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最新高三化学难题易错题集锦

化学易错难题

1，下图是将SO2转化为重要的化工原料H2SO4的原理示意图，判2

断：若得到的硫酸浓度仍为49%，则理论上参加反应的SO

2与加入的H

O的质

量比为8: 15

2，一种光化学电池的结构如图，当光照在表面涂

有氯化银的银片时，AgCl（s）Ag（s）+Cl（AgCl），

[Cl（AgCl）]表示生成的氯原子吸附在氯化银表面]，接

着Cl（AgCl）+e-→Cl-（aq），若将光源移除，电池会立

即回复至初始状态．光照时，判断：

Pt电极发生的反应为：2Cl--2e-=Cl

电池总反应为：AgCl（s）+Cu+（aq）Ag（s）+Cu2+（aq）+Cl-（aq）

3，标准状况下甲池的总反应式为

判断：甲池中消耗280 mL，此时丙池中理论上最多产生1.45g固体

4，以黄铜矿精矿为原料，制取硫酸铜及金属铜的工艺如

下所示：

Ⅰ．将黄铜矿精矿（主要成分为CuFeS

2，含有少量CaO、MgO、Al

）粉碎

Ⅱ．采用如下装置进行电化学浸出实验将精选黄铜矿粉加入电解槽阳极区，21

恒速搅拌，使矿粉溶解．在阴极区通入氧气，并加入少量催化剂．

Ⅲ．一段时间后，抽取阴极区溶液，向其中加入有机萃取剂（RH）发生反23

应：2RH（有机相）+Cu2+（水相）?R

2Cu（有机相）+2H+（水相），分离出有机相，

向其中加入一定浓度的硫酸，使Cu2+得以再生．

Ⅳ．电解硫酸铜溶液制得金属铜．

（1）黄铜矿粉加入阳极区与硫酸及硫酸铁主要发生以下反应：27

CuFeS

2+4H+=Cu2++Fe2++2H

2Fe3++H

2S=2Fe2++S↓+2H+

①阳极区硫酸铁的主要作用是______．

5，一定条件下，下图所示装置可实现有机物的电化学储氢（忽略其他有机

物）。

该储氢装置的电流效率= （保留1位小36

数）

6，重铬酸铵[(NH4)2Cr2O7]是一种橘黄色晶体，实验

室可由工业级铬酸钠(Na2CrO4)制取重铬酸铵。有关物质的

溶解度如图所示。

实验步骤如下：

步骤1：将铬酸钠溶于适量的水，加入一定量浓硫酸酸

化，使铬酸钠转化为重铬酸钠。

步骤2：将上述溶液蒸发结晶，并趁热过滤。

步骤3：将步骤2得到的晶体再溶解，再蒸发结晶并趁热过滤。

步骤4：将步骤2、3得到的滤液冷却至40 ℃左右进行结晶，用水洗涤，获46

得重铬酸钠晶体。

步骤5：将步骤4得到的重铬酸钠和氯化铵按物质的量之比1∶2 溶于适量的48

水中，加热至105～110 ℃，让其充分反应。

(2)步骤2、3的主要目的是_______________________________________。

(3)步骤4在40 ℃左右结晶，其主要目的是

________________________________。

7．Ksp（BaSO

4）=1.07*10-10 Ksp(BaCO

)=2.58*10-9

现有0.2mol的BaSO

4沉淀,每次用1L饱和NaCO

溶液,(浓度为1.79mol/ L)处

理。若使BaSO

4的SO

2-全部转化到溶液中，需要反复处理次。 [ BaSO

(s)+

32-(aq)=BaCO

(s)+ SO

2-(aq)]

8，室温下，甲、乙两烧杯均盛有5mL pH=3的某一元酸溶液，向乙烧杯中加59

水稀释至pH=4。关于甲、乙两烧杯中溶液的描述正确的是（）。

D: 若分别与5mL pH=11的溶液反应，所得溶液的pH：甲≤乙

9，下图中的装置D是实验室制备CO

2的简易装置图，用该装置制备CO

可起到

随时使反应发生，也可以随时使反应停止的效果。下图中的装置A、B、C也可起64

到相同效果的有________(填写编号)。

10，化学实验装置的正确连接是实验成败的关键,下图是中学化学中常见的67

实验装置.

甲同学用A、B组合来验证盐酸、碳酸、次氯酸的酸性强弱时,则盐酸应装70

入 (填仪器名称)中,B装置中发生反应的离子方程式为．

11，将铝粉与Fe

粉末配制成铝热剂，分成三等份。①一份直接放入足量

的烧碱溶液中，充分反应后放出气体在标准状况下的体积为V1；②一份在高温下74

恰好反应完全，反应后的混合物与足量的盐酸反应后，放出的气体在标准状况75

下的体积为V③一份直接放入足量的盐酸中，充分反应后放出气体在标准状况下76

的体积为V3．下列说法正确的是（）

A．V1=V3＞V2B．V2＞V1 =V3C．V1= V2＞

V 3D．V1＞V3＞V2

12，用图乙所示装置中配制氯水时，操作步骤如下：

①关闭活塞2，打开分液漏斗上口的玻璃塞，再打开

活塞1，将少量浓盐酸注入大试管内；

②关闭活塞1，盖上分液漏斗上口玻璃塞，浓盐酸和大试管内的高锰酸钾粉

末反应产生氯气；

③轻轻摇动瓶A，使氯气不断溶入水中．

用图乙装置能在较短时间内得到饱和氯水，除了在摇动过程中增大了气体87

和水的接触面以外，另一个重要原因是______．分液漏斗中的盐酸应分数次加88

入试管内，若一次加入太多的盐酸，可能引起的后果是______．

13，实验室模拟合成氨和氨催化氧化的流程如下：

氨合成器出来经冷却的气体连续通入乙装置的水中吸收氨，95

（“会”或“不会”）发生倒吸，原因

是：。

14，如图装置可用于收集气体并验证其某些化学性质，正确的99

是（）

100

选项气体试剂现象结论

A NH

3酚酞试液溶液变红色NH

的水溶液显碱性

B Cl

2紫色石蕊试液溶液先变红后褪色Cl

有酸性和漂白性

C C

溴水溶液褪色C

分子中含碳碳双键

D X KI淀粉溶液溶液变蓝X可能是Cl

2或NO

等

101

15, 由Na

、Na

、NaHCO

、Na

O、NaCl中的某几种组成的混合物，向其

102

中加入足量的盐酸，有气体放出。将气体通过足量的NaOH溶液，气体体积减少。103

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