考研英美文学名词解释-2010卷

2010卷

对诗歌的点评可以包括以下几个方面：首先是诗的格律，押韵和诗的体式，这是诗歌形式上的基本特征。接下来可以分析诗的内容，其中包括主题、用词、修辞手法、意义、特点和风格。p34 To Autumn 为例答案P44

格式：

1.It is written in a .......-stanza structure with a variable rhyme scheme. Each stanza is .......lines long, and each is metered in a ...... In terms of both thematic organization and ryhme scheme, each stanza is divided rough into......parts. In each stanza, the first part is made up of the first ......lines of the stanza, and the second part is made up of the ......lines. The first part of each stanza follows an (abab)...... rhyme scheme, the first line rhyming with the ...... , and the second line rhyming with the ....... The stanza is arranged as (cdedcce)......

2.解释一下文章的意思，用原文中的关键词

3.象征意义，symbol, metaphor,

4.总结。In both its form and descriptive surface, ...... is a ......ode. There is .......The extraordinary of this poem lies in......

小说的点评：p35, 答案p46

1.title分析, 概述文章大意

2.symbol, the author stresses his point that ...... 文章相关人物与主人公的对比。多个意

象扩充论据。

3.总结，so from the major theme of the story, ...... we can see ......is a 流派

对比诗歌作答

1.... and ... are both the poems on.... .in ...poem, she...while....

2....however, 对比。

2010年北外

1.Summarize the plot of...

It tells a story of ...高度概括，短语

The story shows that 升华

2.The major themes...

There are ... themes in the story: one is ...; and the other is...

答题规律：①表面上的主题，以及与人性相关的主题，堕落等。

②Although the story begins as a work of conventional realism, its themes can be

interpreted allegorically, 比喻义，与圣经等有关。

https://www.docsj.com/doc/df13357094.html,ment on the characterization of ...

The author employs the... devices to depict .... As we read on, we can find ... is ...: 具体细节（1）（2）（3）. ...is depicted as...

...begins with....What is ironic about the story is ...

At first sight, A is ....But it turns out that ....

B is...

4.the ending part

...is a quite ironical exposure. ....The ending is the shattering of illusions, and it is echoing well with the description of the beginning.

2010年北二外

1.American Transcendentalism

Ameican Transcendentalism was an important movement in philosophy that flourished during the early to middle years of the 19th century. It spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. It placed emphasis on spirit, regarding it as the most important thing in the Universe. It also stressed the importance of the individual, seeing nature as symbolic of the spirit of God.

The representative writer is Henry Thoreau with his Walden.

2.The Southern Renaissance

It was the re-invigoration of American Southern literature that began in the 1920s and 1930s. The southern Renaissance changed the traditional southern literature with its share major themes: The first was the burden of history in a place where many people still remembered slavery, reconstruction, and a devastating military defeat. The second theme was to focus on the South’s conservative culture, specifically on how an individual could exist without losing a sense of identity. The final theme was the South’s troubled history in regards to racial issues.

The representative writer is William Faulkner with his A Rose for Emily.

3.The Beat Generation

The Beat Generation referred to a loose-knit group of poets and novelists, writing in the second half of the 1950s and early 1960s. They shared a set of social attitudes--anti-establishment, anti-political, anti-intellectual, opposed to the prevailing cultural, literary, and moral values, and in favor of unfettered self-realization and self-expression.

Allen Ginsberg’s long poem Howl and Jack Kerouac’s On the Road.

北京航空大学2010

1.point of view

It is the vantage point from which a narrative is told. There are two basic points of view: first-person and third-person.

2.Heroic couplet

Heroic couplet are the lines of iambic pentameter which rhymes in pairs: aa,bb,cc, and so on. The adjective “heroic”is applied in the later 17th century because of the frequent use of such couplets in heroic poems and dramas. This verse form is introduced into English poetry by Geoffery Chaucer.

3.Dramatic monologue

It is a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s life, and the dramatic monologue reveals the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.

4.symbolism

It was a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century, and greatly

influenced many English writers, particularly poets of the 20th century. To the symbolism poets, an emotion is indefinite and therefore difficult to communicate. Symbolist poets tend to avoid any direct statement of meaning. Instead, they work through emotionally powerful symbols that suggest meaning and mood.

5.postmodernism

It is a tendency in contemporary culture characterized by the rejection of objective truth and global cultural narrative. It emphasizes the role of language. power relations, and motivations; in particular it attacks the use of sharp chassifications such as male versus female, straight versus gay, whiter versus black, and imperial versus colonial.

1.Highlight Nobel Prize Laureate Eugene O’Neill

O’Neill is the greatest American dramatist of the first half of the 20th century. He is the first playwright to explore seious themes in the theater and to carry out his continual, vigorous, courageous experiments with theatrical conventions. O’Neill successfully introduces the European theatrical trends of realism, naturalism and expressionism to the American stage as devices to express his comprehensive interest in life and humanity. He makes great contributions to establishing the modes of the modern American drama. His success in the realistic and expressionistic drama has turned others from the traditions of romantic comedy and melodrama which had bound the American stage for so long, and opens the way for new literary experiments. All his life O’Neill remains individual and nonpolitical. He stands aloft among his contemporary playwrights.

2.W.B.Yeats’ literary style

He is one of the greatest poets, not only in the 20th century, but of all times. His early poems are characterized by a dreamy romanticism in both their forms and contents. He is interested in the Gaelic language, song, and folklore, and uses effects borrowed from Gaelic literature in his own poems. Yeats’ poetic style undergoes a number of transformations as he grows older. He can be considered a Symbolist poet in that he uses allusive imagery and symbolic structures. Yeats chooses words and assembles them so that they could suggest other abstract thoughts which may seem more significant and resonant. His use of symbols is usually something physical which is used both to be itself and to suggest other, perhaps immaterial, timeless qualities.

3.The literary features of American Southern Literature

Southern literature is defined as literature about the South of the United States or by writers from this region. Literary features of Southern literature include a focus on a common Southern history, the significance of family, a sense of community and one’s role within it, the religion and the burdens or rewards religion often brings, issues of racial tension, a sense of social class and place, the use of the Southern dialect and so on.

Many features could b found in William Faulkner’s The Sound and Fury. The novel is set in his fictional Yoknapatawpha County, which functions as an allegory or a parable of the South. The novel centers on the Compson family, the former Southern aristocrats who are struggling to deal with the dissolution of their family and its reputation. The family falls victiom to those vices such as racism, avarice, and selfishness. Over the course of the thirty years or so related in the novel,

the family falls into financial ruin, loses its religious faith, and many of them die tragically. In The Sound and Fury, Faulkner used the South to talk about the violence and evil in human beings.

https://www.docsj.com/doc/df13357094.html,ment on the features of the dramatist

One feature of Shaw is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another. Usually he would take an unconventional character, a person with the gift or insight and freedom, and impinge 冲击it upon a group of conventional social animals, so as to reveal at every turn the stock notions, prejudices and dishonesties. Another feature is that Shaw’s characters are representatives of ideas that shift and alter during the play, bacause Shaw is primarily interested in doctrines.

2.Allan Poe’s artistic view on literature

He believes that meaning in literature should be undercurrent just beneath the surface. Works with obvious meanings cease to be art. He believes that quality work should be brief and focus on a specific single effect. To that end, he believes that the writer should carefully calculate every sentiment and idea. Every word, phrase and sentence contribute to the overall effect.

3.Arthur Miller’s concept of tragedy

Arthur Miller believes that the personal factor is an important element in tragedy, because no one is flawless, but the human situation is a product of forces outside the individual person and the tragedy inherent in this situation is a consequence of the individual’s attempts to fight against an order that degrades. The function of tragedy is to reveal the truth concerning our society, which frustrates and denies his right to personal dignity; and the englightment of tragedy is the discovery of the moral that supports this right.

南京大学2010

1. What Woolf uses to present the life of the titled character in her Mrs. Dalloway？

In Mrs. Dalloway all of the action except flashbacks, takes place on a day in June. Virginia Woolf uses the stream of consciousness to present the life of Mrs. Dalloway: Every scene closely tracks the momentary thoughts of a particular character. Woolf blurs the distinction between direct and indirect speech throughout the novel, alternating her narration with omniscient description, indirect interior monologue, direct interior narration at least 20 characters in this way, but the bulk of the novel is spent with Clarissa Dalloway and Septimus Smith.

天津外国语学院2010

1.Charles Lamb is sometimes called the Shakespeare of the English essay.

Lamb’s greatest achievement are his remarkable words in the essays that he writes under the pseudonym Elia. His style is highly personal and mannered, its function being to create and delineate the persona of Elia, and the writing, though sometimes simple, is never plain. The essays conjure up, with humors and sometimes with pathos; they also recall scenes from childhood and from later life, and they indulge the author’s sense of playfulness and fancy. Beneath their whimisical surface, Lamb’s essays are as much an expression of Romantic movement as the verse of Coleridge and Wordsworth. Elia’s love of urban and suburban subject matter points ahead

toward the work of Charles Dickens.

2.Mobility in the ideological underpinnings of America.

Because the ability for an individual to become wealthy out of poverty does indicate the social mobility. We can clearly see this kind of mobility in Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.

Furthermore, since driving offers an important mobility option for most Americans, the ability to move or travel is associated with freedom, activity and choice, which are other important parts of American ideology. Take Jack Kerouac’s On the Road for example, it is a largely autobiographical work that is based on the spontaneous road trips of Kerouac and his friends across America. On the Road gave voicce to a rising, dissatisfied fringe of the young generation between the late forties and early fifties. In the novel, young people choose their own lifestyle freely. Their feelings, ideas, and experiences are remarkably fresh as expressions of restless, idealistic youth who yearn for something more than the bland conformity of a generally prosperous society.

首师大2010

1.free verse

It is printed in short lines instead of the continuityy of prose, but it differs from a traditional verse by the fact that its rhythmic pattern is not organized into a regular metrical form-that is, into feet, or recurrent units of weak and strong stressed syllables. Most free verses also have irregular line lengths, and either lack rhyme or else use it only occasionally. Walt Whitman is a representative who employs this poem form successfully.

2.Tall tale

A tall tale is a story with unbelievable elements, related as if it were true and factual. A tall tale is a special kind of hero story because the heroes of tall tales are “larger than life”. They are bigger or stronger than real people, even when the tall tale is based on a real person. The tall tale is a fundmental element of American folk literature.

3.Lost generation

This term is used to describe the people of the pose-WW One years, who remained in Paris as a colony of expatriates or exiles. It described the Americans who return to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world. Notable authors as part of the “Lost Generation” are modernists such as Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and so on.

4.Theatre of the Abssurd

5.Romanticism

The effect of irony

The verbal irony used in the excerpt brings a discrepancy between what the author says and what is believed to be true. The effect of the irony is humor; what’s worse, the irony creates a more impressive description and a severer criticism.

南开大学2010

1.Walt Whitman and Leaves of Grass

He is one of the most original and inspiring American Poets, true to his art and to his role as a poet. He devotes himself to poetry eulogizing the native American experience.

Leaves of Grass is America’s first genuine epic poem, which has nine editions with more than 400 poems all written in free verse form. The title implies rebirth, renewal and green life.

2.Old English, middle English and Modern English

3.Realism

It refers to the attempt in literature and art to represent life as it really is, without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the daily life and speech of ordinary people. Its practitioners include William Howells and George Eliot.

4.sonnet

Sonnet is a fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. A sonnet generally expressed a single theme or idea. Sonnets vary in structure and rhyme scheme, but are generally of two type--the Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean sonnet.

5.Alliteration

Alliteration is the repetition of similar sounds, usually consonants or consonant clusters, in a group of words. Sometimes the term is limited to the repetition of initial consonant sounds. It is an important poetic device in Anglo-Saxon poetry where it generally occurs on three of the four stressed syllables in a line.

2010武汉大学

1.the features of T.S. Eliot’s poetry and his contribution to Modernist literature.

The feature of Eliot’s poem first lies in its theme. In The Waste Land, the Western Europe, or Western civilization as a whole is regarded as a waste land. From the theme of The Waste land, we can see the thematic concerns of the modernism--loneliness, isolation and despair.

The charm of The Waste Land is more in its language. Eliot has made radical innovation in modern poetry writing by experimenting with various techniques. His unqiue features in this poem include subtle ironies, disconnected passage, contrasts of the present and past, the mixture of erudition and common speech in his diction, and the juxtaposition of mythic or symbolic images and illusions from past literary works, from fragments of songs and scriptures, from history, and from modern life.

Thus, Eliot has woven the whole poem into a web of imagery and allusions, bringing out a strong effect of multi-dimensionless in its theme. The thematic concern to the world after the war in this poem, along with his experimenting writing techniques, has great impact to the modern literature.

2.An innocent man in a different world

An innocent man in a different world is a recurrent theme in American literature.

Daisy Miller relates the tale of a young girl of America, who goes to Rome and never realizes for one moment that European values can be any different from those of her hometown. For these Americans, it was a process of progression from inexperience to experience, from innocence to knowledge and maturity.

Holden Caulfield in The Catcher in the Rye doesn’t go abroad, but he also experiences a world different from his own. After being expelled from school and afraid of meeting his parents, Holden wanders in the world of decadent New York, and becomes aware of the fact that the world of adults is a phony one, and he is surrounded by jerks of all kinds. It is the innocence of children and reminicences of childhood experience that have ultimately saved Holden from despair and doom.

厦门大学2010

1.Black Humour

It is the grotesque or morbid humor used to express the absurdity, insensitivity, paradox and cruelty of the modern world. Ordinary characters or situations are usually exaggerated far beyond the limits of moral satire or irony.

A.Holden Caulfield

He is the protagonist and the narrator of the novel, a 16-year-old junior, who has just been expelled from a school for academic failure. Although he is intelligent and sensitive, he narrates in a cynical and jaded voice. He finds the hypocrisy and ugliness of the world around him almost unbearable, and through his cynicism he tries to protect himself from the pain and disappointment of the adult world.

B.Willy Loman

He is an insecure, self-deluded traveling salesman. He believes in the American Dream of easy success and wealth, but he never achieves it. Nor do his sons fulfill his hope that they will succeed where he has failed. When his illusions begin to fail under the pressing realities of his life, his mental health begins to unravel. The overwhelming tensions caused by this disparity, as well as those caused by the societal imperatives drives Willy to commit suicide.

C. Ahab

Ahab is an egomaniacal captain, who lost his leg to the whale Moby Dick. He is single-minded in his pursuit of the whale, using a mixture of charisma and terror to persuade his crew to join him. As a captain, he is dictatiorial but not unfair. He is as much a victim as he is an aggressor, and the symbolic opposition that he constructs between himself and the whale Moby Dick propels him toward what he considers a destined end.

1.Lyrical Ballads the milestone to mark the beginning of English Romanticism

In Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth set forth his principle of poetry. As constrasted with the classicists who made reason, order and the old, classitical tradition the criteria in their poetical creations, he based his own poetical principle that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.” He appealed directly to individual sensations as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry. He also held that the function of poetry lies in its power to give an unexpected splendour to familiar and commonplace things. As to language used in poetry, he “endeavored to bring lauguage near to the real language of men,”“by fitting to metrical arrangement a selection of the real language of men” to a state of vivid sensation. These principles helped to crumble the theoretical foundations of the classical school of English poetry and to inspire a new generation of poets.

2.Iceberg theory of writing

The meaning of a piece is not immediately evident, because the crux of the story lies below the surface, just as most of the mass of a real iceberg similarly lies beneath the surface. In Hemingway’s writing, the words only give one small bit of the meaning. The rest is implied.

四川大学2010

1.The age of Realism in American Literature

It came in the early 20th century as a reaction against the trend of romanticism and sentimentalism. It emphasizes a faithful rendering of the ordinary, expressing the concern for common place and the low, and offering an objective view of human nature and human experience.

https://www.docsj.com/doc/df13357094.html,ment on Stephen Crane’s naturalistic novel The Red Badge of Courage

It is a short story with elements of the bildungsroman. The book focuses on the character development of a young soldier after he enlists in the union Army in 1863, during the American Civil War. The novel presents a realistic portrait of the youth and the battle he fights with the enemy and with himself; and it centers on the maturation of a naive youth who matures into a young adult in the crucible of war. But this novel is also obviously under the influence of naturalistic idea, that is, human being is at the mercy of fate or a pitiless universe. In this book, nature carries on with its business regardless of what happens to man. Like a great unfeelinf machine, it functions in its usual way without heed to humans in peril.

英美文学名词解释(1)

Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecti ng the values of the society from which it originated. The style of epic is grand宏伟的 and elevated高尚的. John Milton wrote three great epics:Paradise Lost,Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Sonnet(十四行诗 A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme Renaissance the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival复活 of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition过渡from the medieval to the modern world.the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Humanism人文主义 Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2>it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the impo rtance of the present life.Humanists voiced their belie fs that man was the center of the universe and man did not

英美文学名词解释总结.doc

英美文学名词解释总结 Romance:Anyimaginationliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandth atdealswithaheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvi llainsormonsters.传奇故事：指以理想化的世界为背景并且描写主人公的英雄冒险事迹和善与恶的斗争的想象文学作品。 Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。 Couplet:Itisapairofrhymingverselines,usuallyofthesamelength;oneoft hemostwidelyusedverse-sinEuropeanpoetry.Chaucerestablishedtheus eofcoupletsinEnglish,notablyintheCanterburyTales,usingrhymingiam bicpentameterslaterknownasheroiccoupletsBlankverse:Versewritteni nunrhymediambicpentameter.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。 Conceit:Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlin glydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovid estheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectual kindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。 它虽被视为是一种隐喻，但是它往往构建了整首诗的框架，

古代文学名词解释

三古、七段 三古之分，是中国文学史大的时代断限。在三古之内，又可以细分为七段。 上古期：先秦两汉（公元3世纪以前） 第一段：先秦第二段：秦汉 中古期：魏晋至明中叶（公元3世纪至16世纪） 第三段：魏晋至唐中叶（天宝末）第四段：唐中叶至南宋末第五段：元初至明中叶（正德末） 近古期：明中叶至“五四”运动（公元16世纪至20世纪初期） 第六段：明嘉靖初至鸦片战争（1840）第七段：鸦片战争至“五四”运动（1919） 三古七段说主要着眼于文学本身的发展变化，体现出它的阶段性，而将其他的条件如社会制度的变化、王朝的更替等视为文学发展变化的背景；将文学本身的发展变化视为断限的根据，而将其他的条件视为断限的参照。 神话 是“通过人民的幻想用一种不自觉的艺术方式加工过的自然和社会形式本身”，以故事的形式表现了远古人民对自然、社会现象的认识和愿望。神话通常以神为主人公，包括各种自然神和神化了的英雄人物，情节一般表现为变化、神力和法术，其意义通常显示为对某种自然或社会现象的解释，有的表达了先民征服自然、变革社会的愿望。只有当人类可以凭借语言来表达自己的感情，表达对自然和社会的领悟时，神话才有可能产生。神话在后世仍具有文学魅力，启发后世的文学创作。 《山海经》 是我国古代保存神话资料最多的著作，最具神话学价值。约成书于战国初到汉初之间，应是由不同时代的巫觋、方士根据当时流传的材料编选而成，实际上是一部具有民间原始宗教性质的书。全书共分山经五卷、海外经四卷、海内经五卷、大荒经四卷，内容极其驳杂，除神话传说、宗教祭仪外，还包括我国古代地理、历史、民族、生物、矿产、医药等方面的资料，其中海经、大荒经的神话色彩最浓。诸如鲧禹治水、刑天舞干戚等神话流传广远，对我国神话的传播和研究有极其重要的意义。 神话历史化 即把神话看成历史传说，通常的做法是把天神下降为人的祖神，并把神话故事当做史实看待，虚构出始祖及其发展谱系。这一文化现象在世界其他民族的文化史中或多或少都出现过。中国的神话历史化，是史学家、思想家们自觉或不自觉的行为。在正统的史家或儒家典籍中，难以纳入历史谱系中的半人半兽形的神性形象被抹杀殆尽，违背理性化原则的神话也都遭到削删。另一方面，对神话进行歪曲的解释，使其成为某种现实事件，从而成为构筑远古历史的一块基石。改造的结果是使神话大量消亡，历史向前延伸，各氏族的谱系更加严密。 《诗经》 是我国第一部诗歌总集，原名《诗》，或称“诗三百”，共有305篇，另有6篇笙诗，有目无词。全书主要收集了周初至春秋中叶五百多年间的作品，包括了公卿列士所献之诗、采集于各地的民间之诗以及周王朝乐官保存下来的宗教和宴飨中的乐歌等，产生于今陕西、山西、河南、河北、山东及湖北北部一带，约在公元前6世纪编定成书，作者包括了从贵族到平民的社会各个阶层人士，绝大部分已不可考。 风、雅、颂 风即音乐曲调，国风即各地区的乐调。国是地区、方域之意。十五国风160篇，即这些地区的地方土乐。国风中，豳风全部是西周作品，其他除少数产生于西周外，大部分是东周作品。雅即正，指朝廷正乐，西周王畿的乐调，分为大雅和小雅。大雅31篇是西周的作品，大部分作于西周初期，小部分作于西周末期。小雅共74篇，除少数篇目可能是东周作品外，其余都是西周晚期的作品。大雅的作者，主要是上层贵族；小雅的作者，既有上层贵族，也有下层贵族和地位低微者。颂是宗庙祭祀之乐，许多都是舞曲，音乐可能比较舒缓。周颂31篇，产生于西周初期，每篇只有一章。鲁颂4篇，产生于春秋中叶，都是颂美鲁僖公之作。商颂5篇，约为殷商中后期的作品。

西北大学古代文学考研真题名词解释汇总及参考答案

西北大学古代文学专业考研真题名词解释汇总及参考答案 （2004——2013年） 2004年 1·献诗、采诗、删诗：是古代关于《诗经》编订和成书过程的学说。所谓献诗是指周代公卿列士向周王献诗、陈诗以颂美或讽谏，是有史籍可考的。采诗是指周代设采诗之官，到民间采诗献于朝廷，以了解民情。这种说法确切与否尚有争论。但可以肯定，如果没有周王朝和各诸侯国乐官参与，民间之诗很难汇集于朝廷。所谓的删诗，是指汉人认为，诗经编订成书，经过孔子的删订。事实上，孔子只对《诗经》做过正乐工作，删诗说是不可靠的。2·诗人之赋丽以则，辞人之赋丽以淫：这是杨雄在《法言·吾子》中对不同类型的赋体做出的评价。这里的诗人之赋，指的是屈原的骚赋，杨雄认为，屈原的赋符合诗经精神所以称之为诗人之赋。辞人之赋指唐勒，景差，宋玉，枚乘之赋，其实就是指汉大赋。诗人之赋丽以则，是指屈原的骚赋不失讽喻精神，虽丽而有法度。辞人之赋丽以淫指大赋在辞章上太过分注意修饰，而失去了讽谏意义。 3·左思风力：这是钟嵘在《诗品》中对左思诗歌的评价，左思诗虽不多，但内容充实，风格独特，在太康诗坛上独标一帜，成为当时成就最高的诗人。左思的《咏史》诗被钟嵘认为是“五言之警策”。他借咏史抒发了对现实的不满及感慨。情调高昂，笔力矫健，气势昂扬，是对建安风骨的继承与发扬。这种诗歌精神即后世所说的“左思风力”。 4·初唐四杰：指王勃、杨炯、卢照邻、骆宾王四位初唐诗人。他们官小而才大，位卑而名高。其诗歌重视抒发一己之情，气势壮大，慷慨悲凉。他们反对纤小绮靡的上官体，提倡刚健骨气，为初唐诗坛吹进一阵清新空气。四杰扩大了诗歌题材，推动了律诗歌发展，但诗作仍残留不少南朝遗风。 5·古今作者，唯昌黎最高。行文叙事，面目首尾，不再蹈袭：这是明代吴讷在《文章变体序说》中对韩愈墓志铭文的评价，充分肯定了他对墓志铭文的发展与革新。韩愈在碑志写法上不拘格套，别出手眼，尤其重视细节描写，借一二琐事将传主性格、心态巧妙展现出来，成为生动的人物传记。一举打破传统碑志死气沉沉的局面。与先叙墓主姓名籍贯谱系的碑志惯例不同，韩愈着意于变化。破空而来，一人一样。碑志不惟叙墓主事迹，时亦借以发议论，愈讽刺表现强烈的爱憎之情。 6·婉约词：词的一个流派。婉约即婉转含蓄。本为合乐而歌，内容上多写儿女之情，离愁别绪。音律婉转和谐，语言圆润清丽，有一种柔婉之美，故称婉约词。代表词人是柳永，李清照。 7·江湖诗派：南宋后期，一些没能够入仕的游士流转江湖，以献诗卖文维持生计，成为江湖谒客。以江湖谒客为主的这些诗人就被成为江湖诗派。此派诗人身份各异，没有公认的文学宗主，只有大致相同的创作趋向。内容大多为歌功颂德或叹穷嗟卑，艺术上相对粗糙。8·南戏：南曲戏文的简称。亦称戏文。是宋元时期采用南曲演唱的一种戏曲形式。是中国南方最早兴起的戏曲剧种。南戏最早起始并流行于浙江温州。故亦称永嘉戏曲或者温州杂剧。代表作有《张协状元》《小孙屠》《琵琶记》等。南戏的繁荣发展为明清以来多种地方戏繁荣提供了丰富的营养。在中国戏曲发展史上有重要意义。 9·临川派：明万历时期出现的戏曲文学流派。因开创者汤显祖是临川人，故将追随、效仿汤显祖的一批作家称为临川派。该派创作倾向上有明显的反传统倾向。提倡抒写性灵，表现至情。反对拟古和拘于格律。词曲富于文采。重要成员还有吴炳，孟称舜，洪昇等。10·小说界革命：这是近代文学史上的小说改良运动。1902年梁启超在《新小说》创刊号上发表了《论小说与群治之关系》提出“小说为文学之上乘”。成为小说界革命的纲领。小

英美文学名词解释

1. In the medieval period ， it is Chaucer alone who ， for the first time in English literature ， presented to usa comprehensive __picture of the English society of his time and created a whole galery of vivid ___ from all walks of life in his masterpiece “the Canterbury Tales ”。 A. visionary / women B. romantic /men C. realistic / characters D. natural / figures 2. Although ____ was essentially a medieval writer, he bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new era of literature to come. A. William Langland B. John Gower C. Geoffrey Chaucer D. Edmund Spenser 3. Humanism spume from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious ，intellectual side ，for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on the conception that man is the ____ of all things . A. measure B. king C. lover D. rule 4. The essence of humanism is to ______. A. restore a medieval reverence for the church B. avoid the circumstances of earthly life C. explore the next world in which men could live after death D. emphasize human qualities 5. Many people today tend to regard the play “ The Merchant of Venice ” as a satire of the hypocrisy of ___ and their false standards of friendship and love ， their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against _________ . A. Christians / Jews B. Jews / Christians C. oppressors / oppressed D. people / Jews 6. In “ Sonnet 18 ”， Shakespeare has a profound meditation on the destructive power of _________ and the eternal __________ brought forth by poetry to the one he loves . A. death/ life B. death/ love C. time / beauty D. hate / love 7.In The Pilgrim’s Progress, John Bunyan describes The Vanity Fair in a ______ tone. A. delightful B. satirical C. sentimental D. solemn 8. The religious reformation in the early 16th-century England was a reflection of the class struggles waged by the _____. A. rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology B. working class against the corruption of the bourgeoisie C. landlord class against the rising bourgeoisie and its ideology D. feudal class against the corruption of the Catholic Church 9. The ______ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18th century . A. Renaissance B. Enlightenmrent C. Religious Reformation D. Chartist Movement 10.The 18th century witnessed a new literary form -the modern English novel, which, contrary to the medieval romance, gives a ______ presentation of life of the common English people. A. romantic B. idealistic C. prophetic D. realistic 1. The title of the novel “ A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ” written by James Joyce suggests a character study with strong _________ elements .

古代文学名词解释

【诸子百家】【孔孟】【老庄】【非子】【楚辞】【九歌】【天问】【屈宋】 【三】【建安七子】【建安风骨】【悲愤诗】【正始文学】【竹林七贤】【与山巨源绝交书】【太康体】【三二陆两一左】【左思风力】【玄言诗】【游仙诗】【田园诗】【】【元嘉三大家】【体】【宫体诗】【北地三才】【哀江南赋】【吴歌】【西曲】【敇歌】【伽蓝记】【水经注】【志怪小说】【志人小说】【搜神记】【世说新语】【文赋】【昭明文选】【上官体】 【文章四友】【初唐四杰】【吴中四士】【、宋】【山水田园诗派】【边塞诗派】【七绝圣手】【杜】【“诗史”】【“沉郁顿挫”】【大历十才子】【“五言长城”】【孟诗派】【以文为诗】【郊岛】【长吉体】【新乐府】【新乐府运动】【王乐府】【韦柳】【小杜】【无题诗】【古文】【骈体文】【古文运动】【唐传奇】【变文】【词】【敦煌曲子词】【花间词】【南唐词人】 【易安体】【辛派词人】【宋初三体】【梅】【半山体】【黄】【点铁成金、夺胎换骨】【诗派】【南宋四大家（中兴四大家）】【永嘉四灵】【江湖诗派】【唐宋八大家】【三】【说话】【话本】【论诗绝句三十首】【诸宫调】【旦本、末本】【元曲四大家】【曲状元】【小令】【套曲】【南戏】【永乐大典戏文三种】【“荆拜杀”】 【章回小说】【“七实三虚”】【“三绝”】【繁本和简本】【金本】【神魔小说】【世情小说】【词话本与崇祯本】【三言二拍】【拟话本】【今古奇观】【三灯丛话】【四声猿】【明清传奇】【三大传奇】【四梦】【台阁体】【唐宋派】【公安派】 古代文学考研笔记（全）名词解释（125个） 【上古歌谣】 上古时期的民歌、民谣，是民间文学的一种。我国古代，以合乐为歌，徒歌为谣。上古歌谣是先民表达思想、抒发感情、促进生产的重要工具，是在生产力极为低下的原始时代产生的，是出现最早的文学样式。按题材容，可分为劳动歌谣、祭祀歌谣、图腾歌谣、婚恋歌谣、战争歌谣等。它们具有集体性、综合性和再现生活的直接性，词句简朴，节奏流畅，以赋为其主要表现手法。 【周易】 先时的一部卜筮书。其文字分经、传两部分。其中的卦、爻辞为《易经》，约成于西周初年。它们记载了上古社会的一些情况，保存了一些具有朴素色彩的上古歌谣。《易传》是对经的说明和解释，大部分作于战国时期，反映了当时的哲学思想。 【神话】 神话是上古先民通过幻想以一种不自觉的艺术方式对自然现象和社会生活所作的形象描述和解释，用虚幻的想象表现了先民们征服自然、战胜自然的强烈愿望和乐观主义、英雄主义精神，是人类早期不自觉的积极浪漫主义艺术创作。它是原始文学的一种重要样式，是后世文学艺术的重要土壤和武库。 【山海经】 一部与巫术有关的古代地理著作，作者不详，约成书于战国时，汉时又有增补。共18卷，以记载传说中的地理知识为主，兼及民俗、物产、医药、巫术、祭祀等，尤其是保存了大量上古神话传说，如精卫填海、夸父逐日、黄帝杀蚩尤、鲧禹治水等，是我国先保存神话最多的古籍，具有重要的文学价值。 【诗三百】 即《诗经》。《诗经》在先时不称“经”，而是称“诗”或“诗三百”，如《论语》引《诗》评《诗》即是如此。《诗经》本有305篇，举其整数，故称“诗三百”。西汉初成为官学，被尊为经，始称《诗经》，后世也有沿称“诗三百”的。 【风雅颂】 是《诗经》的三个组成部分，也是根据地域和音乐的不同对《诗经》的分类。风也叫国风，是带有诸侯各

英美文学基础考研真题(A卷答案)

二O 一四年招收硕士研究生入学考试试题A卷 考试科目及代码：英美文学基础（代码：857） 适用专业：英语语言文学；外国语言学及应用语言学 答题内容写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上一律无效。考完后试题随答题纸交回。 考试时间3小时，总分值 150 分。 参考答案及评分标准 Ⅰ Multiple Choice（24 points, 1 point for each）每题1分，共24分。 1. C 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.A 6.B 7. C 8.D 9. C 10.A 11.C 12. D 13.D 14.D 15.C 16.B 17. C 18. D 19. A 20. A 21. B 22. D 23.B 24. A II Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the context. Write your answers on your answer sheet. (1 point for each, 15 points in total) 1. poetry 2. English 3. Lyrical Ballads 4. dominant 5. heredity 6. stream-of-consciousness 7. Iceberg 8. Songs of Experience 9. greatest 10. Imperialism 11. marriage 12. Y ossarian 13. transcendentalism 14. The American Scholar

中国古代文学考研试题汇总

中国古代文学考研试题汇总 北京大学2009年中国古代文学考研试题 古代文学专业 一、名词解释： 《庄子·天下》丁卯集弹词“新文体” 二、解释诗歌划线的句子并赏析（两首诗选一） 泛颍苏轼 我性喜临水，得颍意甚奇。到官十日来，九日河之湄。 吏民笑相语，使君老而痴。使君实不痴，流水有令姿。 绕郡十余里，不驶亦不迟。上流直而清，下流曲而漪。 画船俯明镜，笑问汝为谁。忽然生鳞甲，乱我须与眉。 散为百东坡，顷刻复在兹。此岂水薄相，与我相娱嬉。 声色与臭味，颠倒眩小儿。等是儿戏物，水中少磷淄。 赵陈两欧阳，同参天人师。观妙各有得，共赋泛颍诗。 过白岸亭诗谢灵运 拂衣遵沙垣，缓步入蓬屋。近涧涓密石，远山映疏木。 空翠难强名，渔钓易为曲。援萝临青崖，春心自相属。 交交止栩黄，呦呦食萍鹿。伤彼人百哀，嘉尔承筐乐。 荣悴迭去来，穷通成休慽。未若长疏散，万事恒抱朴。 三、“诗三百”的抒情艺术。 四、建安诗风对唐代诗人影响的具体表现。 五、比较《西厢记》中崔莺莺和《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘的形象。 六、《水浒传》的叙事艺术。 古代文学专业基础 第一部分 25个填空 班固的汉书里，史记的别称是（）。 九歌有（）篇，最后一篇是（），是送神的曲。 介子推和传统节日（）有关。 “时有古今，地有南北，字有变革，音有转移”是（）在（）书里说的。山海经属于四部中的（）部（）类。 25个选择（题目太多，没记得下来几个，故略之，见谅） 下列哪个学说与柏拉图无关（） 模仿；灵感；形象；-- 下列哪个属于康德的三大理性批判（） 绝对理性；判断力；历史理性；纯粹理性 下列哪个不属于吴方言区（） 上海；苏州；昆山；南京 08年去世的王元化先生在哪部著作里进行了中西--的比较（） 文心雕龙创作论；--；--；--

英美文学四大思潮名词解释(全英)

Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century.It was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe.The ideologies and events of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution laid the background for Romanticism. The Enlightenment also had influence on Romanticism .It was a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe.The Romantic literature of the nineteenth century concentrating on emotion, nature, and the expression of "nothing".famous romanticism writers are such as william Wordsworth:lyrical ballods、william whitman ：leaves of grass Realism beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-19th- and early-20th-century .It was a reaction againest romanticism and paved the way to modernism.the realism is product of europe capitalist system?s establishment and development.the philosophy and science of europe in 19th century has promated its production authors trend to depictions of contemporary life and society as it was, or is. In the spirit of general "realism" ,realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized

英美文学史名词解释

英美文学史名词解释 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT

英美文学史名词解释 1.English Critical Realism English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality. The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are the most important representative of English critical realism. 2.The "Stream of Consciousness" The "stream of consciousness" is a psychological term indicating "the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person's will." In late 19th century, the literary device of "interior monologue" was originated in France as an application of modern psychological knowledge to literary creations. In the 20th century, under the influence of Freud 's theory of psychological analysis, a number of writers adopted the "stream of consciousness" method of novel writing. The striking feature

古代文学名词解释

古代文学名词解释 1、楚辞：“楚辞”又称“楚词”，是战国时代的伟大诗人屈原创造的一种诗体。作用楚地（今两湖一带）的文学样式、方言声韵，叙写楚地的山川人物、历史风情，具有浓厚的地方特色。汉代时，刘向把屈原的作品及宋玉等人“承袭屈赋”的作品编辑成集，名为《楚辞》。楚辞，其本义是指楚地的言辞，后来逐渐固定为两种含义：一是诗歌的体裁，一是诗歌总集的名称（在一定程度上也代表了楚国文学）。从诗歌体裁来说，它是战国后期以屈原为代表的诗人，在楚国民歌基础上开创的一种新诗体。从总集名称来说，它是西汉刘向在前人基础上辑录的一部“楚辞”体的诗歌总集，收入战国楚人屈原、宋玉的作品以及汉代贾谊、淮南小山、庄忌、东方朔、王褒、刘向诸人的仿骚作品。 2、汉乐府：两汉乐府是指由朝廷乐府系统或相当于乐府职能的音乐管理机关搜集、保存而流传下来的汉代诗歌。汉乐府掌管的诗歌按作用主要分为两部分，一部分是供执政者祭祀祖先神明使用的效庙歌辞，其性质与《诗经》中“颂”相同；另一部分则是采集民间流传的无主名的俗乐，世称之为乐府民歌。乐府是自秦代以来设立的配置乐曲、训练乐工和采集民歌的专门官署，汉乐府指由汉时乐府机关所采制的诗歌。这些诗，原本在民间流传，经由乐府保存下来，汉人叫做“歌诗”，魏晋时始称“乐府”或“汉乐府”。后世文人仿此形式所作的诗，亦称“乐府诗”。 3、史记：《史记》是由司马迁撰写的中国第一部纪传体通史。《史记》最初没有固定书名，或称“太史公书”，或称“太史公传”，也省称“太史公”。“史记”本是古代史书通称，从三国时期开始，“史记”由史书的通称逐渐成为“太史公书”的专称。记载了上自上古传说中的黄帝时代，下至汉武帝元狩元年间共3000多年的历史（哲学、政治、经济、军事等）。《史记》与后来的《汉书》（班固）、《后汉书》（范晔、司马彪）、《三国志》（陈寿）合称“前四史”。刘向等人认为此书“善序事理，辩而不华，质而不俚”。与司马光的《资治通鉴》并称“史学双璧”。《史记》一共130篇，50多万字，记载了上自中国上古传说中的黄帝时代，下至汉武帝（公元前122年），共3000多年的历史。作者司马迁以其“究天人之际，通古今之变，成一家之言”的史识，使《史记》成为中国历史上第一部纪传体通史。 4、古诗十九首：《古诗十九首》，组诗名，是乐府古诗文人化的显著标志。为南朝萧统从传世无名氏《古诗》中选录十九首编入《昭明文选》而成。《古诗十九首》深刻地再现了文人在汉末社会思想大转变时期，追求的幻灭与沉沦，心灵的觉醒与痛苦。艺术上语言朴素自然，描写生动真切，具有天然浑成的艺术风格。同时，《古诗十九首》所抒发的，是人生最基本、最普遍的几种情感和思绪，令古往今来的读者常读常新。《古诗十九首》，最早见于《文选》，为南朝梁萧统从传世无名氏《古诗》中选录十九首编入，编者把这些作者已经无法考证的五言诗汇集起来，冠以此名，列在“杂诗”类之首，后世遂作为组诗看

考研英美文学必做9道题

1.What is in the book “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” that makes Hemingway say that all modern American literature comes from this book? (这个题找了2个小时，实在是找不到了。看看下面的会不会有所帮助) (海明威写的Green Hills of Africa中的原文)All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn. If you read it you must stop where the Nigger Jim is stolen from the boys. That is the real end. The rest is just cheating. But it's the best book we've had. All American writing comes from that. There was nothing before. There has been nothing as good since. The best work that Mark Twain ever produced is, as we noted earlier on, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. It tells a story about the United States before the Civil War, around 1850, when the great Mississippi Valley was still being settled. Here lies an America, with its great national faults, full of violence and even cruelty(n. 残酷；残忍；残酷的行为), yet still retaining the virtues of …some simplicity, some innocence(n. 清白，无罪；天真无邪), and some peace.? The story takes plac e along the Mississippi River, on both sides of which there was unpopulated(adj. 无人居住的) wilderness(n. 荒地) and a dense forest(密林). It relates the story of the escape of Jim from slavery and, more important, how Huck Finn, floating along with him and helping him as best he could, changes his mind, his prejudice about black people, and comes to accept Jim as a man and as a close friend as well. At the heart of Twain?s achievement(n. 成就；完成；达到) is his creation of Huck Finn, who embodies(v t. 体现) that mythic(adj. 神话的；虚构的) America, midway(n. 中途；娱乐场adj. 中途的adv. 中途) between the wilderness and the modern super state. 2.Is Mr. Bennett in “Pride and P rejudice” a positive figure? Why or why not? (这是原题答案，第一句为第一问，剩下的是第二问) Mr. Bennet?s chief characteristics are an iron ic detachment(n. 分离，拆开；超然；分遣；分遣队) and a sharp, cutting wit. The distance that he creates between himself and the absurdity(n.荒谬的言行；谬论；) around him often endears(v t. 使…受钟爱；使…亲密) him to the reader and parallels the amused detachment with which Austen treats ridiculous(adj. 可笑的；荒谬的) characters such as Mr. Collins and Lady Catherine. To associate the author?s point of view with that of Mr. Bennet, however, is to ignore his ultimate failure as a father and husband. He is endlessly witty(adj. 诙谐的；富于机智的), but his distance from the events around him makes him an ineffective parent. Detached humor may prove useful for handling the Mr. Collinses of the world, but it is helpless against the depredations(n. 掠夺；破坏，破坏痕迹) of the villainous (but likable) Wickham. When the crisis of Lydia?s elopement(n. 私奔；潜逃) strikes, Mr. Bennet proves unable to handle the situation. Darcy, decent(adj. 正派的；得体的；) and energetic(adj. 精力充沛的；积极的；有力的), and the Gardiners, whose intelligence, perceptiveness, and resourcefulness(n. 足智多谋) make them the strongest adult force in the novel, must step in. He is a likable(adj. 可爱的), entertaining character, but he never manages to earn the respect of the reader. 3.Discuss the theme of Fitzgerald’s "The Great Gatsby".(at least 200 words) (两个主题，有上千字，我不知道怎么概括，我把对每个主题描述的第一段话写在下面了)

英美文学名词解释 2

01. Humanism(人文主义) Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 02. Renaissance(文艺复兴) The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with william shakespeare being the leading dramatist. 03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌) Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life. Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人） It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century english poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poets was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics. 04. Classcism(古典主义) Classcism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes. 05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动) Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in england were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan swift.etc. 06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)