英语发言稿开头
英语发言稿开头
引导语：发言稿也叫演说辞，它是在较为隆重的仪式上和某些公众场所发表的讲话文稿。
演讲稿是进行演讲的依据，是对演讲内容和形式的规范和提示，它体现着演讲的目的和手段，演讲的内容和形式。
演讲稿是人们在工作和社会生活中经常使用的一种文体。它可以用来交流思想、感情，表达主张、见解;也可以用来介绍自己的学习、工作情况和经验……等等;演讲稿具有宣传、鼓动、教育和欣赏等作用，它可以把演讲者的观点、主张与思想感情传达给听众以及读者，使他们信服并在思想感情上产生共鸣。
演讲稿具有以下三个特点：
第一，针对性。演讲是一种社会活动，是用于公众场合的宣传形式。它为了以思想、感情、事例和理论来晓喻听众，打动听众，“征服”群众，必须要有现实的针对性。所谓针对性，首先是作者提出的问题是听众所关心的问题，评论和论辩要有雄辩的逻辑力量，要能为听众所接受并心悦诚服，这样，才能起到应有的社会效果;其次是要懂得听众有不同的对象和不同的层次，而公众场合也有不同的类型，如党团集会、专业性会议、服
务性俱乐部、学校、社会团体、宗教团体、各类竞赛场合，写作时要根据不同场合和不同对象，为听众设计不同的演讲内容。
第二，可讲性。演讲的本质在于“讲”，而不在于“演”，它以“讲”为主、以“演”为辅。由于演讲要诉诸口头，拟稿时必须以易说能讲为前提。如果说有些文章和作品主要通过阅读欣赏，领略其中意义和情味，那么，演讲稿的要求则是“上口入耳”。一篇好的演讲稿对演讲者来说要可讲;对听讲者来说应好听。因此，演讲稿写成之后，作者最好能通过试讲或默念加以检查，凡是讲不顺口或听不清楚之处(如句子过长)，均应修改与调整。
第三，鼓动性。演讲是一门艺术。好的演讲自有一种激发听众情绪、赢得好感的鼓动性。要做到这一点，首先要依靠演讲稿思想内容的丰富、深刻，见解精辟，有独到之处，发人深思，语言表达要形象、生动，富有感染力。
如果演讲稿写得平淡无味，毫无新意，即使在现场“演”得再卖力，效果也不会好，甚至相反。
演讲稿的结构有自己的特殊之处。
演讲稿的结构分开头、主体、结尾三个部分，其结构原则与一般文章的结构原则大致一样。但是，由于演
讲是具有时间性和空间性的活动，因而演讲稿的结构还
具有其自身的特点，尤其是它的开头和结尾有特殊的要求。
一、开头要抓住听众，引人入胜
演讲稿的开头，也叫开场白。它在演讲稿的结构中
处于显要的地位，具有重要的作用。瑞士作家温克勒说：“开场白有两项任务：一是建立说者与听者的同感;二是如字义所释，打开场面，引入正题。”好的演讲稿，一
开头就应该用最简洁的语言、最经济的时间，把听众的
注意力和兴奋点吸引过来，这样，才能达到出奇制胜的
效果。开场白的技术主要有：1.楔子。用几句诚恳的话
同听众建立个人间的关系，获得听众的好感和信任;2.衔接。直接地反映出一种形势，或是将要论及的问题，常
用某一件小事，一个比喻，个人经历，轶事传闻，出人
意外的提问，将主要演讲内容衔接起来;3.激发。可以提出一些激发听众思维的问题，把听众的注意力集中到演
讲中来;4.触题。一开始就告诉听众自己将要讲些什么。世界上许多着名的政治家、作家和国家领导人的演讲都
是这样的。
演讲稿的开头有多种方法，通常用的主要有：
1.开门见山，提示主题。这种开头是一开讲就进入
正题，直接提示演讲的中心。
2.介绍情况，说明根由。这种开头可以迅速缩短与
听众的距离，使听众急于了解下文。
3.提出问题，引起关注。这种方法是根据听众的特
点和演讲的内容，提出一些激发听众思考的问题，以引
起听众的注意。
除了以上三种方法，还有释题式、悬念式、警策式、幽默式、双关式、抒情式等。
二、主体要环环相扣，层层深入
这是演讲稿的主要部分。在行文的过程中，要处理
好层次、节奏和衔接等几个问题。
(一)层次
层次是演讲稿思想内容的表现次序，它体现着演讲
者思路展开的步骤，也反映了演讲者对客观事物的认识
过程，演讲稿结构的层次是根据演讲的时空特点对演讲
材料加以选取和组合而形成的。由于演讲是直接面对听
众的活动，所以演讲稿的结构层次是听众无法凭借视觉
加以把握的，而听觉对层次的把握又要受限于演讲的时间。
那末，怎样才能使演讲稿结构的层次清晰明了呢?根据听众以听觉把握层次的特点，显示演讲稿结构层次的
基本方法就是在演讲中树立明显的有声语言标志，以此
适时诉诸于听众的听觉，从而获得层次清晰的效果。演
讲者在演讲中反复设问，并根据设问来阐述自己的观点，就能在结构上环环相扣，层层深入。此外，演讲稿用过
渡句，或用“首先”“其次”“然后”等语词来区别层次，也是使层次清晰的有效方法。
(二)节奏
节奏，是指演讲内容在结构安排上表现出的张弛起伏。
演讲稿结构的节奏，主要是通过演讲内容的变换来
实现的。演讲内容的变换，是在一个主题思想所统领的
内容中，适当地插入幽默、诗文、轶事等内容，以便听
众的注意力既保持高度集中而又不因为高度集中而产生
兴奋性抑制。优秀的演说家几乎没有一个不长于使用这
种方法。
演讲稿结构的节奏既要鲜明，又要适度。平铺直叙，呆板沉滞，固然会使听众紧张疲劳，而内容变换过于频繁，也会造成听众注意力涣散。所以，插入的内容应该
为实现演讲意图服务，而节奏的频率也应该根据听众的
心理特征来确定。
(三)衔接
衔接是指把演讲中的各个内容层次联结起来，使之
具有浑然一体的整体感。由于演讲的节奏需要适时地变
换演讲内容，因而也就容易使演讲稿的结构显得零散。
衔接是对结构松紧、疏密的一种弥补，它使各个内容层
次的变换更为巧妙和自然，使演讲稿富于整体感，有助
于演讲主题的深入人心。
演讲稿结构衔接的方法主要是运用同两段内容、两
个层次有联系的过渡段或过渡句。
三、结尾要简洁有力，余音绕梁。结尾是演讲内容
的自然收束。言简意赅、余音绕梁的结尾能够使听众精
神振奋，并促使听众不断地思考和回味;而松散疲沓、枯燥无味的结尾则只能使听众感到厌倦，并随着时过境迁
而被遗忘。怎样才能给听众留下深刻的印象呢?美国作家约翰·沃尔夫说：“演讲最好在听众兴趣到高潮时果断
收束，未尽时嘎然而止。”这是演讲稿结尾最为有效的
方法。在演讲处于高潮的时候，听众大脑皮层高度兴奋，注意力和情绪都由此而达到最佳状态，如果在这种状态
中突然收束演讲，那么保留在听众大脑中的最后印象就
特别深刻。
演讲稿的结尾没有固定的格式，或对演讲全文要点
进行简明扼要的小结，或以号召性、鼓动性的话收束，
或以诗文名言以及幽默俏皮的话结尾。但一般原则是要
给听众留下深刻的印象。
最后，要重视所写的稿子符合演讲稿写作要求：
一、了解对象，有的放矢
演讲稿是讲给人听的，因此，写演讲稿首先要了解听众对象：了解他们的思想状况、文化程度、职业状况如何;了解他们所关心和迫切需要解决的问题是什么，等等。否则，不看对象，演讲稿写得再花功夫，说得再天花乱坠，听众也会感到索然无味，无动于衷，也就达不到宣传、鼓动、教育和欣赏的目的。
二、观点鲜明，感情真挚
演讲稿观点鲜明，显示着演讲者对一种理性认识的肯定，显示着演讲者对客观事物见解的透辟程度，能给人以可信性和可靠感。演讲稿观点不鲜明，就缺乏说服力，就失去了演讲的作用。
演讲稿还要有真挚的感情，才能打动人、感染人，有鼓动性。因此，它要求在表达上注意感情色彩，把说理和抒情结合起来。既有冷静的分析，又有热情的鼓动;既有所怒，又有所喜;既有所憎，又有所爱。当然这种深厚动人的感情不应是“挤”出来的，而要发自肺腑，就像泉水喷涌而出。
三、行文变化，富有波澜
构成演讲稿波澜的要素很多，有内容，有安排，也有听众的心理特征和认识事物的规律。如果能掌握听众的心理特征和认识事物的规律，恰当地选择材料，安排材料，也能使演讲在听众心里激起波澜。换句话说，演
讲稿要写得有波澜，主要不是靠声调的高低，而是靠内
容的有起有伏，有张有弛，有强调，有反复，有比较，
有照应。
四、语言流畅，深刻风趣
要把演讲者在头脑里构思的一切都写出来或说出来，让人们看得见，听得到，就必须借助语言这个交流思想
的工具。因此，语言运用得好还是差，对写作演讲稿影
响极大。要提高演讲稿的质量，不能不在语言的运用上
下一番功夫。
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