英美文学课件：英国浪漫主义时期
Chapter 3: The Romantic Period
考核要求:
1.识记：浪漫主义时期的界定和历史文化背景
2.领会：浪漫主义思潮的意义与影响以及浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张及对后世文学的影响。
3.应用：名词解释浪漫主义以及浪漫主义时期文学特点的分析
1. Historical background:
Internationally,
①The French Revolutions: --the great event, arouse great sympathy and enthusiasm in the English liberals and Conservatives, they all declared Liberty, Equality and Fraternity
②Rousseau--the great French Philosopher. Influence by Rousseau, the writers began to explore the new ideas about Nature, Society and Education
These paved the way for the development of Romanticism in the literature internationally
Nationally,
①Industrial revolution (Industrialization, Further
capitalization and Urbanization)
②The survival of fittest (the sharper contradiction between
capitalists and the labors)
These are the national basis of the production of Romanticism
2. Literature background:
The early works with Romantic tendency are following:
Thomas Paine?s The Declaration of Rights of Man claiming Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.
Edmund Burke published his Reflections on the Revolution in France.
William Godwin?s Inquiry Concerning Political Justice. Against the injustice, economic system and the oppression of the poor.
Mary Wollstonecraft urged the equal rights for women in her A Vindication(辩护) of the Right of Woman.
3. The definition, duration and characteristics of the Romanticism:
①The definition:
The Romantic Movement, which associated with vitality, powerful emotion and dreamlike ideas, is simply the expression of life as seen by the imagination rather than by prosaic common sense.
The contrast between Romanticism and Neoclassicism:
Romanticism: associated with vitality, powerful emotion and dreamlike ideas
Neoclassicism: associated with order, common sense and controlled reason
②Duration:
Beginning time: 1798 marked by the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge
Ending time: 1832 marked by the death of Scott and the passage of the first Reform Bill
【例题】Which of the following poems is a landmark in English poetry? (0704)
A. Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge
B. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”by William Wordsworth
C. “Remorse”by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
D. Leaves of Grass Walt Whitman
【答案】A
【解析】(P157. para.1)
所谓landmark，是指在英国文学史上具有划时代意义的作品。Lyrical Ballads 的出版标志着英国文学的浪漫主义时期的开始，所以答案是A
③Characteristics:
The spontaneous overflow(自然流露的) of powerful feeling The creation of a world of imagination
The return to nature for materials
Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the common place
Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius
A sense of melancholy and loneliness of the character
The rebellious spirits of the author
The major achievements are poetry
4. The viewpoints of Romanticists on society and literature:
①Socially:
Romanticist saw man essentially as an individual in the solitary state
The Romanticist emphasized the special qualities of each individual?s mind
The Romanticists changed the direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirits
②On Literature:
In essence it designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience
It also place individual at the center of the art
Make the literature most valuable as an expression of his or her unique feeling and particular attitudes
Value its accuracy in portraying the individual?s experiences
5. The development of Romanticism and its principles:
①The development
In this period, we note a new interest in literatures and legends other than those of Greece and Rome. It was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.
Major Representatives of this movement: Wordsworth and Coleridge
②The principles
General principles:
They saw poetry as a healing energy
They believe that poetry could purify both individual soul and society
They explored the new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry:
a. Poetry should be free from all rules in forms
b. Humble people and the common everyday life should be
describe in subject
c. Employ the commonplace, the natural and the simple as
the poetic materials
d. Seek for the Absolute
e. Bold experiments in poetic language, versification and
design
Wordsworth:
Call for simple themes drawn from humble life
The poet as a “man speaking to men”,
Poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”
Coleridge:
Imagination is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements.
Regard the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration as something crucial for true poetry
Nature is the major source of poetic imagery and nature is a dominant subject
6. Main representatives:
①Main representatives—poets:
Pre-Romanticism: (Blake and Burns)
The first generation: (Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey) The younger generation: (Byron, Shelley and Keats)
②Main representatives—novelists
Jane Austen --- love and marriage
Walter Scott --- main works (book) human nature
③Gothic novelists
Ann Radcliffe and Mary Shelley
Gothic novel:
It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century & was one phase of the Romantic Movement Its principal elements are violence, horror & the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader's emotion.
With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, the Gothic form has exerted a great influence over the writer of the Romantic period.
Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) by Ann Radcliffe & Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance
The typical authors during this period
考核要求:
1.识记：浪漫主义时期的重要作家，代表作品及其主要内容。
2.领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题
结构，人物塑造，语言风格，社会意义等。
3.应用：
a.浪漫派诗歌（所选作品）的主题，意象分析
b.小说《傲慢与偏见》的主题和主要人物的性格分析。
考点串讲:
Ⅰ.William Blake
1．Introduction:
English poet, artist, & philosopher, born in London England, Nov 28, 1757, and died in London, Aug 12,1827.
Blake made distinguished contributions to both Literature & art.
He ranks with great poets in the English language & may be considered the earliest of the major English Romantic poets.
His poems range from lyrics of childlike simplicity to mystical or prophetic works of great complexity.
As an artist he is best known for his engravings, which are among the masterpieces of graphic art.
2. Viewpoints on politics and religion:
Blake never tried to fit into the world; he was a rebel innocently & completely all his life.
He was politically of the permanent left & mixed a good deal with the radicals.
Blake strongly criticized the capitalists' cruel exploitation, saying that the "dark satanic mills left men unemployed, killed children & forced prostitution."
Meanwhile he cherished great expectations & enthusiasm for the French Revolution, & regarded it as a necessary stage leading to the millennium predicted by the biblical prophets(圣经)
3. Viewpoint on literature:
The first important Romantic poet,
Showing contempt for the rule of reason
Opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century
Treasuring the individual's imagination.
4. Main works:
Early works: Poetical Sketches《诗学札记》-- A collection of youthful verse. Joy, laughter, love and harmony are the prevailing note and hint his later innovative style and theme Masterpieces
Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》
Songs of Experience《经验之歌》
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell《天堂与地狱的婚姻》
The similarities and differences between two volumes: Generally:
Hold the similar subject-matter
The childhood is the central to his concern
The tone, emphasis and conclusion differ
Specifically:
Infant Joy against Infant Sorrow
Lamb against Tyger
Chimney SweeperⅠagainst Chimney SweeperⅡ
Similarity: to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance and an ideological circumstance socially.
Difference: the former indicates the condition which makes religion a consolation, a prospect of illusory happiness The later reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children
Later works -- reveal him as the prophet of universal political & spiritual freedom and show the poet himself as the spokesman of revolt(反抗).
The Book of Urizen
The Book of Los
The Four Zoas
Milton
【例题】William Blake?s central concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experiences_______, which gives the two books a strong social and historical reference. (0804)
A. youth hood
B. childhood
C. happiness
D. Sorrow
【答案】B
【解析】(P169. para2)
布莱克的两部诗集中的作品，大多涉及儿童的生活和经历，如《扫烟囱的小男孩》，《小羊羔》等。
5. Language styles:
he write his poems in plain and direct language.
His poems often carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning.
He distrusts the abstractness and tends to embody his views with visual images.
Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.
6. Selected reading:
①Selected reading I
“The Chimney Sweeper” from Songs of Innocence
In the 18th century, small boys sometimes no more than 4 or 5 years old were employed to climb up the narrow chimney flues & clean them, collecting the soot in bags. Such boys, sometimes sold to the master sweepers by their parents were miserably treated by their master & often suffered disease & physical deformity.
This poem, in fact, is a protest against the harm that society does to its children by exploiting them for labor of this kind, The poem was written in the child's-eye point of view, & the dramatic irony (what the speaker says in the poem is different from what the poet means) arises from the poet's knowing more or seeing more than the child does.
②Selected reading II
“The Chimney Sweeper” from Songs of Experience
Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war & repression with a melancholy tone,
The benighted England becomes the world of dark wood & of the weeping prophet. The poem selected here reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
The poem also reveals the relation between economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor & an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation.
③Selected reading III
“Tyger” from Songs of Experience
The Tyger, included in Songs of Experience, is one of Blake's best-known poems.
It seemingly praises the great power of tiger, but what the tiger symbolizes remains disputable: the power of man? Or the revolutionary force? Or the evil? Or as it is usually interpreted, the Almighty Maker who created both the meek & gentle lamb & the terrible & awesome tiger?
The poem is highly symbolic with a touch of mysticism & it is open to various interpretations. The poem contains six quatrains in rhyming couplets & its language is terse & forceful with an anvil rhythm.
Ⅱ. William Wordsworth
1. Introduction:
William Wordsworth, known as “the Lake Poets” together with Coleridge and Southey, is the leading figure of the English Romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period
He is the voice of searchingly comprehensive（广泛的）humanity and one that inspires his audience to see the world freshly, sympathetically and naturally
The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started modern poetry, the poetry of growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature
2. Types of his poem according to his poetic outlook:
According to the subjects, Wordsworth?s short poems can be classified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about human life.
①Poems about nature:
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is perhaps the most anthologized（被收入诗集）poem in English literature, & one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth's poetic beliefs An Evening Walk
My Heart Leaps up
Tintern Abbey -- remains a profoundly original & imaginative achievement; the valley of the Wye itself, the quiet center of the returning wanderer's thoughts, is described with a detail that conveys a sense of natural order at once vivid & eternal
Nature outlook:
Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature." He can penetrate to the heart of things & give the reader the very life of nature.
To Wordsworth, nature act as a substitute for imaginative and intellectual engagement with the development of embodied human beings in their diverse circumstances
It is nature that gives him "strength & knowledge full of peace."
②Poems about human life:
The Thorn
The Sailor?s Mother
The Affliction of Margaret
The Old Cumberland Beggar
The old man in the poem, is seen as precious for his unique self and the benevolence he evoke s in the small rural community Michael
Suggests the grave and tender dignity of the author?s meditation on man, the heart of man, and human life
Lucy Poem
Is the verse of love and loss which hold within its delicate simplicity a meditation on time and death which rises to universal stature
The Idiot Boy
The irrational mind sees more deeply into the nature of life than the commonsensical
The Solitary Reaper
To a Highland Girl
Use rural figure to suggest the timeless mystery of sorrowful humanity and its radiant beauty
The Ruined Cottage
Rouse the tender, quiet compassion of those who are at one with the timeless truth of existence
In his daring use of subject matter and sense of the authenticity（真实性）of the experience of the poorest,“resolution and independence” is the triumphant conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads
Human life outlook:
Common life is Wordsworth's only subject of literary interest.
The joys & sorrows of the common people are his themes.
His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor.
3. Creative principles:
Wordsworth's deliberate simplicity & refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure & profound poetry which no other poets has ever equaled poetry.
His premise was that the source of poetic truth is the direct experience of the sense
He asserts poetry originates from "emotion recollected in tranquility."
Rejecting the contemporary emphasis on form & intellectual approach that drained poetic writing of strong emotion,
He maintains that the scenes & events of everyday life & the speech of ordinary people are the raw material of which poetry can & should be made.
4. Selected reading:
①I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature, & one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth's poetic beliefs.
Wordsworth wrote this beautiful poem of nature after he came across a long belt of gold daffodils(水仙花) tossing & reeling & dancing along the waterside. There is a vivid picture of the daffodils here, mixed with the poet…s philosophical & somewhat mystical thoughts.
The poem consists of four 6-lined stanzas of iambic tetrameter with a rhyme scheme of ababcc in each stanza.
The last stanza describes the poet's recollection in tranquility（宁静）from which this poem arose. The poet thinks that it is bliss to recollect the beauty of nature in his mind while he is in solitude
②Composed upon Westminster Bridge
This sonnet, written on the roof of a coach as Wordsworth was on his way to France, was published in Poems in Two Volumes, 1807.
The poem presents the speaker's view of London in the early morning. The speaker is not only profoundly touched by its beauty & tranquility of the morning, but even surprised to realize that London is part of Nature just as much as is his own beloved Lake Country.
Wordsworth is regarded as a " worshipper of nature." Even in this poem, though he is looking at London, he is thinking of home where the sun steeps in his first splendor, valley, rock, or hill."
The poem is written after the pattern of the Italian sonnet. The octave recreates the experience of London at morning, and
the sestet enlarges on his reaction to the scene. The rhyme scheme of the poem is abbaabba, cdcdcd.
③She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
This is one of the "Lucy poems," written in 1799.
The "Lucy Poems" describe with rare elusive beauty of simple lyricism & haunting rhythm a young country girl living a simple life in a remote village far from the civilized world.
They are verses of love & loss which hold within their delicate simplicity a meditation on time & death which rises to universal stature.
④The Solitary Reaper
Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys & sorrows of the common people are his themes.
"The Solitary Reaper" is an example of his literary views. It describes vividly a young peasant girl working alone in the fields & singing as she works.
The plot of the little incident is told straightforwardly in stanzas 1, 3, & 4. Stanza 2, with its comparison of the girl's song to the cuckoo & the nightingale cannot be dismissed as vaguely ornamental comparisons.
They are much more than that, & the impression of the girl's singing on the traveler is heightened through these comparisons.
This poem is an iambic verse. Most of the lines in the poem are octosyllabics(八音节诗). The rhyme-scheme for each stanza is
Ⅲ. Percy Bysshe Shelley
1. Introduction:
Shelley is one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense & original lyrical poet in the English language.
Though gentle by nature, his rebellious qualities were cultivated in his early years.
2. His Literary and political Outlook:
Shelley grew up with violent revolutionary ideas under the influence of the free thinkers like Hume & Godwin, so he held a life-long aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion & the formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny & exploitation
However, under the influence of Christian humanism, Shelley took interest in social reforms. He realized that the evil was also in man's mind.
So he predicted that only through gradual & suitable reforms of the existing institutions could benevolence be universally established & none of the evils would survive in this "genuine society", where people could live together happily, freely & peacefully.
3. His major works:
Early works:
Necessity of Atheism
Queen Mab: A philosophical Poem: emphasizes how the “Spirit of Nature”pulses in all people and makes an absurdity of selfishness and pride
Alastor or The Spirit of Solitude: is a record of author?s intense consciousness of his own loneliness in life and a passionate contemplation of the mystery of death
Hymn to Intellectual Beauty
Mont Blanc
Lyric:
Julian and Maddalo
The Revolt of Islam
The Cenci
Hellas
The Cloud: Shelley created a Platonic symbol of the spirit of man, a force of beauty and regeneration
To a Skylark:the bird, suspended between reality & poetic image, pours forth an exultant song which suggests to the poet both celestial rapture & human limitation.
:
Adonais: is an elegy for John Keats. In it, these men become the embodiments of philistinism and reaction, the enemies of truth
Ode to the west Wind:
Best of all the well-known lyric pieces
Here Shelley's rhapsodic & declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them.
The autumn wind, burying the dead year, preparing for a new spring, becomes an image of Shelley himself, as he would want to be, in its freedom, its destructive-constructive potential, its universality.
"I fall upon the thorns of Life! I bleed!" calls the Shelley that could not bear being fettered to the humdrum realities of everyday! The whole poem has a logic of feeling, a not easily
analyzable progression that leads to the triumphant, hopeful & convincing conclusion: "If winter comes, can Spring before behind?"
The poem is written in the terza rima form Shelley derived from his reading of Dante. The nervous thrill of Shelley's response to nature however is here transformed through the power of art & imagination into a longing to be united with a force at once physical & prophetic.
Here is no conservative reassurance, no comfortable mysticism, but the primal amorality of nature itself, with its mad fury & its pagan ruthlessness. Shelley's ode is an invocation to a primitive deity, a plea to exalt him in its fury & to trumpet the radical prophecy of hope & rebirth.
Ode to Liberty
Ode to Naples
Sonnet: England in 1819
Shelley expressed his love for freedom and his hatred toward tyranny in several of his poem, such as, Ode to Liberty, Ode to Naples, Sonnet: England in 1819
Men of England: One of the greatest political lyrics. Not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors but also an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poem was later became a rallying song of British Communist Party
Major prose essay: Defense of Poetry
Poetic drama: Prometheus Unbound
Shelley's greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound.
According to the Greek mythology, Prometheus, the champion of humanity, who has stolen the fire from Heaven, is punished by Zeus to be chained on Mount Caucasus & suffers the vulture's feeding on his liver.
Shelley based his drama on Prometheus Bound by Aeschylus, in which Prometheus reconciles with the tyrant Zeus. Radical & revolutionary as Shelley, he wrote in the preface: "In truth, I was averse from a catastrophe so feeble as that reconciling the Champion with the oppressor of Mankind." So he gave a totally different interpretation, transforming the compromise into liberation. With the strong support of Earth, his mother; Asia, his bride & the help from Demogorgon & Hercules, Zeus is driven from the throne; Prometheus is unbound.
The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind's potential, & Shelley himself recognized it as “the most perfect of my products."
4. Characteristics of his Poetry:
Shelley is one of the lending Romantic poets, an intense & original lyrical poet in the English language.
Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex, full of classical & mythological allusions.
His style abounds in personification & metaphor & other figures of speech which describe vividly what we see & feel, or express what passionately moves us.
5. Selected Readings:
①A Song: Men of England
This poem was written in 1819, the year of the Peterloo Massacre. It is unquestionably one of Shelley's greatest political lyrics.
It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people of England to rise up against their political oppressors, but also an address to point out to them the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation.
In the poem Shelley pictured the capitalist society as divided into two hostile classes: the parasitic class ("drones") & the working class ("bees").
②Ode to the West Wind
The poem Ode to the West Wind was the best known of Shelley's shorter poems.
In the poem the poet describes vividly the activities of the West Wind on the earth, in the sky & on the sea, & then expresses his envy for the boundless freedom of the West Wind & his wish to be free like the wind & scatter his words among mankind.
He gathered in this poem a wealth of symbolism, employed a structural art & his powers of metrical orchestration at their mightiest. The autumn wind, burying the dead year, preparing for a new Spring, becomes an image of Shelley himself, as he would want to be, in its freedom, its destructive-constructive
浅谈浪漫主义时期的建筑与音乐
浅谈浪漫主义时期的建筑与音乐【摘要】本文主要阐述了浪漫主义时期建筑和音乐的艺术特色，文化背 景，思想根源及其和相互影响 关键字：起源，发展，艺术，联系 一、浪漫主义的由来及其思想文化 浪漫主义（英语romantic）一词源出南欧一些古罗马省府的语言和文学。这些地区的不同方言原系拉丁语和当地方言混杂而成，后来发展成罗曼系语言（the Romance languages）。浪漫主义作为欧洲文学中的一种文艺思潮，产生于十八世纪末到十九世纪初的资产阶级革命和民族解放运动高涨的年代。它在政治上反对封建专制，在艺术上与古典主义相对立，属于资本主义上升时期的一种意识形态。 法国著名浪漫主义女作家乔治·桑曾对批判现实主义大师巴尔扎克说：“你既有能力而也愿意描绘人类如你所眼见的。好的！反之，我，总觉得必要按照我希望于人类的，按照我相信人类所应当有的来描绘它。”乔治·桑的这段话表明她在创作上所遵循的是与现实主义不同的创作方法，这就是浪漫主义。浪漫主义的基本特征是理想主义，就是按照作家认为生活应当有的样式来反映生活，因而总是理想地描写对象或者描写理想化的对象。 浪漫主义由于理想性质的不同，分为积极浪漫主义和消极浪漫主义两种。积极浪漫主义的理想，是与社会发展的趋向，与人民群众的愿望和要求相一致的，因而能够激励人们改造现实，增强人们的斗争意志。高尔基说：应用浪漫主义的方法，可以美化人性，克服兽性，提高人的自尊心。屈原的《离骚》，李白的诗歌，吴承恩的《西游记》，郭沫若的《女神》，就是我国这类浪漫主义的代表作。消极浪漫主义的理想，反映的是没落阶级对现实变革与社会进步的敌视。消极浪漫主义作家总是美化和怀恋已经消逝了的社会生活与制度，妄想历史能够按照他们的愿望倒退，因而思想悲观，情绪悲哀，作品内容表现为怀旧，逃避现实，或者陷入神秘主义。在艺术上则是格调低沉，色彩灰暗，往往蒙上一层迷离恍惚、虚无缥缈的纱幕。十九世纪英国的湖畔派诗人的作品就属于这一类。 浪漫主义作为欧洲文学中的一种文艺思潮，产生于十八世纪末到十九世纪初的资产阶级革命和民族解放运动高涨的年代。它在政治上反对封建专制，在艺术上与古典主义相对立，属于资本主义上升时期的一种意识形态。 浪漫主义思潮的兴盛衰落，是由各国历史条件的特点所决定的。作为一种成型的文艺思潮，它首先产生在德国。由于当时德国容克贵族势力猖獗，资产阶级软弱无力，因而消极浪漫主义得势，积极浪漫主义发展迟缓。只有海涅登上文坛之后，积极浪漫主义在德国才有所起色。 法国的浪漫主义思潮，犹如大海的波涛，气势磅礴，蔚为壮观，来势迅猛，激烈异常。它的产生与发展是与封建贵族的复辟和资产阶级的反复辟斗争分不开的。浪漫主义首先从古典主义设置的种种障碍中冲杀出来，历经短兵相接的搏斗，一举获胜。继而在漫浪主义内部角返相争，积极浪漫主义者组织了包括批判现实主义作家在内的广泛的统一战线，打败了消极浪漫主义。在十九世纪二十年代以前，消极浪漫主义称王称霸，二十年代末到三十年代初，由于资产阶级在政治上的胜利，积极浪漫主义骤然兴起．并取得了主导的地位。 在俄国，浪漫主义的发展是较迟的。它在十九世纪初期才形成为一种流派。其中积极浪漫主义与俄国十二月党人运动紧密联系在一起，在贵族革命中起过显著的进步作用。代表作家
英美文学选读(英国)浪漫主义时期笔记
Chapter 3 The Romantic Period 1. The Romantic Period: The Romantic period is the period generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. It is emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind. 2.Social background: a. during this period, England itself had experienced profound economic and social changes. The primarily agricultural society had been replaced by a modern industrialized one. b. With the British Industrial Revolution coming into its full swing, the capitalist class came to dominate not only the means of production, but also trade and world market. 3.The Romantic Movement: it expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoise. The romantics demontrated a a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. They saw man as an individual in the solitary state. Thus, the Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth and Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. Wordsworth defines the poet as a “man speaking to men”, and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.” Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imamgination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of the poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject mattre. It is in solitude, in communion with the natural universe, that man can exercise this most valuable of faculties. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets and dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules. Poetry: to the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules.they would turn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects. Prose: It’s also a great age of prose. With education greatly developed for the middle-class people, there was a rapid growth in the reading public and an increasing demand for reading materials.Romantics made literary comments on the writers with high standards, which paved the way for the development of a new and valuable type of critical writings. Colerige, Hazlitt, Lamb, and De Quincey were the leading figures in this new development. Novel: the 2 major novelists of the period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott. Gothic novel: a tyoe of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century, was one of the Romantic movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion. With is description of the dark, irritional side of human nature, the Gothic form exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period. 3. Ballads: the most important form of popular literature; flourished during the 15th century; Most written down in 18th century; mostly written in quatrains; Most important is the Robin Hood ballads. 4. Romanticism: it is romanticism is a literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period of 1798-1832. Romanticists were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two groups.
英国浪漫主义诗人
英国浪漫主义诗人 威廉·布莱克（William Blake，1757---1827），英国第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人、版画家。主要诗作有诗集《天真之歌》、《经验之歌》等。早期作品简洁明快，中后期作品趋向玄妙晦涩，充满神秘色彩。 威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth,1770-1850）与柯尔律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）、骚塞（Robert Southey）同被称为“湖畔派”诗人（Lake Poets）。他们也是英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义作家。他们喜爱大自然，描写宗法制农村生活，厌恶资本主义的城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系，他们远离城市，隐居在昆布兰湖区和格拉斯米尔湖区，由此得名“湖畔派”。华兹华斯的主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》《丁登寺旁》《序曲》《革命与独立》《不朽颂》《远足》。 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（1772年10月21日－1834年7月25日），英国诗人、文评家，英国浪漫主义文学的奠基人之一。以〈古舟子咏〉(亦可称作〈古舟子之歌〉)(The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)一诗成为名家，其文评集《文学传记》(Biographia Literaria)以博大精深见称，书中对想像(imagination)与幻想(fancy)的区别尤其著名。一生作诗不缀，但中年时自称弃诗从哲，精研以康德、谢林为首的德国唯心论。 罗伯特·骚塞（1774—1843）是“湖畔派”三诗人中才气较差的一位。年青时代思想激进，饱读伏尔泰、卢梭的著作，在威斯敏斯特学校学习时曾因撰文反对校方体罚学生而被开除学籍。进牛津大学后，他更醉心法国大革命，写史诗《圣女贞德》歌颂革命，后来还与柯尔律治计划在美洲的森林里建立乌托邦社会。但中年后骚塞的政治态度却变得十分保守，还热衷于趋附权贵，成了统治者的御用文人，并因此获得“桂冠诗人”的称号。1821年他以桂冠诗人身份作颂诗《审判的幻景》颂扬去世不久的英王乔治三世，攻击拜伦、雪莱等进步诗人，称他们是“恶魔派”（撒旦派）。拜伦作同名讽刺长诗一首，对乔治三世和骚塞作了尽情的揶揄奚落。 乔治·戈登·拜伦（1788—1824），是英国19世纪初期伟大的浪漫主义诗人。其代表作品有《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》、《唐璜》等。在他的诗歌里塑造了一批“拜伦式英雄”。拜伦不仅是一位伟大的诗人，还是一个为理想战斗一生的勇士；他积极而勇敢地投身革命，参加了希腊民族解放运动，并成为领导人之一。拜伦是多产诗人。拜伦著名的诗还有《当初我们两分别》《给一位淑女》《雅典的女郎》《希腊战歌》《她走在美丽的光彩里》《我见过你哭》《我给你的项链》《写给奥古斯塔》《普罗米修斯》《锡雍的囚徒》《给托马斯·穆尔》
英国文学浪漫主义时期作家.
William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 –23 April 1850 was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their 1798 joint publication, Lyrical Ballads. Wordsworth's masterpiece is generally considered to be The Prelude, a semi autobiographical poem of his early years which the poet revised and expanded a number of times. The work was posthumously titled and published, prior to which it was generally known as the poem "to Coleridge". Wordsworth was England's Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death in 1850. The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three maen bec ame known as“Lake Poets”.骚塞,柯勒律治也居住在同一地城,三人并称为“湖畔诗人”。 Wordsworth was a defining member of the English Romantic Movement. 华兹华斯是英国浪漫主义诗歌的代表人物之一。 Like other Romantics, Wordsworth’s personality and poetry were deeply influenced by his love of nature, especially by the sights and scenes of the Lake Country, in which he spent most of his mature life. 对自然的热爱以及他大部分人生所度过的地方--湖区--的风光景色都对他的性格和作品有着深远的影响。 A profoundly earnest and sincere thinker, he displayed a high seriousness tempered with tenderness and a love of simplicity. 他是一位真挚深刻的思想者,作品在严谨中充满纯真质朴与敏感。 I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我孤独地漫游,像一朵云 William Wordsworth I wandered lonely as a cloud 我孤独地漫游,像一朵云
英美文学浪漫主义
英美文学浪漫主义 【篇一：英美文学浪漫主义】 一、英美文学浪漫情怀的相同之处 中国论文网 /7/view-3799669.htm （一）文学作品的时间及其历史背景 “romanticim”（浪漫主义）这一形式的文学作品最早出现在英国。（frequently shared certain general characteristics； moral enthusiasm，faith in the value of inp>（二）浪漫主义情怀的定义与主题 从某种程度上看，英国浪漫主义文学在该形式的文学作品中是开山 鼻祖，而美国等其他国家则是在其基础上取其精华，再根据本国的 社会现状以及基本国情做出相应的创新发展，以激起国民对于革命 的爆发和对新生活的追求。所以从美国浪漫主义文学作品中很容易 看出英国浪漫主义文学的影子。英国木可勒律治的浪漫主义的超自 然主义，华兹华斯的英国国教的正统主义以及雪莱的无神论的精神 主义，司各特的对以往时代的缅怀，都充分表露出浪漫主义的主色 调就是反对现实社会的黑暗肮脏以及统治者的不满，而追求大自然、追求正义讲究实际的道德观与人生观。与此同时，看看美国的作家：欧文（irving）、库柏（cooper）、坡（poe）、布雷思特（bryant），则反对传统的文化思想，反对旧的封建殖民主义的思想，追求浪漫主义情怀，在这点上看来，英美文学在浪漫主义的情 怀上有着异曲同工之妙。 （三）浪漫主义情怀相同的特色 对美国的文学做深入的了解，就会很容易发现，英国的文学对于美 国的浪漫主义文学有着至关重要的影响。很多美国作家跟英国作家 都处于相同的历史文化背景下，所以有着很多相似的优秀文化传统 道德。毋庸置疑，在文学创作方面也有很多相似之处。美国浪漫主 义文学运动起源于新英格兰的（transcendentalism）超验主义，表 露的是不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和 世俗束缚的个人表达；呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义； 相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。这个超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生（emeroson）的人性本善（believed that man was a part of absolute good）和梭罗
美国文学浪漫主义时期
美国文学浪漫主义时期
美国文学浪漫主义时期 浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末,到内战爆发为止,是美国文学史上最重要的时期。华盛顿·欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端,惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。浪漫主义时期的文学是美国文学的繁荣时期,所以也称为"美国的文艺复兴。" 美国社会的发展哺育了"一个伟大民族的文学"。年轻的美国没有历史的沉重包袱,很快在政治、经济和文化方面成长为一个独立的国家。这一时期也是美国历史上西部扩张时期,到1860年领土已开拓到太平洋西岸。到十九世纪中叶,美国已由原来的十三个州扩大到二十一个州,人口从1790年的四百万增至1860年的三千万。在经济上,年轻的美国经历向工业的转化,影响所及不仅仅是城市,而且也包括农村。蒸汽动力在工、农业生产上的运用、工厂的建立、劳动力的大量需求以及科技上的发明创造使经济生活得到了重组。另外,大量移民促进了工业更加蓬勃的发展。政治上,民主与平等成为这个年轻国家的理想,产生了两党制。值得一提的是这个国家的文学和文化生活。随着独立的美国政府的成立,美国人民已感到需要有美国文学,表达美国人民所特有的经历:早期清教徒的殖民,与印第安人的遭遇,边疆开发者的生活以及西部荒原等。这个年轻国家的文学富有想象,已产生了一种文学环境。报刊杂志如雨后春笋,出现了一大批文学读者,形成了十九世纪上半叶蓬勃的浪漫主义的文学思潮。 外国的,尤其是英国的文学大师对美国作家产生了重大影响。美国作家由于秉承了与英国一样的文化传统,形成了同英国一样的浪漫主义风格。欧文(Irving)、库柏(Cooper),坡(Poe),弗伦诺(Freneau)和布雷恩特(Bryant)一一反古典主义时期的文学样式和文学思潮,开创了较新的小说和诗歌形式。这一时期大多数美国文学作品中,普遍强调文学的想象力和情感因素,注重生动的描写、异国情调的表达、感官的体会和对超自然力的描述。美国作家特别注意感情的自由表达和人物的心理描写。作品中的主人公富有敏感激动的特质。注重表现个人和普通人是这一时期作品的强烈倾向,几乎成了美国的信仰。富雷诺、布雷思特和库柏等人的作品对客观自然的描写有强烈的兴趣。富雷诺在"帝国的废墟"主题中对过去情景的描写绘声绘色,布雷恩特对北美五大湖区的史前印第安人描述引人入胜,欧文对哈德逊河传说的巧加利用炉火纯青,库柏的长篇历史小说深入细致。总的来说,美国浪漫主义时期的文学上接英国文学传统,下开美国文学之风。 虽然美国文学受到外国文学的影响,但这一时期著名的文学作品表现的却是富有美国色彩的浪漫主义思想。"西部开拓"就是一个说明美国作家表现自己国家的恰好的例子。他们大量描述了美国本土的自然风光:原始的森林、广袤的平原、无际的草原、沧茫的大海、不一而足。这些自然景物成为人们品格的象征,形成了美国文学中离开尘世,心向自然的传统。这些传统在库柏的《皮袜子的故事》(Leather Stocking Tales〉、梭罗的《沃尔顿》(Walden)以及后来马克·吐温的《哈克贝里·芬历险记》(Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn)中都得到了明显的表现。随着美国民族意识的增长,在小说、诗歌中美国人物都越来越明显地操本地方言,作品多表现农民、穷人、儿童以及没有文化的人,还有那些虽然没文化但心地高尚的红种人和白种人。美国清教作为一种文化遗产,对美国人的道德观念产生了很大影响,在美国文学中也留下了明显的印迹。一个明显的表现就是,比起欧洲文学,美国文学的道德倾向十分浓厚。在霍桑(Hawthorne)、梅尔维尔(Melville)以及其他一些小作家的作品中加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。 美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。该运动开始于19世纪30年代的新英格兰的先验主义俱乐部。本来,这个超验主义只是对新英格兰人提出来的。它是针对波士顿的唯一神教派的冷淡古板的理性主义而提的。而后来逐渐影响到全国,特别是在高级知识分子和文学界人士当中影响颇大。超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生(Emerson)和梭罗(Henry Davd Thoreau),他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大影响。超验主义"承认人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力,能够超过感官获取知识"。爱默生曾说:"只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的。"超验主义还认为自然是高尚的,个人是神圣的,因此人必须自助。 这一时期涌现了许多作家,著名的有富雷诺(Philip Freneau〉、布雷恩特(William Cullen Bryant)、郎费罗(Henry Words worth longfellow)、娄威尔(James Rassel Lowell)、惠特(John Greenleaf whitter〉、爱伦·坡(Edgar Ellen Poe)、以及惠特曼(Walt Whitman)。惠特曼的《草叶集》(Leaves of Grass)是美国十九世纪最有影响的诗歌。美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性、多样性,有华盛顿·欧文的喜剧性寓言体小说,有爱
英国浪漫主义时期的主要诗人和他们的代表作
On Major Poets and Masterpieces of English Romantic Period ChapterI:the background of the rise of English Romantic Period The French Revolution of 1789 (French Revolution) brought hope to the future of human,and it impacted on British Society ,too. The British Industrial Revolution not only created wealth, but also intensifyied the contradiction between labor and capital. The transformation of the social structure and changes in the relationship between people and the traditions, man and nature promoted intellectual differentiation. Then, a group of better educated people felt confused about the society and they were at a loss what to do .In this context, the British Romantic literature rose.It originated in the end of the eighteenth century and became prosperous in the first half of the nineteenth century. ChapterII:the classification of poet in English romantic period 2.1 the pioneer of English romantic literature The pioneer of romantic literature is poet Robert Burns who lived in late eighteenth century and William Blake. Burns draw nourishment from the folk songs in Scotland, ("Poems, chiefly in Scottish dialcet") is his masterpiece, specializing in Lyric and satire ; Blake's "songs of innocence" and "songs of experience" ,which describe the ideal society order,are creative and fresh,full of originality. 2.2 the two schools of British Romantic literature Two opposing schools were formed in the formation of the romanticism.They are active romanticism and passive romanticism. Active romanticism is a positive trend of progress.Active romantic poets dare to face up to reality, criticize the social darkness and lead people to look ahead.Passive r omanticism is a reactionary countercurrent negative trend, it takes a negative attitude to escape, against the status quo, cling to the past and leads people to look back. 2.2.1 the representatives of Active Romanticism The emerged poets put forward the British Romantic literature to a climax.The representative poets are Byron, Shelley and Keats,they are active romanticist.Unlike the lake poets, they put more fighting consciousness and politic trends in his works. Shelley (1792 - 1822) is the most concentrated romantic poet and a British Utopian.In
英国浪漫主义文学.ppt.Convertor
第三节 英国浪漫主义文学 一、19世纪初期的英国 工业革命、海上霸权和殖民扩张 资产阶级民主运动高涨 二、英国浪漫主义文学概况 19世纪中期前，英国人一直用Romantic 来指中世纪的骑士故事，没有人自称是“浪漫派”的。 1813年，斯塔尔夫人的《论德国》在伦敦出版后，施莱格尔关于“古典的”和“浪漫的”的划分才为英国人所知。 19世纪末，“浪漫的”才为大家所悉用，运用到许多著名诗人的研究上。 直到现代，艾略特还指出“古典的”与“浪漫的”区别就是“完整和片断的，已成熟和未成熟的，有秩序和混乱的之间的区别”。 20世纪80年代出版的《英国文学史》，谈到19世纪初的诗歌派别，只指出具体的“湖畔派”、“恶魔派”，没有用“浪漫主义”一词。 主要成就是诗歌;表现为对18世纪理性主义的反动;与法国大革命同步，崇尚自然，推崇想象 （一）先驱作家 1、彭斯苏格兰民族诗人《一朵红红的玫瑰》 2、布莱克 英国浪漫主义文学先驱，他最早用浪漫主义手法写诗 《天真之歌》《经验之歌》 英国画家Thomas Phillips于1807年所绘的布莱克肖像 The Ancient of Days (aka God as an Architect) Jacob's Ladder William Blake, Pietà, 1795 天真的预示 一颗沙里看出一个世界， 一朵野花里一座天堂， 把无限放在你的手掌上， 永恒在一刹那里收藏。(梁宗岱译) Auguries of Innocence To see a World in a Grain of Sand And a Heaven in a Wild Flower, Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand And Eternity in an hour. The Tige r Tiger! Tiger! burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry? In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare seize the fire? And what shoulder, and what art, Could twist the sinews of thy heart? And when thy heart began to beat, What dread hand and what dread feet? What the hammer? What the chain? In what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? What dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp? When the stars threw down their spears, And water'd heaven with their tears, Did He smile His work to see?
浪漫主义文学
浪漫主义文学产生于18世纪末，在19世纪上半叶达到繁荣时期，是西方近代文学最重要的思潮之一。在纵向上，浪漫主义文学是对文艺复兴时期人本主义理念的继承和发扬，也是对僵化的法国古典主义的有力反驳；在横向上，浪漫主义文学和随后出现的现实主义共同构成西方近代文学的两大体系，造就19世纪西方文学盛极一时的繁荣局面，对后来的现代主义和后现代主义文学产生了深远的影响。 定义 以现实为基础，用热情奔放的语言、绚丽多彩的想象和直白夸张的表现手法，抒发对理想世界的追求。 简析 以现实为基础——现实为文学创作的土壤，浪漫主义的创作源泉和灵感都来自于现实，并非脱离现实。 热情奔放的语言——浪漫主义抒发感情的文字特点。浪漫主义文学的字句极其考究，力求完美，因为此特点，浪漫主义文学许多作品成为“唯美主义”的代表作。 绚丽多彩的想象——在形象塑造上，浪漫主义文学常用比喻、象征等手法。 直白夸张的表现手法——浪漫主义文学通篇看似脱离现实，因为其塑造的形象极其夸张，但仔细品读，会发现自己身边就存在相似的人或事。 抒发对理想世界的追求——浪漫主义文学创作目的。“对理想世界的追求”其实就是希望社会更美好，所以浪漫主义文学的创作目的和其他文学创作的目的是相同的。 浪漫主义作为一种文学创作方法，与其他文学创作方法相比，并无优劣之分，只是表现手法不同而已。 分类 传统政治分类
浪漫主义文学在传统分类中带有浓重的政治色彩： 积极浪漫主义——具有强烈的革命精神的浪漫主义文学作品。 消极浪漫主义——不具有革命精神的浪漫主义文学作品。 随着社会的发展和进步，以上分发明显不科学，但从作品的感情抒发的方式不同，积极和消极的概念仍可保留，不过需要重做定义： 积极浪漫主义——以直白宏大的语言表达感情的浪漫主义文学作品。如雪莱、屈原、普希金消极浪漫主义——以含蓄内敛的语言表达感情的浪漫主义文学作品。如英国湖畔派、中国新月派 以作品表现形式 浪漫主义以作品表现形式分类可以分为两类：有神浪漫主义与无神浪漫主义。 有神浪漫主义——以传说或自创的“神”的形象为载体的浪漫主义文学作品。如泰戈尔、屈原、但丁 无神浪漫主义——以自然或社会现象为载体的浪漫主义文学作品。如应该湖畔派、中国新月派 文学作品各类本身并无优劣之分，只不过表现形式不同。积极浪漫主义文学并不比消极浪漫主义文学更优越，无神浪漫主义文学也不比有神浪漫主义文学更先进。之所以对文学作品分类，只是为了更好的学习与品读，除此之外并无实际意义。 介绍 浪漫主义与现实主义一样，作为一种文学观念和一种文学的表现方式，在世界各民族文学发展的初期，就已经出现了。但是作为一种文学思潮，一种文学表现类型，以及作为一个明确的文学理论概念，却是后来逐渐形成的；浪漫主义文学的发展也经历了一个漫长的历史过程。如果说浪漫主义文学最基本的特点是以充满激情的夸张方式来表现理想与愿望的话，那么，可以说，在世界各民族最初的文学活动中，就已经存在这种形态的文学了。例如各个民族都有的远古神话、中国先秦文学中的《楚辞》，都有这样的特点。表现理想和幻想本是促成文学发生的重要原因之一，也是文学构成的基本要素之一，从这个意义上说，浪漫精神是文学的一个重要源头，文学从一开始就和浪漫主义有着极其密切的关系。 不过，明确地把浪漫主义作为一种文学精神来倡导、来鼓吹，以至于形成了一个波澜壮阔文
英美文学史之英国文学 浪漫主义
英美文学史5 浪漫主义俩个时期的代表人物：第一代：布莱克、彭斯、华兹华斯第二代：拜伦、雪莱、济慈 The Romantic Period(1798-1832)浪漫主义----Romantic writing emphasizes emotions and feelings instead of reason and logic . 浪漫主义强调的是情感和感觉而不是理性和逻辑。 The time begins with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads(1798),ending with Walter Scott’s death(1832)浪漫主义开始的标志是华兹华斯的《抒情诗集》（他和S.T Coleridge联合发表的）发表，结束于斯科特的去世。 一．俩大派别：Lake poets湖畔派诗人（又称：Escapist poets逃避诗人Negative poets消极诗人）: Wordsworth华兹华斯、Southey骚赛、Coleridge柯勒律治Satanic poets魔鬼派(又称：Active poets积极诗人) ：Lord Byron拜伦、Shelley雪莱、Keats济慈 二．William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯-----poet-laureate桂冠诗人Lake poets 湖畔派诗人（又称：Escapist poets逃避诗人Negative poets消极诗人）:Wordsworth 华兹华斯、Southey骚赛、Coleridge柯勒律治作品：I wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我孤独的漫游，像云朵一样（选自The Daffodils《黄水仙》）She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways她居住在人迹罕至的地方（mourning悲伤的、Dwelt居住） 补充了解：1.其他作品Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey丁登寺、The Prelude序曲（自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry）、The Excursion、the Lucy poems《露西诗》 2.Symbols are objects used to represent abstract ideas or concepts.符号是用来代表抽象事物 的概念 His style：simplicity and purity of the language,love of nature,fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry.简单而纯洁的语言，反传统形式的18世纪诗歌。 他给诗歌的定义：poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling:it takes its origin from emotions recollected in tranquility诗歌是自发溢出的强烈的感觉:它源于情感中集聚的宁静 书上：P17-P18 She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways她居住在人迹罕至的地方She dwelt among the untrodden ways 她住在人迹罕至的地方, Beside the springs of Dove, 圣洁的小溪在身边流淌, Maid whom there were none to praise 没有谁把这少女赞颂, And very few to love: 少有人为她挂肚牵肠。 A violet by a mossy tone 她是紫罗兰身影半露 Half hidden from the eye! 生苔的墓碑将她遮挡; –Fair as a star, when only one 美丽如一颗孤星, Is shining in the sky. 在夜空里闪闪发亮。 She lived unknown, and few could know 没有谁了解她曾活在世上, When Lucy ceased to be; 少有人知道她何时夭亡; But she is in her grave, and, oh, 躺在墓中的露西啊, 躺在墓中的露西啊, The difference to me! 唯有我与别人都不一样。
专八英美文学习题-浪漫主义时期
Ⅰ. Multiple Choices: 1.Romanticism fights against the ideas of ______. A. realism B. Renaissance C. Enlightenment D. feudalism 2.The main literary stream is ____. A. poetry B. novels C. prose D. periodicals 3.____ has a another name called “The Daffodils”. A. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” B. “Tintern Abbey” C. “Revolution” D. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” 4.Coleridge’s _____ is a “conversation” poem. A. Frost at Midnight B. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” C. Christabel D. Biographia Literaria 5.Byron’s ____ is regarded as the great poem of the Romantic Age. A. Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage B. Hours of Idleness C. Lara D. Don Juan 6.Prometheus Unbound is ____ masterpiece. A. Wordsworth’s B. Byron’s C. Shelley’s D. Keats’ 7.____ lived the longest life. A. Wordsworth B. Byron C. Shelley D. Keats 8.Keats’ first poem is ____. A. O Solitude B. On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer C. Poems D. Endymion 9.Keats’ best ode is ____. A. “On a Grecian Urn” B. “To Autumn” C. “To Psyche” D. “To a Nightingale” 10.The best works of William Hazlitt is ____. A. The Spirit of the Age B. Table Talk C. The Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays D. On the English Poets 11.The publication of ______ marks the beginning of the Romantic Movement in England. A. “Tintern Abbey” B. Lyrical Ballads C. Frost at Night D. “The Daffodils” 12.The Prelude has also been called _____. A. The Last Brazil B. The First Impression C. Growth of a Poet’s Mind D. The Spirit of the Age 13.Wordsworth’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” has also been called _______. A. “The Solitary Reaper” B. “The Daffodils” C. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” D. “O Solitude” 14._____ is considered Wordsworth’s masterpiece. A. The Prelude B. Endymion C. Don Juan D. Biographia Literaria 15.The prose writers in the English Romantic Age developed a kind of _______. A. models of classicism B. familiar essay C. rules of neo-romanticism D. ways of modernism 16.The best essayist in the English Romantic Age is _____.