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进出口名词解释

进出口名词解释
进出口名词解释

1、FOB Liner term FOB班轮条件

这个条件并不是要求买方必须用班轮运输,而是指装船费用按照班轮的做法处理,即由船方或者买方承担。所以,采用这个条件,卖方不负担装船的有关费用。

2、Customs Clearance清关

即,是指进出口或转运货物出入一国关境时,依照各项法律法规和规定应当履行的手续。清关只有在履行各项义务,办理海关申报、查验、征税、放行等手续后,货物才能放行,货主或申报人才能提货。同样,载运进出口货物的各种运输工具进出境或转运,也均需向海关申报,办理海关手续,得到海关的许可。货物在结关期间,不论是进口、出口或转运,都是处在之下,不准自由流通。3、FOB Under Tackle FOB吊钩下交货

即由买方负责装船费用。采用这个条件,卖方不负责装船费用。

4、Trim 平舱

运输概念:指货物装船后,为了保持船舶承受压力均衡和航行安全,对成堆装入船舱的散装货物,如煤炭,粮谷等,需要进行调动和平整,此项作业就称为“平舱”。

5、Stow 理舱

使装船按照舱图妥善放置、装载合理,在货物装入船舱底之后,进行垫隔、整理、安置

6、Symbolic Delivery象征性交货

是指在买卖双方不直接接触的情况下,卖方按合同规定的时间和地点将货物装上运输工具或交付承运人后,并向买方提供包括物权证书在内的有关单证,凭承运人签发的及其他履行交货义务,而无须保证到货。CIF是一个典型的象征性交货术语。

7、【FOB】术语变形

(1)Liner Terms ():装船费用按照班轮条件办理,卖方只负责将货物交到码头港口,装卸及平舱理舱费均由支付的一方----买方负担。(卖方不必承担装货费用)

(2)FOB Under Tackle (FOB吊钩下交货):卖方承担的费用截止到买方指定船只的吊钩所及之处,有关装船的各项费用一概由买方负担。(卖方不必承担装货费用)

(3)FOB Stowed 或FOBS(/并理舱):卖方负责将货物装上船,并支付包括在内的装船费用。多用于。(卖方必须承担装货费用和理舱费用)

(4)FOB Trimmed 或FOBT (/船上交货并平舱):卖方负责将货物装上船,并支付包括平舱费在内的装船费用,多用于散装船。若买方租用自动平舱船是,卖方应退回平舱费用。(卖方必须承担装货费用和平舱费用)

(5)FOB Stowed and Trimmed 或(FOB包括平舱和理舱):卖方必须承担装货、平舱和理舱费用。

8、【CFR】术语变形

(1)CFR Liner Terms()即卸货费按照班轮的办法处理,即买方不予承担。

(2)CFR Landed (CFR卸到岸上)指由卖方将货物卸到目的港岸上位置的卸货费,包括从轮船到码头转运时可能发生的驳船费和码头捐税。

(3)CFR ex tackle (CFR吊钩下交货)卖方承担货物从舱底吊至船边卸离吊钩为止的费用。

(4)CFR ex ship's hold (CFR舱底交接)买方负责将货物从目的港船舱舱底吊卸到码头的费用。

9、More or Less Clause溢短装条款

是指在矿砂、化肥、粮食、食糖等大宗散装货物的交易中,由于受商品特性、变化、船舱容量、装载技术和包装等因素的影响,要求准确地按约定数量交货,有时存在一定困难,为了避免因不足或超过合同规定而引起的法律责任,方便合同的履行,对于一些数量难以严格限定的商品,通常是在合同中规定交货数量允许有一定范围的机动幅度,这种条款一般称为溢短装条款。它一般包括机动幅度的选择权以及计价方法。

10、Trade surplus 贸易顺差(出口>进口)

所谓贸易顺差是指在特定年度一国总额大于总额,又称“出超”.表示该国当年处于有利地位。贸易顺差的大小在很大程度上反映一国在特定年份对外贸易活动状况。与此同时,大量外汇盈余通常会致使一国市场上投放量随之增长,因而很可能引起压力,不利于国民经济持续、健康发展。

11、Trade deficit 贸易逆差(出口<进口)

一国在一定时期内(如一年、半年、一个季度、一个月等)总值小于总值,即贸易逆差。又称“入超”、“”。反映的是国与国之间的商品贸易状况,也是判断宏观经济运行状况的重要指标。

12、Terms of Trade贸易条件

用来衡量在一定时期内一个国家出口相对于进口的盈利能力和的指标,反映该国的对外贸易状况,一般以表示,在中尤其重要。常用的贸易条件有3种不同的形式:价格贸易条件、收入贸易条件和要素贸易,它们从不同的角度衡量一国的。其中价格贸易条件最有意义,也最容易根据现有数据进行计算。

13、Warsaw --Oxford Rules华沙-牛津规则

1932是国际法协会专门为解释CIF合同而制定的。这一规则对于CIF的性质、买卖双方所承担的风险、责任和费用的划分以及所有权转移的方式等问题都作了比较详细的解释。《华沙—牛津规则》在总则中说明,这一规则供交易双方自愿采用,凡明示采用《华沙—牛津规则》者,合同当事人的权利和义务均应援引本规则的规定办理。经双方当事人明示协议,对本规则的任何一条进行变更修改或增添。如本规则与合同发生矛盾,应以合同为准。凡合同中没有规定的事项,应按本规则的规定办理。

14、Export Tax Rebates出口退税

指对出口货物退还其在国内生产和流通环节实际缴纳的、。制度,是一个国家税收的重要组成部分。出口退税主要是通过退还出口货物的国内已纳税款来平衡国内产品的,使本国产品以不含税成本进入国际市场,与国外产品在同等条件下进行竞争,从而增强竞争能力,扩大出口的创汇。

15、Balance of Trade贸易差额

是一国在一定时期内(如一年、半年、一季、一月)与进口总值之间的差额。当出口总值与进口总值相等时,称为“”。当出口总值大于进口总值时,出现贸易盈余,称“”或“”。当进口总值大于出口总值时,出现,称“”或“”。通常,贸易顺差以正数表示,贸易逆差以负数表示。一国的收支是其中的重要组成部分,是影响一个国家国际收支的重要因素。

16、Balance of payments 国际收支平衡

指一国国际收支净额即净出口与的差额为零。即:国际收支=净出口-净资本流出;或BP=NX-F。在特定的时间段内衡量一国对所有其他国家的交易支付。如果其货币的流入大于流出,国际收支是正值。此类交易产生于,或者。国际收支平衡被视作一国相关价值的另一个,包括,和外方投资。

17、Protective tariffs 保护性关税

保护性关税或是设立一税负非常高的以有效的消除与本国企业的竞争,或是消除被廉价竞争性进口货摧毁的危险。不然的话,保护性关税可仅给予部分的保护,虽然不驱逐外国货,但对相应的本地工业给予等于关税金额的价格上的保证金使之继续国内市场供应。

18、Infant industries 幼稚产业(新兴产业在早期阶段的成长)

指某一产业处于发展初期,基础和竞争力薄弱但经过适度保护能够发展成为具有潜在比较优势的。在保护幼稚产业上,如何界定和选择幼稚产业是一个关键,选择不好就可能导致保护落后,保护需要大量的投入,付出一定的代价。

19、Revenue tariffs 财政关税

是以增加国家财政收入为主要目的而征收的关税,是保护关税的对称。在历史上关税产生以后的一个很长时期内,征收关税的目的主要是为了国家的财政收入或宫廷享受。在交通孔道、关卡、桥梁等处,对往来客商征收关税,就构成了既方便又充裕的税源。资本主义经济发展后,由于资本主义市场的激烈竞争,各国为了保护本国生产和经济的发展,利用关税作为保护手段,才出现了保护关税。但财政关税仍然是国家财政收入的一个来源。

20、Trade bloc 贸易集团

Trade block 贸易禁运

21、Free Trade Area 自由贸易区

是指在贸易和投资等方面比世贸组织有关规定更加优惠的贸易安排;在或地区的关境以外,划出特定的区域,准许外国商品豁免自由进出。实质上是采取自由港政策的关税隔离区。狭义仅指提供区

内加工出口所需原料等货物的进口豁免关税的地区,类似出口加工区。广义还包括自由港和转口贸易区。

22、Tariff Barriers关税壁垒

是指用征收高额进口税和各种进口附加税的办法,以限制和阻止外国商品进口的一种手段。贸易壁垒的一种。这可以提高进口商品的成本从而削弱其竞争能力,起到保护国内生产和国内市场的作用。它还是在贸易谈判中迫使对方妥协让步的重要手段。世界贸易组织对其极力反对,并通过谈判将其大幅削减。

23、F·A·Q (Fair Average Quality)良好平均品质

在国际贸易中,对于某些品质变化较大而难以规定统一标准的农副产品,往往采用“良好平均品质”这一术语来表示其品质。所谓“良好平均品质”,是指一定时期内某地出口货物的平均品质水平,一般是指中等货而言。它有两种含义:一是指农产品的每个生产年度的中等货。生产国在农产品收获以后,由同业工会或检验机构对产品进行广泛抽样,加以混合拌制,从而制定出该年度的良好平均品质标准和样品,并予以公布;二是指某一季度或某一装船月份在装运地发运的同一种商品的平均品质。即从各批出运的货物中抽样,然后进行综合,以其作为良好平均品质。

由于“良好平均品质”标准本身比较笼统,所以在使用良好平均品质作为商品质量的标准时,应该明确商品的一切主要规格指标,使品质具体化。

24、G·M·Q(Good Merchantable Quality)上好可销品质

是指卖方必须保证其交付的货物品质良好,合乎商销,在成交时无须以其他方式证明商品的品质。

25、Full Container Load (FCL):整箱货

为拼箱货的相对用语,指一整

LCL(Less than Container Load)拼箱货

指装不满一整箱的小票货物。这种货物,通常是由承运人分别揽货并在货运站或内陆站集中,而后将两票或两票以上的货物拼装在一个集装箱内,同样要在目的地的集装箱货运站或内陆站拆箱分别交货。对于这种货物,承运人要负担装箱与拆箱作业,装拆箱费用仍向货方收取。承运人对的责任,基本上与传统杂货运输相同。

(1)FCL/FCL整箱交/整箱接

(2)FCL/LCL 整箱交/拆箱接

(3)LCL/FCL 拼箱交/整箱接

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英语国家概况考试名词解释整理中文翻译

题型:选择,判断,名词解释,填空 名词解释重点整理如下: 英国经济的相对衰落:英国已经历了经济的下降,因为1945.But这是一个相对而不 是绝对的下降。英国是富裕和更富有成效的,比它在1945年,但由于其他国家的发展更为迅速,从第二大经济体,第六下滑。 私有化在1908s:英国经济在20世纪70年代经历了一个特别恶劣的时期,高通胀率和英镑贬值,因此,在20世纪80年代,当根据撒切尔夫人的保守党执政时期,一个广泛的方案。进行了私有化。许多国有企业(如钢铁,电信,天然气,航空航天)到了私人公司的私有化是在控制通货膨胀取得了成功,但同时失业率迅速上升。 英国经济的主要部门:主要行业,如农业,渔业和采矿,制造这些初级产品的复杂商品的第二产业;和大专(或服务)的产业,如:英国国家经济可以划分成三个主要领域银行,保险,旅游业和零售业。 综合学校:综合学校是在英国最流行的中学,这些学校承认不参考他们的学术能力的儿童提供普通教育的学生可以学习一切从喜欢文学,喜欢烹饪的实用科目的学科。 文法学校。文法学校在英国中学的类型选择通过一个名为“11 - PULS”考试在11 岁以下的儿童,这些儿童与最高分去文法学校,这些学校打好重点上先进的学科,而不是更普遍的综合学校的课程,并期望他们的学生去上大学。 俗称独立学校:独立学校是公立学校,这实际上是私人学校接收他们通过私营部门和学费率的资金,与一些政府援助的独立学校是不是国民教育体系的一部分,但教学的质量和标准。通过参观女王陛下的学校督察保持这些学校限制学生的父母都比较丰富。公开大学:。开放大学是在英国成立的1960年为人们谁可能不会得到经济和社会原因高等教育机会的它是对所有人开放,并并没有要求在同一个正式的其他大学教育资格大学其次通过电视,广播,通信,视频和Q研究中心的净工作课程,公开大学学业结束。成功的学生将被授予大学学位。 邦联条:独立战争胜利后,美国新的国家是一个虚弱的国民政府组织联合会章程协议下的所谓国会,每个国家都有自己的政府,其自身的规律。和处理其内部事务。国家没有与美国国会和相互合作。大会没有权力强迫任何国家出钱国家的政府和国会不能任何公民征税。因此,文章邦联失败。 一个联邦制度:一个联邦制度是其中的电源之间共享一个中央机关及其组成部分,保留给每个前来的权利,。 美国宪法的制定:联邦章程失败,大会决定举行制宪会议修改联合会章程12States (罗德岛州拒绝参加)的代表聚集在费城在1787and在写一个新的结束。宪法和联 邦制度与一个强大的中央政府。宪法规定,总统选举将被称为,联邦法律将只能由国会众议院众议院和参议院和S最高法院将成立,终于批准了新宪法,大多数市民在 9of 13States是在1787年正式生效。 。执行:行政长官是谁当选一个四年任期的总统根据在1951.The总统通过了一项修 正案,只有两个词可以选出一位总统可以向国会提出立法建议,他可以否决任何法案国会通过。否决权,可以通过在两院三分之二多数票覆盖。总统可以任命联邦法官空缺出现,他是军队的首席指挥官。布什总统在政府运作等广泛当局部门和处理外交关系。 人权:人权法案条例草案,其中在1791年宪法第10修正案,权利的条例草案获得 通过,以保证自由和个人权利,如言论自由,集会权在公共场所自己的武器等的权利。

环境科学专业英语名词解释

【环境】相对于某中心事物而言的周围境况。与某一中心事物有关的周围事物,就是这个事物的环境。 【生态环境】生态环境指生物体周围的其他生物和无机自然界,以及与作为主体的生物之间存在着种种客观的生存、营养关系和因果关系。 【环境科学】环境科学是研究人类与环境之间相互关系的科学,涉及自然科学、社会科学和技术科学,综合性很强。 【人类生态系统】人类生态系统,是指居民与其生存环境相互作用的网络结构,也是人类对自然环境适应、加工、改造而建造起来的人工生态系统。 【恒星】由炽热气体组成的、能自己发光的天体,维持恒星辐射的能源主要是热核反应。 因短期内很难发现它们位置的相对变化,故名恒星。 【脉冲星】脉冲星,就是一种变化的恒星。因为这种星体不断地发射短暂而极有规律的电磁脉冲信号 【新星】光度突然增加的爆发性恒星。 【行星】行星指的是围绕太阳运转、自身引力足以克服其刚体力而使天体呈圆球状、并且能够清除其轨道附近其他物体。 【卫星】围绕行星运行的天体。卫星本身不发光,大小、质量相差极大,运动特性很不一致。【星云】星云银河系内太阳系以外一切非恒星状的气体尘埃云。 【地球】地球是太阳的从里往外数第三颗行星,距太阳大约有150000000公里。地球每365.256 天绕太阳运行一圈,每23.9345小时自转一圈。它的直径为12756公里,只比金星大了一百多公里。 【高原】海拔高程在600m以上,表面较为平坦或略有起伏,四周常有崖壁与较低的地形单元分界。 【丘陵】地表起伏不大、山峦林立的低矮地形 【平原】地势宽广平坦,或略有起伏。海拔高程在200m以下的称为低平原。 【盆地】四周是高原或山地,中央低平的地区,外形似盆而得名。 【地球自转】地球绕其本身轴线的旋转运动。与太阳系的大多数行星一样,自转的方向是自西向东,从从北极上空向下看,为逆时针旋转 【太阳日】以太阳作参照,地球上的任意一点连续两次经过地心与太阳圆面中心连线的时间间隔,其长度是24小时。 【太阴日】月球作为参照,地球上任意一点连续两次经过地心与月球圆面中心连线的时间间隔,其长度是24小时50分。 【自转线速度】线速度是指地球上某点在单位时间内绕地轴所转过的线距离 【自转角速度】除南北两极外,地球各处的角速度都相同,平均角速度大约为每日360°,或每小时15°。 【赤道】地球绕轴自转,称自转轴,亦称地轴。地轴与地球表面的交点,称地球两极。过地轴中点且垂直于地轴的平面与地球表面的交线,称为赤道。 【地球公转】地球沿一定轨道围绕太阳的运动,称为公转。从地球北极高空看来,地球的公转方向也是自西向东,呈逆时针方向。 【近日点、远日点】每年大约1月3日,地球最接近太阳,此时的位置称为近日点;大致7月4日,地球最远离太阳,此时的位置称为远日点。 【春分点秋分点】赤道面与天球相交的大圆,叫天赤道,黄道面与天球相交的大圆,称为黄道。天赤道与黄道有两交点,分别为春分点和秋分点;春分点与秋分点之间的两个中点分别称为夏至点和冬至点 【黄赤交角】地球的公转轨道面.叫黄道面,是通过地心的一个平面,和地轴成66°34′

英语-名词解释

英语-名词解释

名词 英语语法分为词法和句法,分别是研究词类和句子的。英语共有十大词类,他们分别是名词、动词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。我们会在以后的课程中一一学习。对名词的考查,通常会与主谓一致、名词的修饰词(有的只可以修饰可数名词,有的只可以修饰不可数名词)等结合起来进行考查。名词的辨析、可数与不可数、同一名词的可数与不可数的不同意义,名词的一些习惯表达法都是考查的要点。本讲重点对名词几个常见考点进行剖析。 1.名词的意义:从英语语法角度讲,表示人物、时间、地点、事物或抽象概念的词我们通常都称其为名词。例如chairman Shanghai milk physics 等。 2.名词的种类:总体上我们将英语中的名词分为 两大类专有名词 普通名词

专有名词 个体名词可数名词 名词集体名词 普通名词物质名词 抽象名词不可数名词 (A)专有名词:表示人或物所特有的名字,通常是人名、地名、书 报刊名、团体组织、机关名称等。例如Tom ,Beijing University , the United Nations. 专有名词的第一个字母要大写。 (B)普通名词:表示一类人、事物、物质或是表示一个抽象概念的 名词。例如 worker ,TV pen 等,普通名词可以分为以下四类: (1)个体名词:表示单个的人或单个的事物的名词。Chair car (2) 集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的总称的名词。Class army police 由于本身就是复数意义,通常不再通过加-s变成复数,但是在主谓一致关系中要看是否表示整体,如果强调的是 组成该集体的个体概念时谓语动词用复数,如果表示整体要用单数,具体情况见主谓一致部分的讲解。

英语国家概况名词解释

美国山脉: The Appalachians on the east stretch almost unbroken from Alabama to the Canadian border and beyond.The eastern United States is broad, flat coastal plain. The Great Plain lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. To the west of the interior basin lies the mighty system of mountain Cordillera. 英国议会: The UK Parliament is one of the oldest representative assemblies in the world, having its origins in the mid-thirteenth-century great councils. Parliaments is the supreme legislative body and the assembly that Government is drawn from and answerable to. It comprise three elements: the Crown, the non-elected House of Commons, of which the latter is the source of real political power in the United Kingdom. In theory, the main function of Parliament is to legislate, that is, to create, abolish or amend new laws for the entire nation. But, in practice, it normally passes bills that are often proposed by the government. In addition, Parliament also votes the taxation and expenditures of the government; examines government policies and administration; and debates major political issues of the day. New England: New England is a region in the northeastern corner of the United States consisting of the six states.It was one of the settlements by British colonists.it is a leader in innovative business methods,publishing,and the design and production of high-tech weaponry,aircraft,engines, tools and computers. Protestantism: One of the three major branches of Christianity,originating in the sixteenth-century reformation in Europe. The term applies to the belief of Christians who do not adhere to roman catholicism or eastern orthodoxy. The Renaissance The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century and profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the

汽车专业英语词汇及重要名词解释

A (engine type) liquid cooled, in-line, 4cylinder, carb (发动机型号)水冷,直列,四缸,化油器式 (engine) compression ratio (发动机)压缩比(engine) displacement (发动机)排量(engine) fuel (发动机)燃料 13-mode 13工况 3rd gear 三档齿轮 3-way seat 三向座椅 4WD control device 四轮驱动控制装置 4WD indicator switch 四轮驱动指示灯开关 4WD lamp electrical connection 四轮驱动指示灯接线 4WD switch 四轮驱动开关 5th synchromesh assy. 五档同步器总成 6PK belt 6PK 多楔驱动皮带 A / C compressor assembly 空调压缩机总成 A / C control assembly 空调控制装置 A/C & heater assy. 空调加热器总成 A/C blower 空调鼓风机 A/C clutch 空调压缩机离合器 A/C compressor MTG bracket 空调压缩机安装支架 A/C control assy. 空调控制器 A/C housing assy. 空调箱总成 A/C low pressure switch 空调低压开关 A/C mode select switch 空调状态选择开关abdomen performance criterion 腹部性能指标 Abdominal Peak Force 腹部力峰值 ABS 防抱死制动系统 acceleration fuel system 加速系统acceleration running noise level 加速行驶噪声 accelerator interlocking type 加速踏板联锁式 accounting foundation 财政基础 Actual cycle work 实际循环功 Actual torso angle 实际躯干角 adapter 连接器additional features 附加装置 additional rule 附加法规 adjust screw 调整螺钉 adjuster cable 调整拉线 adjuster plug 调整盖 adjuster screw assy. 调整螺栓总成 adjuster washer 调整棘片 adjuster, diff. bearing 差速器轴承调整螺母Adjustment system 调节装置Administration and Registration Division 管理科 Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts Which Can Be Fitted and/or Be Used on Wheeled Vehicles and the Conditions for Reciprocal Recognition of Approvals Granted on the Basis of These Prescriptions关于对轮式车辆、安装和/或用于轮式车辆的装备和部件采用统一条件并相互认可基于上述条件批准的协定书Agreement Regulations 协定法规 air cleaner 空气滤清器 air cleaner assy. 空气滤清器总成 air cleaner cartridge 空气滤清器滤芯 Air compressor 空压机 air condition compressor 空调压缩机 air direct 空气走向 air filter 空气滤清器 air flow 空气流向 Air flow meter 空气流量计 air jet 空气量孔 air metering hole 空气量孔 air path 气道 Air Pressure of Tire 轮胎气压 Air type 空气型 air valve 空气阀 air-cooled 风冷 Aisles 通道 Alcohol 酒精 all bearing 球轴承 alternater bracket 发动机支架 alternator 交流发电机 alterntor assembly 交流发电机总成alumininum-rim 铝合金钢圈

英概考试:名词解释

1.The British Isles 2.The “square mile” 3.Hippies 4.Punks 5.GCSE The main examination that all students should take at 16 is the Central Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) 6.A-levels Advanced level 7.The Commonwealth 8.Working class 9.Civil (wedding) ceremony 10.Cohabitation 11.House-husband 12.Day Centers 13.Sheltered housing 14.Council house 15.Generation gap 16.The Protestant Church 17.The Church of England 18.The Roman Catholic Church 19.Welfare state 20.The Beveridge Report 21.Welfare provision 22.Absolute poverty 23.Relative poverty 24.Mixed economy 25.Nationalization 26.Privatization 27.Forms of business organization 28.The City of London 29.Typical British family 30.Parliamentary/representative democracy 31.Sheltered housing 32.Conjugal roles 33.Social security (in welfare) 34.Two-chamber system 35.Constituency 36.National Trust 37.Beatniks 38.Trade unions https://www.docsj.com/doc/1c8087163.html,belling at school 40.Youth hostels 41.Pensioners 42.Nuclear family

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