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专升本考试英语语法总结

专升本考试英语语法总结
专升本考试英语语法总结

目录

一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态)

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主语 subject

谓语 predicate

宾语 object

宾语补足语 object complement

表语 predictive

定语 attributive

状语 adverbial

WARM-UP:1)The teacher in the classroom. 2)Sang many songs and danced happily. 3)She attracts.

4)Many people living in the country. 5)All the books on the desk over there.

以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。

英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语(核心:主动词)

I.八大成分的概念和构成

1.主语(名词代词形):句子的主体,是谓语陈述,说明的对象。

If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.

不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。

The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.

成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始,并要坚持不断磨练。

充当主语的形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing形式8)介词短语(少见)

形式主语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)

2.谓语:表示主语的行为或进行的活动。

I have a dream.

You don’t always want what you need, or need what you want.

所需之物未必皆所欲,所欲未必皆所需。

谓语形式:动词(英语句子的灵魂)

3.宾语:行为或活动的对象,接受者或受影响者。

You don’t find opportunities…you make them.

你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。

You probably won’t hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.

如果你常开着电视,你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。

充当宾语形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing形式

形式宾语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)

4.表语:说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)

Time is money.

Three o’clock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.

你想做什么事,三点钟总是太早或太迟。

构成形式:1)名词2)形容词3)代词4)数词5)不定式6)ing形式7)过去分词8)副词9)介词短语10)小品词

11)名词从句

5.补语:补充说明。(由动词类别来决定)

构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)形容词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语

9)副词小品词10)名词从句

主语补语

Tom was made monitor.

宾语补语

I made Tom monitor.

表语补语

I am sure to succeed.

6. 定语:对名词性形式进行范围限定。

This is beautiful music.

There are only two kinds of music…good and bad.

自古音乐分两种,好的和坏的。

构成形式:1)限定词2)形容词3)名词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词

8)介词短语9)副词10)关系从句

7. 同位语:对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。

Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.

构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)名词从句

8. 状语:修饰词,短语,从句和整句。位置:自由自在。

1)修饰性状语:修饰动词,形容词,副词等(时间,地点,肯定,否定,程度,频度,方式,伴随,原因,目的,比较等)。

Can you feel the love tonight?

Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it.

只有出走又回家时,家才最感亲切。

2)连接性状语:连接上下文(顺序,递进,转折,让步,结果,推论,比较)。

First comes spring, then summer.

I’ve never been to America, therefore I don’t know much about it.

3)评述性状语:修饰整个句子,表示说话人的看法或态度。

Frankly speaking, the food is not very good.

英语句子成分歌

英语句子八呀八大块,主谓宾表真呀真实在;

补语跟着宾语表语跑,定语同位(语)专把名词踹。

状语的位置它自由自在,忽右忽左随心所欲摆。

浑身的毛病真呀真不少,前后乱窜它还会加塞。(RAP)

II.成分关系

1.补语跟着宾语表语跑:

补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态,则宾补就变成了主补。

To love others makes us happy…to love ourselves makes us lonely.(宾补)

We are made happy to love others…we are made lonely to love ourselves.(主补)

爱他人使我们幸福,在自己使我们孤单。

2.定语,同位(语)专把名词踹:

定语,同位语修饰名词性形式

Experience is the best teacher.(被定语所修饰的形式为名词)

They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.(同位语所修饰的形式为名词)

3.谓语动词由状语修饰

When you reach for the stars, you may not quite get one, but you won’t come up with a handful of sand either.

你想摘下天上的星星,可能一个也摘不下;但也不会一无所获。

1、主语:

(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。

如:The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。)

/ They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。)

/ To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实). / Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。)

(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。

如:It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey.

(在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.

(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)

(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略:(It is) nothing. ((那)没有什么。)/ (It) doesn’t matter. ((那)没有关系。)

/ (I) thank you. ((我)谢谢你。)

(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词:The man looks worried,doesn’t he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗?) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗?)

(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。

Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略了主语)

/ You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。)

(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾;倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。

如:Computers are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。)

/ Where are they? (他们在哪儿?) / Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗?)

(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。

Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。)

/ The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)

2、谓语:

(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如:

He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。)

/ Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语?)

/ The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。) /

(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,

谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成:[情态动词]+[时态助动词]+[语态助动词]+[主要动词](不一定

全部出现)。

(见动词的时态和语态构成表) 记住:谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如:

I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。)

/ He can’t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。)

/ Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止

禽流感蔓延。)

二、不定式

一、作主语

不定式作主语

动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:

(1)把不定式置于句首。如:

To get there by bike will take us half an hour.

(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:

①It+be+名词+to do

It's our duty to take good care of the old.

②It takes sb+some time+to do

How long did it take you to finish the work?

不定式作宾语

①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语。如:

agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean

,long,

manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,

这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。如:

I decided to ask for my money back.

I decided that I would ask for my money back.

When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot.

②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置

于补语之后,

即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式。如:

We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.

He feels it his duty to help the poor.

③介词but,except,besides+to do(do)

在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接

to不定式,

即带do不带to,带to不带do。如:

The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.

On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV

It is +adj.+ to do sth 句型

It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour.

④It+be+形容词+of sb+to do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.

⑤It seems(appears)+形容词+to do It seemed impossible to save money.

在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:

difficult,easy,hard,important,

impossible,necessary 等;

在句型④中,常用

careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,

stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。

这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式,

如:It'skind of you to help me with my English.

=You are kind to helpme with my English.

2.动词+t o d o(作宾语)

动词不定式做宾语其实你只要把不定式(t o d o s t h)看成一个名词即可,

它属于五种基本句型里的主+谓+宾结构,例如I b e g t o d i f f e r.我不敢苟同.

能用此结构的动词有:

决心d e c i d e d e t e r m i n学会l e a r n想w a n t希望e x p e c t w i s h h o p e,拒绝r e f u s e设法

m a n a g e s t r i v e愿c a r e假装p r e t e n d,主动o f e r答应p r o m i s e选c h o o s e

计划p l a n,同意a g r e e请求a s k b e g帮一帮h e l p.为方便记忆大家把汉字连成句.

另外再加上a f f o r d t o d o s t h承担的起

3.在一些动词之后,可以在连接代词(w h a t/w h o/w h i c h)或者连接副词

(h o w/w h e n/w h e r e)

以及w h e t h e r后面接一个带t o的动词不定式。这种结构是连接词宾语从句的简略形式。

I w o n d e r w h o t o i n v i t e.(=w h o I s h o u l d i n v i t e)

S h o w u s w h a t t o d o.(=w h a t w e m u s t d o)

I d o n’t k n o w w h e t h e r t o a n s w e r h i s l e t t e r.(=此处不用i f)

4..不定式作宾语时,如带有宾语补足语,则要把不定式放到后面,用i t作形式宾语,

构成"主语+动词+i t+宾补(形容词,名词)+不定式"

H e f o u n d i t v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o g e t t o s l e e p.

他发现很难入睡.

注意:常用此结构的动词有consider,judge,make,feel,make 等。

句型四:形容词+ to do sth

of sb to do 用来说明人的性格特征和行为表现的动态形容词与不定式连用,

常用brave,careful cruel, generous,clever, foolish, kind,

modest, pilite,nice,rude,stupid,等形容词

It is wise of you not to agree with you.

It is generous of him to lend me his car,

不定式作状语

⒈作目的状语

(1) ①I stayed there to see what would happen.

②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor.

(2)有时为了强调,不定式前可加in order或so as。如:

Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it.

有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首,但so as to不能这

样用。

在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目的状语从

句,如:

I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see whatwould happen.

(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如:astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。

①We are glad to hear the news.

②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.

在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。

如:The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer.

The room is really comfortable to live in.

常这样用的形容词有:

comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。

⒉作结果状语

We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.

不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如:

①so…as to;such…as to

I'm not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。

I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.

②enough…to

The speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner.

③only to

Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital.

④too…to

I'm too tired to stay up longer.

但在下列结构中,too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如:

①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。

(too修饰glad to have…,相当于very)

②We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了(不定式作定语)。

too....to 的用法

一、too... to... 的意义

too... to 句型形式上是肯定的,但是它在意义上却是否定的,表示"太……而不能……"。

too 的后面接形容词或副词的原级,to 的后面接动词原形。too... to...句型是简单句。

例如:

He is too young to join the army. 他年龄太小,不能参军。

二、动词不定式的逻辑主语

动词不定式所表示的动作的执行者与整个句子的主语不指同一人或物时,

需要在动词不定式前加上一个逻辑主语(常用for sb.)。例如:

The maths problem is too difficult for me to work out. 这道数学题太难我解不出来。

三、too... to... 结构表达肯定的意义

1. too 前面含有表示否定意义的词,如: not, never, nothing等时,

too... to... 结构不表示否定的意义。例如:

It is never too old to learn. 活到老,学到老。(要学永远都不迟。)

2. 如果在too... to...这种结构的前面出现了only, 不仅免去了too的否定意义,

反而加强了too的肯定语气,only too 相当于very 或very much。例如:

I shall be only too pleased to get home. 到了家我将极其高兴。

3. too后接表示感情的形容词,如glad, pleased, happy, sad等时,

too... to...句型不再表示否定意义,而表示的是肯定意义。例如:

He is too sad to hear the bad news. 听到这个不幸的消息他太悲伤了。

四、too... to... 结构与enough...to... 结构及so... that...结构的相互转换

1. 将too...to...结构转换为enough... to... 结构时,要注意:

(1) enough 前的形容词或副词应是too前面形容词或副词的反义词;

(2) enough... to... 句式须用否定式;

(3) too... to...结构有逻辑主语时,

enough... to... 结构也要加上逻辑主语。例如:

She is too young to do the work. = She isn't old enough to do the work.

The problem is too hard for him to work out.= The problem isn't easy

enough for him to work out.

2. 将too...to...结构转换为so... that... 结构时,要注意:

(1) so... that... 结构是复合句,so 的后面接形容词或副词的原级,

that的后面接从句。

(2) that后面的从句要用否定形式。例如:

She is too young to go to school. = She is so young that she can't go to school.

请同学们做做下列中考题,以便检验你对too... to...用法的掌握情况。

变换下列句型:

1. a. The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.

b. The box is ________ heavy______ ________ ________ carry.

c. The box is not ________ ________ for me to carry.

2. a. The maths problem isn't easy enough for me to work out.

b. The maths problem is ________ difficult ________ I can't work it out.

c. The maths problem is ________ difficult ________ ________

________ work out.

3. a. The book is interesting enough for everybody to read.

b. The book is ________ interesting________ everybody likes to read it.

Keys: 1. b. too, for me to c. light enough

2. b. so, that c. too, for me to

3. b. so, that

不定式作定语

不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如:

①The next train to arrive is from Washington.

②Have you anything to be taken to your sister?

③Do you have anything to say on the question?

④Would you please give me some paper to write on?

⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last.

不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:

(1)表示将来的动作(例①)。

(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词(例④)。

(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,

尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态(例③);如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的

主谓关系,

则需用被动语态(例②)。

(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①to arrive=that will arrive。

作宾语补足语

一些及物动词除要求按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为、状态、特征,

这时意思才相对完整。

(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有:allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive(强迫),

encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would

like(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,

teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如:

①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary?

②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.

(2)部分动词后常接to be+形容词、名词短语等形式,有时to be可省略,

如:

believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,k now,prove,

think,suppose,see(=understand),understa nd等。

①We all believe John(to be)honest.

②I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1

Middle School.

但当不定式是完成式时,to不能省略,如:We consider him tohave been foolish.

(3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。

①I didn't hear anyone say anything about it.

②They make the students do too much homework every day.

这种句式在变为被动语态时,to不能省略,如第②句:Thestudents are made to do

too much homework every day.

(4)help,know后面的"to"可有可无。如:

Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform?

I've never known her(to)be late before.

但:He was known to have been to France before.

(5)部分短语动词后,常接不定式作宾补,如:

You may depend on them to be there early.

The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy. 常这样用的短语动词有:ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on, wait for,long for(渴望), prepare for,wish for等。

⒉作主语补足语

不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如:

①He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late.

②The young university student is considered to have great promise.

⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分,用于句首、句中或句末。如:

To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome.

常见的短语有to be exact(确切地说),to begin with(首先),to do him justice(说句对他公道的话),to be sure(真的)等等。

不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;

①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.

②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter.

③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.

⒉动名词作主语

Learning without practice is no good.

动名词作主语时,也常用It句式。如:

①It's +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing…

It's no good reading in dim light.

It's no use sitting here waiting.

②It's+形容词+doing

It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.

这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等,但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构,

应用不定式代替,如:It'simportant for you to keep fit.

③There is no+doing

There is no saying what will happen next.

在这一结构中,动名词后常带宾语,相当于"It's impossible to…"结构。

⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别

①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;

而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如:It's no good eating too much fat. It's no good for you to eat so much fat.

②动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如:It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.

二、作宾语

⒉动名词作宾语

①以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如:

admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,

keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't

mind,give up,

insist,on, put off等。如:

I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.

You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health.

②动名词作介词的宾语

I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home.

What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?

动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如:have difficulty(in)doing,have no

trouble(in)doing,

lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,there is no

use(in)doing等。

⒊部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变。如:begin,continue,

start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。

在need,require,want后接-ing形式,表示被动意义,也可接不定式,但要用被

动形式,

如:Your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved).

hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件,

接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。在下列情况下,一般要用不

定式:

①hate,like,love前有would(should)时,如:I'd like to have a cup of coffee.

②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时,

如:Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.

③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时,如:I soon began to

understand what was happening.

⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,

或带不定式作宾语补足语。如:Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake. Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.

⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用。

①forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生。如:Don't forget fo post the letter for me. Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? Remember to close the windows before you leave.

I remember writing him a letter a year ago. We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.

They regretted ordering these books from abroad.

②mean to do 打算做某事doing 意味着……

I meant to catch up with the early bus. This means wasting a lot of money.

③try to do 设法尽力做某事doing 试着做某事You should try to overcome your shortcomings. Try working out the physics problem in another way.

④stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的状语)doing 停止做某事On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper. You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told.

⑤can't help doing 禁不住……to do不能帮助干……They couldn't help jumping up at the news. Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I can't help to make up the room for you.

⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事doing 继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world.

⑦leave off to do 离开某地去干什么(目的状语)

doing停下某事

It's time to leave off talking and to start acting.

They left off to go fishing.

三、做表语

动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,

一是结果(例①)。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista

ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等

为中心词的名词词组(例②)时,或以what引导的名词性分句(例③),

不定式说明主语的内容。

④Our work is serving the people.

⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.

⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.

④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Serving thepeople is out work,

而⑥句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,

另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。

四、作定语

动名词作定语

①This passage can be used as listening materials.

②The reading room of our school library can hold 800people.

③All moving bodies have energy.

①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能,即:用来……的;第③句为现在分词作定语,

单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前,与被修饰词之间,可构成逻辑上的主谓关系,

分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。

如:The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua.

动词不定式、动名词的其它用法

⒈疑问词+不定式结构

疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,

在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。如:

①When to leave for London has not been decided yet.

②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there.

③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well.

④The question was where to get the medicine needed.

以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式。

如:①When we shall leave…

③…how I could learn…

经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,

hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。

⒉动词不定式的时态、语态

(1)时态

①一般式:动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生。如:

I hope to become a university student this year.(tobecome发生在hope 之后)

We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.(play和hear同时发生)

②完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如:

I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.

We are too young to have seen the old society.

③进行式:表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如:

The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when Icame in.

They seemed to be discussing something important.

(2)语态

如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,

不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:

It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.(不定式作

主语)

It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主语)

I wish to be sent to work in the country.(不定式作宾语)

Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?(不定式作定语)

He went to the hospital to be examined.(不定式作状语)

在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动。

如:There are still many things to t ake care of (to be taken care of). 但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,

如:These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.)

There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)

⒊动名词的时态、语态

(1)时态

①一般式:动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指,也可与谓语动词同时发

生,

或发生在谓语动作之前、之后。如:We are interested in collecting stamps.

I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the firsttime.

We are not afraid of dying.

②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如:

Lmagine having travelled on the moon.

We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.

(2)被动语态

①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者,动名词要用被动语

态,

动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分。如:

The young man came in without being noticed.

He prided himself on having never been beaten in class.

②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式,但表示被动意义。如:

The bike needs repairing.

If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.

⒋在口语中,为避免重复,常用"to"代替不定式结构,有时甚至可以把to省

略。如:

①—Did you go to visit the Great Wall?

—No,I wanted to,but there wasn't enough time.

②—Would you like to come to a party?

—I'd love to.

③—Don't make any mistakes in your homework,will you?

—I'll try not to.

④—Try to be back by 12,won't you?

—OK,I'll try.

另外,be going to,ought to,used to等也常用于这一结构中。

⒌在why引起的问句中,省略"to"。如:

Why spend such a lot of money?

Why not wait for a couple of days?

⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时,只在第一个不定式前加"to"。如:

It's quite necessary for us to read more and have morepractice. ⒎"to"在下列短语中是“介词”,后接动名词或名词形式。如:

devote…to,face up to(勇敢地面对),look forward to(盼望),object to(反对),

take to(养成习惯,对……感兴趣;开始从事某种活动),be used to(习惯于)等。

三、动词的时态和语态

动词的时态和语态【to be continued】

时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。

一般进行完成完成进行

现在am, is , are, do,

does

am/is/are doing have/has done have/has been

doing

将来will/shall do will/shall be

doing

will/shall have

done

will/shall have

been doing

过去was, were, did, v-

ed

was/were doing had done had been doing

过去将来would/should do would/should

be doing

would/should

have done

would/should

have been doing

一般现在时的特例

(1) Practice makes perfect.

熟能生巧。

Duck has two legs.

鸭子有两条腿。

vMy father told me that the earth _____(go) around the sun. 【goes】

(2)表示客观事实、普遍真理,特别是用于表示科学事实、客观存在和格言等。

vThe earth goes around the sun.

地球绕着太阳转。

用于表示一般将来时的主从复合句的从句中可以表示将来时;也就是说,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。

When he arrives, he’ll tell us all about the match. 当他到的时候,他会告诉我们这场比赛的经过。

I can’t come unless my brother agrees. 我不能来,除非我哥哥同意。

If he arrives in Paris, Peter will give me a call .

如果peter到了巴黎,他会给我电话的。

一般过去时的注意点

在条件从句中表示与现在或将来事实相反的假设。(虚拟语气)

If I were you, I wouldn’t accept the offer. 如果我是你,我不会接受这个提议。

I wish, It’s (high) time后that从句中,表示与现在或将来的事实相反的主观设想

It’s time you went to bed. 你该睡觉了。

I wish I were a bird .

2) 表示过去经常发生的动作,也可用“used to”和“would +动词原形”。

注意:used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“be used to + 名词或动名

词”表示“习惯于……”。例如:

I used to smoke when I was a college freshman.

一般将来时的注意点

一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或状况,由助动词shall或will加动词原形构成以及be going to 。Shall 用于第一人称,will用于第二、三人称。一般和表示时常、将来的时间状语连用,如

tomorrow, next month, next week等。如:

l) “be going to+动词原形”,表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如:

We are going to have a meeting today.

2) go, come, start, move, sail, leave, arrive 等词可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作;有时用一般现在时也可表示将来。例如:

I’m leaving for Beijing

be going to的用法

1. 用于表将来 Their daughter is to get married soon.

2. 表示“义务”、“应该”。(意思接近于should,must,ought to,have to)

You are to be back by 10 o’clock. 你必须十点以前回来。

3. 表示“命运”, 将来必然要发生的事, 译作“注定……”。

如: The worst is still to come.

They said goodbye, little knowing they were never to meet again.

四、非谓语动词

非谓语动词(1)

一、作主语⒈不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:(1)把不定式置于句首。如:To get there by bike will take us half an hour.

(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:

①It+be+名词+to do It's our duty to take good care of the old.

②It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work?

不定式作宾语①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语。如:agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long, manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。如:I decided to ask for my money back.

I decided that I would ask for my money back. When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot.

②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式。如:We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well. He feels it his duty to help the poor.

③介词but,except,besides+to do(do) 在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to,带to不带do。如:The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.

On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV

It is +adj.+ to do sth 句型

It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour.

④It+be+形容词+of sb+to do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.

⑤It seems(appears)+形容词+to do It seemed impossible to save money. 在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;

在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式,如:It'skind of you to help me with

my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.

2.动词+to do(作宾语)

动词不定式做宾语其实你只要把不定式(to do sth)看成一个名词即可,

它属于五种基本句型里的主+谓+宾结构,例如 I beg to differ.我不敢苟同.

能用此结构的动词有:

决心decide determin学会learn想want希望expect wish hope,拒绝refuse设法manage strive愿care假装pretend,主动ofer答应promise选choose

计划plan,同意agree请求ask beg帮一帮help.为方便记忆大家把汉字连成句.

另外再加上afford to do sth 承担的起

3. 在一些动词之后,可以在连接代词(what/who/which)或者连接副词(how/when/where)以及whether后面接一个带to的动词不定式。这种结构是连接词宾语从句的简略形式。

I wonder who to invite. (= who I should invite) Show us what to do. (=what we must do)

I don’t know whether to answer his letter. (=此处不用if)

4..不定式作宾语时,如带有宾语补足语,则要把不定式放到后面,用it作形式宾语,构成"主语+动词+it+宾补(形容词,名词)+不定式" He found it very difficult to get to sleep.

他发现很难入睡.

注意:常用此结构的动词有consider,judge,make,feel,make 等。

句型四:形容词+ to do sth

of sb to do 用来说明人的性格特征和行为表现的动态形容词与不定式连用,常用brave,careful cruel, generous,clever, foolish, kind,

modest, pilite,nice,rude,stupid,等形容词

It is wise of you not to agree with you.

It is generous of him to lend me his car,

不定式作状语

⒈作目的状语

(1) ①I stayed there to see what would happen.

②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor.

(2)有时为了强调,不定式前可加in order或so as。如:Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it. 有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首,但so as to不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句,如:

I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see whatwould happen.

(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如:astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。

①We are glad to hear the news.

②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.

在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。

如:The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer. The room is really comfortable to live in. 常这样用的形容词有:comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。

⒉作结果状语We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. 不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如:①so…as to;such…as to I'm not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.

②enough…to The speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner.

③only to Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital.

④too…to I'm too tired to stay up longer. 但在下列结构中,too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如:

①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。(too修饰glad to have…,相当于very)

②We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了(不定式作定语)。

too....to 的用法

一、too... to... 的意义

too... to 句型形式上是肯定的,但是它在意义上却是否定的,表示"太……而不能……"。too 的后面接形容词或副词的原级,to 的后面接动词原形。too... to...句型是简单句。例如:

He is too young to join the army. 他年龄太小,不能参军。

二、动词不定式的逻辑主语

动词不定式所表示的动作的执行者与整个句子的主语不指同一人或物时,需要在动词不定式前加上一个逻辑主语(常用for sb.)。例如:

The maths problem is too difficult for me to work out. 这道数学题太难我解不出来。

三、too... to... 结构表达肯定的意义

1. too 前面含有表示否定意义的词,如: not, never, nothing等时,too... to... 结构不表示否定的意义。例如:

It is never too old to learn. 活到老,学到老。(要学永远都不迟。)

2. 如果在too... to...这种结构的前面出现了only, 不仅免去了too的否定意义,反而加强了too的肯定语气,only too 相当于very 或very much。例如:

I shall be only too pleased to get home. 到了家我将极其高兴。

3. too后接表示感情的形容词,如glad, pleased, happy, sad等时,too... to...句型不再表示否定意义,而表示的是肯定意义。例如:

He is too sad to hear the bad news. 听到这个不幸的消息他太悲伤了。

四、too... to... 结构与enough...to... 结构及so... that...结构的相互转换

1. 将too...to...结构转换为enough... to... 结构时,要注意:

(1) enough 前的形容词或副词应是too前面形容词或副词的反义词;

(2) enough... to... 句式须用否定式;

(3) too... to...结构有逻辑主语时,

enough... to... 结构也要加上逻辑主语。例如:

She is too young to do the work. = She isn't old enough to do the work.

The problem is too hard for him to work out.= The problem isn't easy

enough for him to work out.

2. 将too...to...结构转换为so... that... 结构时,要注意:

(1) so... that... 结构是复合句,so 的后面接形容词或副词的原级,that的后面接从句。

(2) that后面的从句要用否定形式。例如:

She is too young to go to school. = She is so young that she can't go to school.

请同学们做做下列中考题,以便检验你对too... to...用法的掌握情况。

变换下列句型:

1. a. The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.

b. The box is ________ heavy______ ________ ________ carry.

c. The box is not ________ ________ for me to carry.

2. a. The maths problem isn't easy enough for me to work out.

b. The maths problem is ________ difficult ________ I can't work it out.

c. The maths problem is ________ difficult ________ ________ ________ work out.

3. a. The book is interesting enough for everybody to read.

b. The book is ________ interesting________ everybody likes to read it.

Keys: 1. b. too, for me to c. light enough

2. b. so, that c. too, for me to

3. b. so, that

不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如:

①The next train to arrive is from Washington.

②Have you anything to be taken to your sister?

③Do you have anything to say on the question?

④Would you please give me some paper to write on?

⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:

(1)表示将来的动作(例①)。

(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词(例④)。

(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态(例③);如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态(例②)。

(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①to arrive=that will arrive。

作宾语补足语一些及物动词除要求按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为、状态、特征,这时意思才相对完整。

(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有:allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive(强迫),encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如:

①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary?

②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.

(2)部分动词后常接to be+形容词、名词短语等形式,有时to be可省略,如:believe,consider,discov er,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understa nd等。

①We all believe John(to be)honest.

②I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School. 但当不定式是完成式时,to不能省略,如:We consider him tohave been foolish.

(3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。

①I didn't hear anyone say anything about it.

②They make the students do too much homework every day. 这种句式在变为被动语态时,to不能省略,如第②句:Thestudents are made to do too much homework every day.

(4)help,know后面的"to"可有可无。如:Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform? I've never known her(to)be late before.但:He was known to have been to France before.

(5)部分短语动词后,常接不定式作宾补,如:You may depend on them to be there early. The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy. 常这样用的短语动词有:ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for(渴望), prepare for,wish for等。

⒉作主语补足语不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如:①He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late.

初中英语语法知识点总结

英语语法大全 初中英语语法学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .

10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)

初中英语语法大全

初中英语语法大全 名词 一名词的定义:表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词。 二名词的分类: 名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。 4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 注意 专有名词一般第一个字母要大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。 名词的种类 注意 物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目来计算,称为不可数名词。不可数名词前不能加冠词a或an来表示量。 (三)名词的数 1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式: 1.单数 英语中,如果我们要表示一本书、一只鸟、一棵树等概念时,要用名词的单数

形式,表示名词的单数,要在名词前加冠词a或an。 This is a desk . 这是一张书桌。 There is an orange on the table . 桌上有一个橘子。 an orange 一个橘子 an new orange (×)→ a new orange (○) 一个新橘子 a desk a old desk (×)→ an old desk (○) 一张旧课桌 关键字:初中英语语法大全初中英语语法总结初中英语语法辅导英语语法大全名词复数名词所有格复数冠词抽象名词 a和an的使用区别 a加在以辅音开头的名词前,如a book,a pen。 an加在以元音开头的名词前,如an egg,an apple。 注意 有时a,an后面紧接的不是单数名词,而是a (an) +形容词+单数名词的形式。 这时判断用a还是an来表示“一个”的概念时,要看形容词开头字母的发音,而不是看名词。 2.复数

高中英语语法总结大全-形容词和副词

高中英语语法大全之形容词和副词 形容词及其用法 形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。 1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 热的。 2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。 (错)He is an ill man. (对)The man is ill. (错)She is an afraid girl. (对)The girl is afraid. 这类词还有:well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。 3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如: something nice 以-ly结尾的形容词 1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。 改错:(错)She sang lovely. (错)He spoke to me very friendly. (对)Her singing was lovely. (对)He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 用形容词表示类别和整体 1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry The poor are losing hope. 2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。 the British,the English,the French,the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为: 限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --出处--材料性质,类别--名词 a small round table a tall gray building

初二英语语法总结大全

初二期末英语必考的十二大语法点 一. 形容词/副词的比较级和最高级 1. 形容词/副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则 (1)单音节词和少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节单词,比较级在后面加-er,最高级在后面加-est。 ①单音节单词 small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest ②少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节单词 clever→cleverer→cleverest

narrow→narrower→narrowest (2)以不发音e结尾的单音节单词,比较级在原形后加-r,最高级在 原级后加-st。 large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest (3)以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节(即:辅音+元音+辅音)单词中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,比较级加-er,最高级加-est。 big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest (4)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,把y改为i,比较级加-er,最高级加-est。 easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest

busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest (5)其他双音节词和多音节词,比较级在前面加more,最高级在前面加most。 beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful different→more different→most different easily→more easily→most easily (6)有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的,必须熟记。 good→better→best well→better→best bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst old→older/elder→oldest/eldest many/much→more→most little→less→least far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest

初中英语语法总结(完整)

英语时态讲解 【注】构成时态的助动词be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will 等需根据主语的变化来选择。时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴,它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式,动作发生的方式可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式。将时间形式和动作方式结合起来,就构成了以下 英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种,但是常考的或较常用的只有9种。要掌握英语的时态和语态,必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。 1、一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点;表示经常或习惯性的动作,句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语;表示客观规律和永恒真理等。 H e usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning. 他每天7点上班。 2、现在进行时 表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动:或表感情色彩,加强语气。与频率副词,如always,constantly,continually,again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。 We are having English class.

我们正在上英语课。 3、现在完成时 表示动作发生在过去,完成在过去,但强调与现在情况仍有联系,其结果或影响仍存在。 They have lived in Beijing for five years. 他们在北京已经住了5年了。 4.一般过去时 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作,或过去习惯性动作,不强调对现在的影响,只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用,如:yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; He used to smoke a lot. 他过去抽烟比较厉害。 5. 过去进行时 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。 Beijing was hosting the 29th Olympic Games in August 2008. 在2008年8月,北京正在举行29届奥运会。 6. 过去完成时 表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作,即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”,句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语,这种时态从来不孤立使用( before, after, by, up till ) They finished earlier than we had expected. 他们提前完成了(工作)。 7. 一般将来时 表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用。 I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我明天就要离开北京。 8、将来进行时 表将来某个时间正在发生的动作,或按计划一定会发生的事情。 I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。 9、将来完成时 表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情,时间状语非常明显。常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如:by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。 By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. 到下个月底,他步行将达到1000英里。 英语共有十六个时态、四个体。(注:四个体为——一般、进行、完成、完成进行。) 英语中的四个体相当于法语、西班牙语以及所有印欧语系罗曼语族中的式,如:直陈式,命令式等。

史上最全的英语语法大全(精心整理)

英语语法 1.名词 1.1名词复数的规则变化 1.2其他名词复数的规则变化 1.3名词复数的不规则变化 1.4不可数名词量的表示 1.5定语名词的复数 1.6不同国家的人的单复数 1.7名词的格 2.冠词和数词 2.1不定冠词的用法 2.2定冠词的用法 2.3零冠词的用法 2.4冠词与形容词+名词结构 2.5冠词位置 2.6数词 3.代词 3.1人称代词的用法 3.2人称代词之主、宾格的替换 3.3代词的指代问题 3.4并列人称代词的排列顺序 3.5物主代词 3.6双重所有格 3.7反身代词 3.8相互代词 3.9指示代词 3.10疑问代词 3.11关系代词 3.12every , no, all, both, neither, nor 3.13none, few, some, any, one, ones 3.14代词比较辩异 one,that 和it 3.15one/another/the other 3.16“the”的妙用 3.17anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each 3.18both, either, neither, all, any, none 3.19many, much 3.20few, little, a few, a little 4.形容词和副词 4.1形容词及其用法 4.2以-ly结尾的形容词 4.3用形容词表示类别和整体 4.4多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 4.5副词及其基本用法 4.6兼有两种形式的副词

4.7形容词与副词的比较级 4.8as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 4.9比较级形容词或副词 + than 4.10可修饰比较级的词 4.11many,old 和 far 4.12the + 最高级 + 比较范围 4.13和more有关的词组 5.动词 5.1系动词 5.2什么是助动词 5.3助动词be的用法 5.4助动词have的用法 5.5助动词do的用法 5.6助动词shall和will的用法5.7助动词should和would的用法5.8短语动词 5.9非谓语动词 6.动名词 6.1动名词作主语、宾语和表语6.2Worth的用法 7动词不定式 7.1不定式作宾语 7.2不定式作补语 7.3不定式主语 7.4It's for sb.和 It's of sb. 7.5不定式作表语 7.6不定式作定语 7.7不定式作状语 7.8用作介词的to 7.9省to 的动词不定式 7.10动词不定式的否定式 7.11不定式的特殊句型too…to… 7.12不定式的特殊句型so as to 7.13不定式的特殊句型Why not 7.147不定式的时态和语态 7.15动名词与不定式 8.特殊词精讲 8.1stop doing/to do 8.2forget doing/to do 8.3remember doing/to do 8.4regret doing/to do 8.5cease doing/to do 8.6try doing/to do 8.7go on doing/to do

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