考博英语阅读理解试题分类解析-阅读理解分类解析-Unit 2 婚姻家庭类【圣才出品】

Unit 2 婚姻家庭类

Passage 1（中国社会科学院2007年考博试题）

Of the great variety of opinions concerning “marriage for money”, the following three are important with reference to the development of the importance of money. Marriages based exclusively upon economic motives have not only existed in all periods and at all stages of development, but are particularly common among primitive groups and conditions where they do not cause any offence at all. The disparagement of personal dignity that nowadays arises in every marriage that is not based on personal affection—so that a sense of decency requires the concealment of economic motives—does not exist in simpler cultures. The reason for this development is that increasing individualization makes it increasingly contradictory and discreditable to enter into purely individual relationships for other than purely individual reasons.

For nowadays the choice of a partner in marriage is no longer determined by social motives (though regard for the offspring may be considered to be such a motive), in so far as society does not insist upon the couple’s equal social status—a condition, however, that provides a great deal of latitude and only rarely leads to conflicts between individual and social interests. In a quite undifferentiated society it may be relatively irrelevant who marries whom, irrelevant not only for the mutual relationship of the couple but also for the offspring. This is because where the constitutions, state of health, temperament, internal and external forms of life

and orientations are largely the same within the group, the chance that the children will turn out well depends less upon whether the parents agree and complement each other than it does in highly differentiated society. It therefore seems quite natural and expedient that the choice of the partner should be determined by reasons other than purely individual affection. Yet personal attraction should be decisive in a highly individualized society where a harmonious relationship between two individuals becomes increasingly rare.

The declining frequency of marriage which is to be found everywhere in highly civilized cultural circumstances is undoubtedly due, in part, to the fact that highly differentiated people in general have difficulty in finding a completely sympathetic complement to themselves. Yet we do not possess any other criterion and indication for the advisability of marriage except mutual instinctive attraction. But, happiness is a purely personal matter, decided upon entirely by the couple themselves, and there would be no compelling reason for the official insistence on at least pretending love may be misleading─particularly in the higher strata, whose complicated circumstances often retard the growth of the purest instincts─no matter how much other conditions may affect the final results, it remains true that, with reference to procreation, love is decidedly superior to money as a factor selection. In fact, in this respect, it is the only fight and proper thing.

Marriage for money directly creates a situation of panmixia─the indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities─a condition that biology has demonstrated to be the cause of the most direct and detrimental degeneration of

the human species. In the case of marriage for money, the union of a couple is determined by a factor that has absolutely nothing to do with racial appropriateness─just as the regard for money often enough keeps apart a couple who really belong together─and it should be considered as a factor in degeneration to the same extent to which the undoubted differentiation of individuals makes selection by personal attraction more and more important. This case too illustrates once more that the increasing individualization within society renders money increasingly unsuitable as a mediator of purely individual relationships.

1. According to the text, what is said to influence matrimonial compatibility and

stability in simpler cultures?

A. Personal dignity.

B. Economic decline.

C. Monetary considerations.

D. Financial growth.

2. Marriages motivated by monetary aspirations are more likely not to be

camouflaged in what strata of society?

A. Upper middle.

B. Middle middle.

C. Lower middle.

D. Lower lower.

3. The marriage rate is said to be decreasing because ______.

A. we demand too much of our partners

B. partners don’t give compliments

C. people are too differentiated socially

D. the economic disparity in many regions is growing

4. How is the question of race in relation to marriage similar to the question of money?

A. They fuel mutual instinctual attraction.

B. They inspire individual responsibilities.

C. They deflect superficial relationships.

D. They prohibit suitable marriages.

5. Panmixia is said to ______.

A. aid the selection process

B. complement individualization

C. inspire positive results

D. set up biological decline

【答案与解析】

1.C 根据第一段“Marriages based exclusively upon economic motives…but are

particularly common among primitive groups and conditions where they do not cause any offence at all”说明基于经济动因的婚姻在原始时代是被人们广泛接受的，所以在简单文化中影响婚姻的是金钱。

2.D 第三段提到“and there would be no compelling reason for the official

insistence on at least pretending love may be misleading─particularly in the

higher strata”，说明在高阶层中金钱关系的婚姻伪装很普遍，所以在低阶层的婚姻伪装相对比较少。

3.C 根据第二段“Yet personal attraction should be decisive in a highly

individualized society where a harmonious relationship between two individuals becomes increasingly rare”及其上文叙述，在个人主义社会婚姻的关键是个人的喜爱，而因为在社会层面上人们之间区别很大，所以两人的和谐关系逐渐变少。

4.D 最后一段提到“In the case o f marriage for money, the union of a couple is

determined by a factor that has absolutely nothing to do with racial appropriateness…makes selection by personal attraction more and more important”，因为种族与金钱的因素，使得基于个人喜爱的婚姻受到了阻碍，说明与种族有关的婚姻和与金钱有关的婚姻的相似之处是它们都阻止了合适婚姻的可能性。

5.D 最后一段“Marriage for money directly creates a situation of panmixia─the

indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities …detrimental degeneration of the human species”，Panmixia的特点就是不考虑个人因素，从而产生了婚姻条件选择的歧视，说明基于金钱的婚姻不考虑个人的素质，从而导致了对人类物种有害的恶化。

【题海拾贝】

（1）primitive原始的

（2）disparagement轻蔑，轻视

（3）concealment隐藏，隐蔽

（4）differentiate区分，区别

（5）strata是stratum的复数，社会阶层，阶级

（6）procreation生产，生殖

（7）detrimental有害的

Passage 2（北京师范大学2005年考博试题）

Ideas about “spoiling” children have always involved consideration of just what is a spoiled child. How does spoiling occur, and what are the consequences of spoiling; they have always included concepts of a child’s nature and concepts of the ideal child and the ideal adult.

The many mothers of the 1820s who belonged to the early “maternal associations” struggled to uphold the ideals about child raising that had been prevalent in the 18th century. They had always been told that the spoiled child stood in danger of having trouble later in life (when exposed to all the temptations of the world) and, more importantly, stood in danger of spiritual ruin.

At first, the only approach these mothers knew was to “break the will” of the child. This approach, coming initially from the theology of Calvin, the French Protestant reformer, was inherited from the stern outlook of the Puritans. As one mother wrote, “No child has ever been known, since the earliest period of the world, destitute of an evil disposition—however sweet it appears.” Infant depravity, by which was meant the child’s imp ulses, could be curbed only by breaking the will so that the child submitted completely to parental guidance.

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