托福模拟考试及答案解析(11)
托福模拟考试及答案解析（11）
(1~12/共51题)阅读理解
THE TRICKSTER FIGURE IN MYTHOLOGY 1 In the study of mythology, the character known as the trickster is a god, spirit, human, or animal who breaks the rules of the gods or nature, sometimes maliciously but usually with results that are positive. The rule breaking often takes the form of mischief or thievery. The trickster is usually male but occasionally disguises himself in female form. He can be cunning or foolish, or both, and often very humorous. His curiosity leads him into trouble, but he rescues himself with his sly wit. When he plays tricks, he performs important cultural tasks that benefit humans, and for this reason the trickster is a significant figure in world mythology.
2 In different cultures, the trickster and the hero are combined in various ways. In Greek mythology, Prometheus steals fire from the gods and gives it to humans, a feat making him more of a hero than a trickster, and he is usually portrayed as an intellectual. In many Native American stories, Coyote also steals fire from the gods, but Coyote is usually more of a jokester or a prankster than an intellectual.
3 The trickster is both creator and destroyer, giver and taker, one who tricks others and is tricked in return. The pranks of the trickster are compulsive and uncontrollable. He does not act consciously; he acts out of passion and impulse. He knows neither good nor evil, yet he is responsible for both. He possesses no morals, yet through his behavior morality comes into being. According to psychologist Carl Jung, the trickster is "a primitive cosmic being of divine-animal nature, on the one hand superior to man because of his superhuman qualities, and on the other hand inferior to him because of his unreason and unconsciousness."
4 In Native American mythology, the majority of trickster myths concern the creation or transformation of the earth. Such stories have a trickster who is always wandering, who is always hungry, who is not guided by normal ideas of good and evil, and who possesses some magical powers. In some stories he is a deity, and in others he is an animal or human that is subject to death. Several of these myths feature Raven or Coyote as the trickster-hero.
5 In many creation myths of the Pacific Northwest, Raven illustrates the transformational nature of tricksters. Raven is the greatest shapeshifter of all and can change into anything to get what he wants. In one story, there is darkness at the beginning of the world, so Raven decides he will find light. He flies far from the earth, searching in the darkness, until he spots a glimmer of light coming from a window in the house of the gods. Raven knows the gods are protective of their possessions, so he devises a trick. He perches on a pine branch next to the house and watches each day as the chief god's daughter draws water from a nearby lake. He magically transforms himself into a pinyon seed and falls into the girl's drinking cup. The girl swallows the seed, which grows within her body, and she eventually gives birth to a boy. The child delights his grandparents, and his laughter tricks the elder gods into revealing where they hide a shining ball of light. The gods give the child the ball to play with, and then Raven transforms back to a bird and flies off carrying the ball of light in his beak. He hangs the ball—the sun—in the sky, thereby bringing light to the world.
6 Coyote's character is similar to that of Raven, and both appear in stories carrying out similar roles. In several stories from the American Southwest, Coyote steals fire from a group of "fire beings" and gives it to humans. In some tales Coyote wants to make human life more interesting, so he introduces sickness, sorrow, and death. He often teaches through negative
example by employing the human vices of lying, cheating, and stealing. His tricks often bring about destructive natural phenomena, such as a great flood that destroys the earth. However, by causing the flood, Coyote leads the human race to a new and better world. Coyote shows us that at the heart of the trickster is a savior whose great gift to humans is showing them new ways of knowing and doing.
Glossary:
mischief: tendency to play tricks or cause minor trouble
thievery: the act of theft; stealing
pinyon seed: the seed of a pine tree; pine nut
第1题
The word maliciously in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A.destructively
B.falsely
C.bravely
D.mistakenly
第2题
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.In world mythology, every important aspect of human culture is the result of the trickster's behavior.
B.The trickster develops human culture by tricking people into performing dangerous cultural tasks.
C.When the trickster wants to be helpful, he devises a trick that will teach people what is important.
D.The trickster is an important mythological character because his tricks contribute positively to human culture.
第3题
The author discusses Prometheus and Coyote in paragraph 2 in order to
A.illustrate two different views of the trickster-hero
B.explain how humans received the gift of fire
C.argue that the trickster is an intellectual hero
D.encourage readers to study world mythology
第4题
The word pranks in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A.funny stories
https://www.docsj.com/doc/f710581390.html,plex plans
C.mischievous acts
D.divine traits
第5题
All of the following are traits of the trickster EXCEPT
A.a desire to break the rules
B.the ability to disguise himself
C.superhuman powers
D.awareness of good and evil
第6题
Native American stories with a trickster-hero are usually about
A.the victory of good over evil
B.the creation or transformation of the world
C.the struggle to control one's nature
D.the punishment of humans by the gods
第7题
The word spots in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to
A.imagines
B.transforms
C.locates
D.destroys
第8题
The author tells a story about Raven in which the trickster
A.gives humans the gift of fire
B.changes into a young girl
C.steals the sun from the gods
D.causes a destructive flood
第9题
The word savior in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to
A.one who wants total power
B.one who rescues others from harm
C.one who causes terrible suffering
D.one who cares about only himself
第10题
It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which statement about the trickster?
A.The trickster is responsible for many serious problems in the world today.
B.The trickster shows us that there is no difference between good and evil.
C.The trickster serves as an explanation for creation, change and renewal.
D.The trickster teaches children that lying and stealing are acceptable behavior.
第11题
Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?
Like Raven, Coyote is a master transformer whose mischievous power is responsible for events that benefit humanity.
Coyote's character is similar to that of Raven, and both appear in stories carrying out similar roles.
A In several stories from the American Southwest, Coyote steals fire from a group of "fire beings" and gives it to humans. In some tales Coyote wants to make human life more interesting, so he introduces sickness, sorrow, and death.
B He often teaches through negative example by employing the human vices of lying, cheating, and stealing.
C His tricks often bring about destructive natural phenomena, such as a great flood that destroys the earth. However, by causing the flood, Coyote leads the human race to a new and better world.
D Coyote shows us
that at the heart of the trickster is a savior whose great gift to humans is showing them new ways of knowing and doing.
第12题
Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the trickster that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points. Answer Choices
A. Introduces sickness, sorrow, and death to make life more interesting
B. Transforms into various shapes to achieve his purposes
C. Appears as an intellectual hero in stories of good and evil
D. Creates a ball of silver light that becomes the moon
E. Changes into a seed to gain entrance to the house of the gods
F. Causes a great flood and then leads humans to a better world
G. Brings light to the world by playing a trick on the gods
Raven
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Coyote
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下一题
(13~25/共51题)阅读理解
DADA AND POP ART 1 Dada was a subversive movement in the arts that flourished mainly in France, Switzerland, and Germany from 1916 to 1923. Dada was based on the principles of deliberate irrationality, disorder, and anarchy. Dada protested all forms of authority and convention. It rejected laws of beauty and social organization and attempted to discover authentic reality through the destruction of traditional culture and aesthetic forms. In Dada there was only one rule: Never follow any established rules. There was no predominant medium; however, assemblage, collage, and photomontage were techniques frequently employed. Dadaist art was nonsensical, impulsive, and often playful. The movement's founders included the French artist Jean Arp and the writers Tristan Tzara and Hugo Ball. At a meeting of young artists in 1916 in Zurich, one of them inserted a paper knife into a French-German dictionary. The knife pointed to the word dada, a French baby-talk word for a hobby-horse, which the group saw as an appropriate term for their anti-art.
2 Dada emerged from despair over the First World War and disgust for the conservative values of society. Dada was the first expression of protest against the war. Dadaists used absurdity to create artworks that mocked society yet defied intellectual analysis, such as the use of "found" objects in sculptures and installations. The forerunner of the Dadaists, and ultimately their leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 191
3 created his first "ready-made," the Bicycle Wheel, consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. In his effort to discourage aesthetics, Duchamp shocked the art establishment with these ready—mades—manufactured objects that he selected and exhibited—including a bottle rack and a comb. The Dada movement extended to literature and music and became international after the war. In the United States the
movement was centered in New York City. Dadaists on both sides of the Atlantic had one goal in common: to demolish current aesthetic standards.
3 Fifty years after the Dadaists, another generation of artists reacted to the standards and values of society. However, instead &rejecting ordinary things, the young artists of the Pop movement of the 1960s embraced them. Pop artists were curious about the commercial media of ads, billboards, newsprint, television, and all aspects of popular culture. Thus, the barrier between "high" and "low" art collapsed, which the Dadaists had aimed for and the Pop artists attained with an energy not seen before.
4 Pop art received its name from critic Lawrence Alloway, who considered Pop to be the culture of the mass media, photographs, and posters—a style that must be popular, transitory, and witty. The subject matter of Pop art was derivative, depicting something that had already been published or produced, such as comic strips, soft-drink bottles, and photographs of movie stars. Pop art caught on quickly; it was art about mass consumption that was eagerly consumed by the masses.
5 The most popular of the Pop artists was the painter Roy Lichtenstein. Lichtenstein painted enlarged copies of the least "arty" things he could find: romance and adventure comic strips. He was the first American artist to react to comic strips, finding beauty in these crude designs, along with a distinct sense of style. Lichtenstein also painted other pictorial styles, including blowups of other artists' brushstrokes and parodies of Cubism and Art Deco.
6 Andy Warhol, more than any other Pop artist, took on the mind-numbing overload of American mass culture. Warhol began his career as a commercial illustrator, and in 1962 he had his first exhibition in an art gallery, where he showed his 32 Campbell's Soup Cans. The thirty-two soup cans are about sameness: same brand, same size, same paint surface, and same fame. They mimic the condition of mass advertising. All of Warhol's work flowed from one central insight: mass culture is filled with images that become meaningless by being repeated again and again, and in this glut of information is a role for art. Warhol felt this and embodied it. He conveyed a collective state of mind in which celebrity—a famous brand name or the image of a famous person—had completely replaced sacredness in art.
Glossary:
aesthetic: relating to beauty; artistic
第13题
According to the passage, the main goal of the Dada movement was to
A.stimulate public interest in art
B.change the goals of art education
C.destroy traditional standards of art
D.make mass media the subject of art
第14题
The author mentions a hobby-horse in paragraph 1 in order to
A.explain the origin of the name "Dada"
B.illustrate how Dadaists created art
https://www.docsj.com/doc/f710581390.html,pare art to a children's game
D.give an example of a "ready-made"
第15题
According to the passage, one way in which the Dadaists mocked society was by
A.refusing to fight in the First World War
B.writing plays about social class
https://www.docsj.com/doc/f710581390.html,ing "found" objects in works of art
D.criticizing the commercial media
第16题
The word forerunner in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A.leading writer
B.earliest artist
C.main critic
D.fastest runner
第17题
The passage gives all of the following as examples of "ready-mades" EXCEPT
A.a bicycle wheel
B.a bottle rack
C.a soup can
D.a comb
第18题
The word embraced in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A.mocked
B.ignored
C.welcomed
D.defended
第19题
It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that the Pop artists
A.reacted against the Dada movement
B.were more popular than the Dadaists
C.criticized art for being too commercial
D.succeeded in changing ideas about art
第20题
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Pop art could be produced and consumed more quickly than any other mass media.
B.The public enthusiastically accepted Pop art, which portrayed commercial culture.
C.The mass media quickly reached large audiences, thus influencing attitudes about art.
https://www.docsj.com/doc/f710581390.html,rge numbers of people bought Pop art, even though they could not understand it.
第21题
Which artist created works based on other styles and the work of other artists?
A.Marcel Duchamp
https://www.docsj.com/doc/f710581390.html,wrence Alloway
C.Roy Lichtenstein
D.Andy Warhol
第22题
The phrase took on in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to
A.hated
B.was afraid of
C.invented
D.responded to
第23题
The word glut in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to
A.excess
B.definition
C.fear
D.absence
第24题
. Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?
Whereas the visual arts had previously ignored current events, Dadaists reacted to the crisis and accused society of allowing it to happen.
Dada emerged from despair over the First World War and disgust for the conservative values of society. Dada was the first expression of protest against the war. A Dadaists used absurdity to create artworks that mocked society yet defied intellectual analysis, such as the use of "found" objects in sculptures and installations. B The forerunner of the Dadaists, and ultimately their leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 1 9 1 3 created his first "readymade," the Bicycle Wheel, consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. In his effort to discourage aesthetics, Duchamp shocked the art establishment with these ready—made—manufactured objects that he selected and exhibited—including a bottle rack and a comb. C The Dada movement extended to literature and music and became international after the war. D In the United States the movement was centered in New York City. Dadaists on both sides of the Atlantic had one goal in common: to demolish current aesthetic standards.
A.A
B.B
C.C
D.D
第25题
Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the art movement that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points. Answer Choices
A. Reflected the mass media of advertising, newsprint, and television
B. Was an anti-art movement in the visual arts, literature and music
C. Focused on transitory impressions and the changing effects of light
D. Depicted things that had already been produced in other media
E. Originated as a protest against the First World War
F. Found beauty in comic strips and other images from popular culture
G. Emphasized the act of creating art over the finished work of art
H. Used "found" objects and "ready-mades" in works of art
I. Created art out of famous brand names and images of famous people
Dada
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Pop Art
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(26~38/共51题)阅读理解
DEFORESTATION IN NORTH AMERICA 1 The land area of the United States and Canada is just over 4.8 billion acres. When large numbers of Europeans began to arrive in the eighteenth century, almost one-third of that area was covered with old-growth forests. In the eastern half of the continent, nearly 90 percent of the land was thick with forests of elm, ash, beech, maple, oak, and hickory. By the end of the nineteenth century, after several decades of intensive deforestation, only half of the original forests remained.
2 During the first two centuries of European colonization, settlement was concentrated along the East Coast, having almost no effect on the vast forests covering the continent. Then, in the first half of the nineteenth century, agriculture expanded and settlers began to move westward in search of land for new farms. Land for agriculture came almost exclusively from clearing forests. The demand for farmland and timber continued to soar, and by 1850, more than 100 million acres of old-growth forest had been cut or burned off in the Northeast, the Southeast, the Great Lakes region, and along the St. Lawrence River.
3 Along with agriculture, industrialization was a major cause of deforestation. The Industrial Revolution was fueled by North America's abundance of wood, as iron makers relied on charcoal, or charred wood, to fire their furnaces. Hardwoods such as oak produced the best charcoal, which charcoal burners made by slowly burning logs in kilns until they were reduced to concentrated carbon. It took eight tons of wood to make two tons of charcoal to smelt one ton of iron. Thus, the toll on the forests was high, as countless acres were cut to feed the furnaces of the iron industry.
4 The transportation technology of the Industrial Revolution contributed greatly to deforestation. The river steamboats that came into operation after 1830 had a voracious appetite for wood. To keep their wheels turning, steamboats typically took on fuel twice a day. The wood was supplied by thousands of "wood hawks" along the banks of the Ohio and Mississippi with stacks of cut firewood. Annual consumption of wood on riverboats continued to increase until 1865. Consequently, river valleys that had the heaviest traffic were stripped of their forests.
5 After 1860, immigration and westward expansion surged, and railroads swept over the continent. Clean-burning hardwood was the preferred fuel of the "iron horses," which required the cutting of 215,000 acres of woodland to stay in operation for one year. Not only did wood fuel the steam engines, but enormous amounts of oak and locust also went into the manufacture of railcars, ties, fencing, bridges, and telegraph poles. Railroads in the United States and Canada stretched from coast to coast by 1885, and each additional mile of railroad meant at least two more miles of fencing and 2,500 ties.
6 Other major consumers of forest products included ordinary homeowners. More than four out of five of the houses constructed in the early nineteenth century—from log cabins to clapboard cottages—were built mainly of wood and roofed with wooden shingles. All were filled with wooden furniture. Two-thirds of all households in North America were heated by open, wood-burning fireplaces, and it took between 10 and 20 acres of forest to keep a single fireplace burning for one year.
7 Throughout the century, the timber industry continued to supply the single most valuable raw material for a rapidly expanding population. Between 1840 and 1860, the annual production of lumber rose from 1.6 million to 8 billion board feet. This increase was made possible by the widespread application of steam power. Wood-fueled steam engines powered the sawmills, moved and barked the logs, and finished the boards. Railroad lines were now built right into the forests so that felled logs could be shipped directly to market. These innovations had their greatest impact on the Great Lakes region. By 1890 the technology of the timber industry had triumphed over the natural abundance of the forests, and woodlands that had once seemed endless were now depleted.
第26题
The word thick in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A.flat
B.dense
C.humid
D.open
第27题
What point does the author make about deforestation in North America?
A.It occurred mostly within a single century.
B.It changed how people thought about trees.
C.It provided jobs in several related industries.
D.It caused an economic crisis in two countries.
第28题
According to the passage, all of the following contributed to deforestation EXCEPT
A.the expansion of agriculture
B.an increase in forest fires
C.the use of charcoal as a fuel
D.steamboat transportation
第29题
Why does the author use the word toll in discussing the iron industry in paragraph 3?
A.To show that the process of smelting iron was expensive
B.To illustrate the impact of forest fires on the iron industry
C.To point out that the iron industry had to pay high taxes
D.To emphasize that large areas of woodland were eliminated
第30题
The word voracious in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A.varying
B.greedy
C.strange
D.moderate
第31题
The phrase "wood hawks" in paragraph 4 describes
A.a type of riverboat
B.a species of tree
C.people who sold wood
https://www.docsj.com/doc/f710581390.html,rge woodland birds
第32题
The word surged in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to
A.stopped
https://www.docsj.com/doc/f710581390.html,peted
C.fluctuated
D.increased
第33题
It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that "iron horses" were
A.machines that made ties and fencing
B.railroad company executives
C.steam engines that moved trains
D.animals that helped build railroads
第34题
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Most of the houses in the nineteenth century were log cabins or clapboard cottages with simple roofs.
B.There were four or five main house styles in the early nineteenth century, and all were built of wood.
C.In the nineteenth century, wood construction was popular because wood could be used in a number of ways.
D.Wood was the primary construction material of the vast majority of houses built in the early nineteenth century.
第35题
It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that in the early nineteenth century
A.wooden houses were more popular than they are today
B.the construction industry dominated the economy
C.more people owned homes than they do today
D.home heating was a major reason for cutting trees
第36题
According to paragraph 7, the tremendous increase in the production of lumber was primarily due to
A.the availability of land
B.an increase in the labor supply
C.innovations in technology
D.timber industry leadership