lovers dwell.
Ⅵ. John Milton
1.一般识记Brief Introduction
John Milton, English poet & prose writer, born in London, England, Dec. 9, 1608, and died in London, Nov 8, 1674.
Milton was one of the greatest poets in the English language & one of the towering figures in all literature. His masterpiece, Paradise Lost, is considered the unsurpassed English epic poem. Milton, a deeply religious man, wrote the epic " to justify the ways of God to men." He is also famous for his graceful lyric poems, such as Lycidas, L'Allegro, & for his intensely moving https://www.docsj.com/doc/265964645.html,ton was a great master of language, & his poetry, both epic & lyric, is admired for its sublime eloquence & rich musical quality.
2. 识记His literary achievements
Milton's literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets & the last great poems.
1) Education & Early Poetry
Milton's education would ordinarily have led him to a post in the Church of England. He was a Puritan, however, & his religious vies conflicted with those of the Church. His famous poems L'Allegro & IL Penseroso were probably written in 1631, before his withdrawal from Cambridge. In his early works, Milton appears as the inheritor of all that was best in Elizabethan literature. Lycidas (1637) is a typical example. All of Milton's early works reflect his interest in Greek & Latin poetry, which greatly influenced his style.
2) Middle Period & Prose Pamphlets
In 1638, Milton began a 15-month tour of the Continent, where he met the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei. Upon his return to England he became deeply involved in the political & religious struggle between Parliament, which was then dominated by the Presbyterians, & the followers of king CharlesⅠ, who supported the Church of England. Milton sided with Parliament & began to write a series of pamphlets小册子attacking the power of the bishops主教& the rituals仪式of the Church. In 1652 he suffered great personal tragedy with the total loss of his eyesight & the death of his wife & infant son 。In spite of his blindness, Milton continued his official duties until 1655. During these tragic years of his life he wrote some of his most poignant & beautiful sonnets. They include On His Blindness, which reveals the consolation he found in religious faith, & Methought 1 Saw My Late Espoused Saint, written as a tribute to his second wife. Another of his greatest sonnets, On the Late Massacre in Piedmont, commemorated the slaughter of a sect of religious martyrs in 1655. Areopagitica (1644) is probably his most memorable prose work. It is a great plea for freedom of the press. 3) Later Years & Major Poetry
After the Restoration in 1660, Milton was imprisoned监禁, After that time he devoted himself to his 3 major poetical works: Paradise Lost (1667), Paradise Regained (1671), & Samson Agonistes (1671). Among the three, the first is the greatest, indeed the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf; & the last one is the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.
3.领会His Major Works
1) Lycidas
It is a collection of elegies挽歌dedicated to Edward king, a fellow undergraduate of Milton's at Cambridge. The poem begins with grief & a feeling of immaturity; then the grief is deepened by the sense of irrecoverable loss in the silencing of a young poet. With this bitter sense of loss, Milton asks why the just & good should suffer. The feelings begin in a low key but move on to the large questions of divine justice. The climax of the poem is the attack on the clergy神职人员
2) Paradise Lost
Paradise Lost, an epic poem in 12 books, written in blank verse, represents the fullest expression of Milton's genius. The poem vividly portrays the story of Satan's撒旦rebellion反抗[r?'b?lj?n]against God & his tempting of Adam & Eve to eat the fruit of the forbidden Tree of Knowledge. The theme is the "Fall of Man". Although Adam is the central figure in Paradise Lost, it is the villain, Satan, who emerges for many readers as the most interesting character in the poem, In Paradise Lost, Milton used the conventions of ancient Greek & Latin epics & enriched his poem with reference to关于classical
mythology [m?'θɑl?d??]神话学& literature.
Working through the tradition of a Christian humanism, Milton wrote Paradise Lost, intending to expose the ways of Satan & to "justify the ways of God to men." At the center of the conflict between human love & spiritual duty lies Milton's primary concern with freedom & choice; the freedom to obey God's prohibition on eating the apple & the choice of disobedience made for love. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity. Milton holds that God created all things out of Himself, including evil. There was evil in Heaven before Satan rebelled: Pride, Lust, Wrath, & Avarice were there傲慢，好色，贪婪和愤怒. His poem attempts to convince us that the unquestionable truth of Biblical revelation means that an all-knowing God just allows Adam & Eve to be tempted被引诱, to choose sin罪恶& its inevitable punishment. And, thereby, it paves the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.
3) Paradise Regained
It describes the New Testament story新约圣经故事of Christ's victory over Satan in the wilderness.
4) Samson Agonistes
It presents the Biblical story of Samson in the form of a Greek tragedy. The blind & suffering Samson is strongly reminiscent of Milton himself. The theme of Samson Agonistes is a more vital & personal one. The poet's aim was to present in English a pure tragedy, with all the passion & restraint which marked the old Greek dramas. The whole poem strongly suggests Milton's passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.在力士参孙中，整首诗都强烈暗示着弥尔顿渴望他自己也能像参孙一样，以生命为代价，与敌人同归于尽。In this sense, Samson is Milton.
6. 应用Selected Reading
Milton's Paradise Lost is a long epic of which the theme is the "Fall of Man" with its prime
cause-Satan. In Heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God. Defeated, he & his angels were cast into Hell, However, Satan refused to accept his failure, vowing that "all was not lost" & that he would seek revenge for his down fall. In order to achieve his ambition, Satan managed to tempt Adam & Eve, the first human beings created by God, to eat fruit from the tree of knowledge against God's instruction. Satan is the real hero of the poem. Like a conquered & banished giant, he remains obeyed & admired by those who follow him down to hell. He is firmer than the rest of the fallen angels. It is he, who, passing through the guarded gates of hell & boundless chaos, amid so many dangers, & overcoming so many obstacles, makes man revolt against God. Though defeated, he prevails, since he was won from God the third part of his angels, & almost all the sons of Adam.
自考英美文学选读 第一章 文艺复兴时期(英国)(课文翻译)
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考） 第一部分：英国文学 第一章文艺复兴时期 文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。 文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。 人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。在中世纪的社会中,个人完全隶属于封建统治,没有独立和自由可言;在中世纪的神学理论中,人与周围世界的关系仅仅是人消极适应或消极遁世,不允许追求快乐,以备死后灵魂得以超脱。然而人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到了充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是光荣的生命,人自己可以不断发展,至善至美,而且人们生存的世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑、探索以及享受。由此,人文主义者通过强调人类的尊严、强调今生今世的重要性,喊出了他们的信仰,即人类不仅有权利在今生今世美好生活,而且还有能力完善自我,创造奇迹。人文主义遍布英国思想领域的。标志是荷兰学者伊拉斯谟先后到牛津大学与剑桥大学讲授古典文化研究。托马斯·漠尔、克利斯朵夫·马洛和威廉·莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
第三章 文艺复兴时期文学
第三章文艺复兴时期文学一、单项选择题 1．欧洲资产阶级文学的真正开端是（）。 A．浪漫主义文学B．人文主义文学 C．古典主义文学D．启蒙运动文学 2．人文主义思想的核心是（）。 A．基督教精神B．理性主义 C．对“人”的肯定D．平等、博爱思想 3．人文主义文学的基本主题是（）。 A．歌颂现世生活B．讲究理性、学习知识 C．追求爱情幸福D．反封建反教会 4．意大利的人文主义文学先驱是（）。 A．彼特拉克B．但丁 C．薄伽丘D．拉伯雷 5．法国近代第一位抒情诗人是（）。 A．拉伯雷B．斯宾塞 C．蒙田D．龙沙 6．蒙田的《随笔集》是法国近代第一部（）。 A．短篇小说集B．抒情诗集 C．散文集D．文学评论集 7．被称为西班牙“民族戏剧之父”的是（）。 A．斯宾塞B．维伽 C．马洛D．本·琼生 8．薄伽丘在其《十日谈》等作品中宣扬的是（）。 A．大自然的奇迹B．幸福在人间 C．人权高于一切D．科学、理性 9．被称为“英国诗歌之父”的是（）。 A．托马斯·莫尔B．斯宾塞 C．乔叟D．莎士比亚 10．标志文艺复兴时期英国非戏剧文学高峰的是（）。 A．《仙后》B．《乌托邦》 C．《坎特伯雷故事集》D．《随笔集》 11．塞万提斯的“在监狱里诞生的孩子”指的是（）。 A．《伽拉苔亚》B．《奴曼西亚》 C．《惩恶扬善故事集》D．《堂·吉诃德》 12．维伽的《羊泉村》直接描写的是（）。 A．男女间的爱情B．农民对领主的反抗 C．婚姻和家庭问题D．对开明君主的歌颂 13．文艺复兴时期欧洲文学的主题是（）。 A．封建文学B．教会文学 C．民间文学D．人文主义文学 14．文艺复兴运动的发源地是（）。 A．英国B．西班牙 C．意大利D．法国
文艺复兴时期的英国文学简介
第二讲英国“文艺复兴”文学 2.1 文艺复兴 “文艺复兴”作为一场席卷欧洲的文化运动标志着欧洲从中世纪走向现代的转折。始于14世纪的意大利，以美术、雕塑、文学艺术等的繁荣为标志，经由中欧、法国，最后传到不列颠。“复兴”在这里指对欧洲古典即古希腊古罗马时期的艺术的重新挖掘和张扬，是指欧洲的文艺经过漫长中世纪基督教神学一统天下的黑暗时代后又重新恢复了古典时代的辉煌。在英国，“文艺复兴”运动主要表现为都铎王朝时期文学的繁荣。代表人物莎士比亚。 欧洲文艺复兴运动的历史背景包括政治、经济、宗教、科技、文化等诸多方面，这些因素互相推动，它们根植于中世纪，却又共同从成了一种与中世纪决裂的历史局面。 首先是对古希腊古罗马文化的重新发现。 地理和科学的新发现。哥伦布达伽马 16世纪德意志神学家马丁路德发起宗教改革 文艺复兴主要体现在2个方面：人文主义的张扬；基督教神学的改革。 2.2 英国文艺复兴 根据文坛和文学创作所呈现出的不同特点，英国文艺复兴可以分为3个主要阶段: 第一，15世纪末---16世纪前半叶，复兴初期，研究古希腊罗马哲学，印刷术传入英国推动了人文主义文化的传播。 代表：托马斯莫尔《乌托邦》 第二，伊丽莎白时代，英国文艺复兴的鼎盛时代。 代表：莎士比亚的戏剧和斯宾塞的诗歌 第三，从莎士比亚去世到17世纪中期。英国文艺复兴的晚期，运动逐渐走向低落。 代表：哲学家及散文家弗兰西斯培根 文艺复兴时期英国文学的主要特征是诗歌和戏剧成为英国文坛的主流。 2.3代表作家及作品 2.3.1 托马斯莫尔（Thomas More） 出生于中产阶级家庭，其父为皇家法官。希望其成为律师 1504，26岁成为下院议员。反对亨利七世，退出政坛。 15.9，亨利八世即位，恢复政治生涯，次年被委派位伦敦助理行政官，官至财政部长，下议院议长和帝国大法官。 因反对亨利八世与教会对抗被斩首。
文艺复兴时期英国文学概述
文艺复兴时期英国文学概述 文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（The New Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（Erewhon）一直延续到20世纪的科幻小说。文艺复兴时期诗歌创作繁荣，埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser， 1552-1599）的长诗《仙后》（The Faerie Queene）歌颂女王，宣扬人文主义思想。他创造的"斯宾塞诗体"每节诗有九行，韵律复杂，具有柔和动听、萦绕耳际的音乐性。弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon， 1561-1626）是这一时期最重要的散文家，他对文学的主要贡献是《论说文集》（Essays），共58篇。这些文章题材广泛，内容涉及哲学、宗教、政治制度以及婚姻、爱情、友谊、园艺、读书等，文笔典雅，略带古风而又明白畅达。英国戏剧起源于中世纪教堂的宗教仪式，取材于圣经故事的神秘剧和奇迹剧在14、15世纪英国舞台上占有主导地位，随后出现了以抽象概念作为剧中人物的道德剧。到了16世纪末，戏剧进入全盛时期。克里斯托弗·马洛（Christopher Marlowe， 1564-1593）冲破旧的戏剧形式的束缚，创作了一种新戏剧。《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）、《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）、《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）等剧作反映了文艺复兴时期那种永无止境的探索精神和极端的个人主义精神。马洛将戏剧情节集中于一个主要角色的做法、他对人物性格的分析以及他的素体诗戏剧对白，对英国戏剧的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。 英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的作家是威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare， 1564-1616），他的全部作品包括两首长诗，154首十四行诗和38部（一说39部）戏剧。莎士比亚的主要剧作有喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night's Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice），悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈
英国文艺复兴时期
Chapter I The Renaissance Period (一) 文艺复兴时期概述 1. 识记：（1）文艺复兴时期的界定 （2）历史文化背景 2. 领会: （1）文艺复兴运动的意义与影响 （2）文艺复兴时期的文学特点 （3）人文主义的主张及对文学的影响 3. 应用：文艺复兴，人文主义及玄学诗等名词的解释 I. 应用 Definitions of the Literary Terms: 1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "revival," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expansion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new learning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, but the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 3. Spenserian stanza: Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iambic hexameter, rhyming ababbcbcc. ？ 4. Metaphysical poetry: The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery in drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself. 5. The Renaissance hero: A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Christopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He embodies Marlowe's humanistic ideas of human dignity and capacity. Different from the tragic hero in medieval plays, who seeks the way to heaven through salvation and god's will,
文艺复兴时期英国文学
文艺复兴时期英国文学 1. What is Renaissance? How and why did it come about? 2. What is the development of drama? What were the original forms and content and practice of drama? 3. Why did drama flourish in Elizabethan age? Who are the major playwrights of the time? 4. Who is Marlowe? What contributions did he make to English drama? 5. Who is Shakespeare? What famous and great plays (history, comedy, tragedy)? What features? 6. What did Ben Jonson write about? What representative work? 7. Prepare the excerpt from Hamlet (31-32). What is it mainly about? What humanist idea can you find in the soliloquy? 8. What was the most important translation of the time? Reference questions on Shakespeare and Hamlet 1. Why is Shakespeare an eternal subject of study? Where lies his greatness? 2. What are the themes of Hamlet? 3. What is the significance of Hamlet as a character? 4. What is blank verse? 5. What is soliloquy? Text study 1 Hamlet’s soliloquy “To be or not to be” 1. What is the main idea of Hamlet’s soliloquy? Summarize in one or two sentences the main idea of the soliloquy? 2. How does the soliloquy reflect the spirit of the time or the idea of humanism? 3. How do you analyze Hamlet’s argument in terms of structure? Text study 2 The Merchant of Venice / The Trial Scene Pre-reading The most interesting character in this play is Shylock. Some people think him as a cruel miser, deserving his punishment while others consider him a victim of discrimination. From what you know of the play, what do you think of this character? To what extent does this character deserves our sympathy? Discuss with your classmates. Discussion 1. After reading the “trial scene”, have you changed your idea about Shylock? Refer to the questions in Pre-reading, and try to defend your position with evidence from the text. 2. Portia gives an eloquent speech on mercy when she tries to persuade Shylock to give up his bond. Consider the punishment received by Shylock, do you think the Christians are being merciful to Shylock?
英美文学选读-英国-文艺复兴时期-练习题汇总
英美文学选读选择题 1. _______, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A. The Canterbury Tales B. Exodus C. Beowulf D. The Legend of Good Women 2. The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________. A．William Langlan d’ s Piers Plowman B．Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales C．John Gower’s Confession Amantis D．Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 3. With classical culture and the（）humanistic ideas coming into England, the English Renaissance began flourishing. A. French B. German C. Italian D. Greek 4. During the reign of_______, England started its Religious Reformation and broke away from Rome. A. Henry VII B. Henry VIII C. Edward VI D. Queen Elizabeth 5. The Protestant movement, which was seen as a means to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption and superstition of the Middle Ages, was initiated by _______. A. Francis Bacon B. Martin Luther C. Thomas More Utopia D. William Shakespeare 6．The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events EXCEPT_________. A．the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture B．the vast expansion of British colonies in North America C．the new discoveries in geography and astrology D．the religious reformation and the economic expansion 7. In Renaissance, the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to do the following EXCEPT ______. A. getting rid of those old feudalist ideas B. getting control of the parliament and government C. introducing new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie D. recovering the purity of the early church, from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church 8. Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the characteristics of Renaissance humanism? A. Cultivation of the art of this world and this life.
The Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期总结
The Renaissance This is a greatest and most advanced revolution in the human history. This is the age the giants are needed and produced. ------F. Engles <1> Brief introduction ?Renaissance in European history, refers to the period between 14th century to 17th century. It started in Italy and ended in England and Spain. ?“Renaissance” means “revival”, the revival of interest in Ancient Greek and Roman culture and getting rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie. ?Renaissance sprang first in Italy (Florence and Venice) with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture, and gradually spread all over Europe; ?Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science (ancient Greek and Roman culture) after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. During the period of Renaissance: 1. the Roman Catholic Church was shaken, 2. old sciences revived and new sciences emerged, 3. national languages and cultures took shape, 4. art and literature flourished Brief introduction ?There arose an interest in the manuscripts surviving from ancient Greece and Rome. Classical learning and philosophy were enthusiastically studied. ?The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit，a realization of human potential for development and creation． ?Never before in human history were men and women so eager to create and discover something new．In Italy a group of artists，scientists，politicians，and writers created the most brilliant page of culture and science in Renaissance Europe． Examples: ①Copernicus (哥白尼) asserted that the earth was not the center of the universe； ②The passionate Petrarch produced sonnets that influenced Shakespeare and many others； ③Boccaccio(卜伽邱) wrote tales of eternal charm: The Decameron； ④Marco Polo (马可波罗) made journeys into the remote kingdom of China； ⑤Michelangelo（米开朗琪罗），Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇)，Raphael (拉斐尔)，and Titian (提香) created paintings and sculptures that are invaluable treasures of the world． <2>Essence and features ?Essence: It is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life. （另版本）：Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to: to get rid of conservatism in Feudalist Europe; to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities. Briefly it is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life. ?Features: there are two striking features ①A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.
英美文学选读-英国-文艺复兴时期-练习题汇总(选择大题)
I．Multiple Choice Old and Medieval Period 1. ____ Beowulf ___, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A. The Canterbury Tales B. Exodus C. D. The Legend of Good Women 3. The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely __ B．Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales____________. A．William Langland’ s Piers Plowman C．John Gower’s Confession Amantis D．Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 2.Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of ___. A.Piers Plowman B.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight C.Confessio Amantis D.The Canterbury Tales 1. ____ A. B. George Gordon Byron C. Edmund Spenser D. Robert Browning 1.Romance,which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of B.
解读文艺复兴时期的意大利园林-1
1.历史背景：台地园诞生于文艺复兴时期，而文艺复兴始于意大利，公园14 和15世纪是早期，16世纪由盛而衰。城市资本积累，新兴资产阶级要求在意识形态领域反对教会精神（教会精神是什么？封建神学的束缚，教会对精神世界的控制。），开始提倡古典文化，肯定肯定人生以及对现实采取积极的态度。在园林中直接表现为古典的“重生”——擅用地形和对对称完美风格的追求。（为什么要追求古典主义？古典主义是什么？为什么是这样的古典主义？）随着生产力水平的提高，新兴资产阶级开始登上历史的舞台。而始于十三世纪末叶的文艺复兴正是新兴资产阶级在社会意识形态上得反封建、神学运动。这场运动以人文主义为旗帜，将积极的生活态度传递到了科学、音乐、艺术、建筑、园林等各个方面。意大利作为人文主义照耀的第一片土地，自然深受其影响，台地园也自然具有它特有的光芒。 自然背景：位于亚平宁半岛的意大利，遍布山地与丘陵，而地中海气候又使其平原地带闷热不堪。因此，贵族富豪们多靠山面海建造宅院别墅。也就成就了意大利独有的台地园。 2.埃斯特别墅园（16世纪末始建，17世纪初建成），是意大利文艺复兴时期最 雄伟壮丽的台地园。 3.用规整、几何、人工的图像象征传递对秩序和真实人文精神的追求，以在时 序上抗衡和跨越中世纪的繁复和长期战争（战争？）留下的混乱，重塑经典。一些古希腊的建筑师和园林师为了逃避其土耳其的入侵者，大批逃亡到文艺复兴时期经济繁荣的意大利，为希腊古罗马文化在意大利的复兴和重建做了很大的贡献。 其实台地园不只雕塑是希腊神话的人物，其建筑也继承了最早起源于希腊的中轴式建造法。将希腊文化和意大利地势人文相结合，就成了我们今天看到的台地园。 4.与中世纪留下的不规则街巷的佛罗伦萨老城形成鲜明对比（为什么是不规则 的？长期历史发展的结果：佛罗伦萨历史悠久，早在公元前59年建城，当时只是安置罗马帝国退役士兵的小镇；公元4世纪开始设置罗马天主教教区，这里先后被拜占庭帝国、东哥特人、伦巴第人和法兰克人统治过；公元1115年开始成为神圣罗马帝国皇帝特许的自治城市。从13世纪起，这里相继出现皇权与教权及教派之间的纷争，但大权很快落入美第奇家族手中，这个家族出过几任教皇，统治佛罗伦萨近300年。 此间新建或改建了一系列教堂、1284年建筑师阿尔诺沃.迪.坎比奥主持修建了一道高大的砖石城墙；14世纪发展成为欧洲最大的工商业与金融中心，宫殿与宗教建筑大增。 经济发展催生了资本主义萌芽，随之反映新兴资产阶级利益和要求的新文化、新思想蓬勃发展，佛罗伦萨率先升起了文艺复兴的曙光，成为文艺复兴发祥地，并迅速波及欧洲多国。），也和佛罗伦萨文艺复兴时期古典美的建筑（什么样子的？举例：佛罗伦萨大教堂也叫“花之圣母大教堂”，世界第四大教堂。建于1296-1436年。整个教堂装饰华丽。教堂的右侧有高85米的钟楼用托斯卡那白、绿、粉色花岗石贴面。属于佛罗伦萨哥特式建筑风格。它的外墙以黑、绿、粉色条纹大理石砌成各式格板，上面加上精美的雕刻、马赛克和石刻花窗，呈现出非常华丽的风格。整个穹顶，总体外观稳重端庄、比例和谐、没有飞拱和小尖塔之类的东西，水平线条明显。）互相呼应。 5.建筑和雕塑装饰有巴洛克风格，是文艺复兴后期的特色。 6.文艺复兴时期从整体上说是强调人本主义的时代，传承了古希腊强调的和环
欧洲文艺复兴论文设计
文艺复兴时期人文主义思想及其历史影响 苏科电子1211yuexin 摘要: 人文主义是欧洲文艺复兴时期的主要思潮和指导思想,是早期资产阶级在反封建、反教会斗争中形成的思想体系。人文主义反对一切以神为本的旧观念,宣扬人是万物之本,用“人权"对抗“神权"向中世纪的教会统治和宗教教义提出了挑战。它突破了中世纪基督教对人们思想的控制,唤醒了人们的进取精神和创造精神,从而在思想方面为资本主义制度的确立开辟了道路。 关键词: 文艺复兴；人文主义；科学精神；理性 一、简单介绍下文艺复兴 文艺复兴是14世纪中叶至归6世纪在欧洲发生的一场思想文化运动,标志着人类从中世纪迈进了近代历史。在这场以思想解放为主旋律的运动中,新兴资产阶级在古典文化的启迪下,用以人为核心的崭新的意识形态反对以神为中心的陈腐意识形态,用新的文化取代了以天主教神学为主导的封建旧文化,用对主客观世界及其联系的直接体验和深层思考打破了蒙昧主义的桎梏文艺复兴在历史上的进步作用。恩格斯写道:“这是次人类从来没有经历过的最伟大的进步的变革,是 个需要巨人而且产生了巨人——在思维能力、热情和性格方面,在多才多艺和学识渊博方面的巨人的时代。”
文艺复兴的含义可以从以下几个方面理解：“复兴”——再生，重新获得新的生机，也就是说西方文明到了文艺复兴这个时期获得了一个新的生机，进入了一个新的阶段。我们通常说的西方文明的文艺复兴，是指14——16世纪，起源于意大利，接着发展到欧洲各国的思想文化运动。什么的复兴，什么的重新获得新的生机？文艺复兴这个时期，一批学者开始搜集整理古希腊的文献（亚里士多德、柏拉图等一些哲学家的重要著作）和一些重要的文化思想遗产进行新的整理、注释，因为这个工作，我们称作“文艺复兴”。实质是通过对古希腊文化的复兴倡导了一种人文主义运动。 二，欧洲文艺复兴的社会背景： ①经济：首先兴起于意大利，因为意大利最早产生资本主义萌芽，特别是意大利北部和中部的一些城市，在14世纪已经出现了具有资本主义雏形的手工业，随着资本主义日趋繁荣，商人队伍的日益壮大，他们逐渐成为早期的资产阶级。 ②文化：早先诺曼人攻克希腊港口城市萨洛尼卡卖了许多书给意大利人，意大利人购得的古希腊手稿数以万计。后来十字军攻占君士坦丁堡时候，侵略者与意大利人进行手稿交易。因此威尼斯商船从拜占庭返航时候带回许多的古籍和抄本。拜占庭灭亡以后，更多的希腊罗马古典文化流入到意大利。 ③宗教：中世纪的宗教文化强调神权至上，宣扬人们要禁欲赎罪。它认为人生下来就是有罪的，人的一生就是为赎罪而活的。人们只有通过禁欲和教会圣礼才能赎罪。它让人们追求来世而不是现世。此外，
英国文学史文艺复兴时期复习资料
The Renaissance Time: 1500–1660 The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the late 15th and early 16th centuries to the early 17th century. Backgrounds: Following the introduction of a printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, vernacular literature flourished The Reformation（宗教改革）inspired the production of vernacular（白话的）liturgy（祈祷书）which led to the Book of Common Prayer（英国国教教会祈祷书）, a lasting influence on literary language. Representatives: Poets: Edmund Spenser ( 1552–1599) Works: The Faerie Queene Epithalamion Amoretti William Shakespeare Works: Sonnet 18 A Lover's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle Sir Philip Sidney(1554–1586) Works: Astrophel and Stella The Defence of Poetry(essay) The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (Prose) Blank verse:blank verse is poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter Sonnet:a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. A Shakespearean, or English, sonnet consists of fourteen lines written in iambic pentameter, a pattern in which an unstressed syllable is followed by a stressed syllable five times. The rhyme scheme :a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g three quatrains and one couplet. A Italian sonnet includes two parts that together formed a compact form of "argument". First, the octave (two quatrains), forms the "proposition", which describes a "problem", or "question", followed by a sestet (two tercets), which proposes a "resolution". Typically, the ninth line initiates what is called the "turn", or "volta", which signals the move from proposition to resolution. The rhyme scheme:a-b-b-a, a-b-b-a,c-d-e-c-d-e or a-b-b-a, a-b-b-a, c-d-c-c-d-c Dramatist: Christopher Marlowe Doctor Faustus William Shakespeare Four comedies: A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》As You Like It《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night《第十二夜》Four tragedies: Hamlet《哈姆雷特》Othello《奥赛罗》Macbeth《麦克白》King Lear《李尔王》