期末复习题 美国文学简史
Directions: In this part of the test, there are 9 items and 10 blanks. Fill in the best answer on the Answer Sheet according to the knowledge you have learned.
1.The first American literature was neither ____ nor really
____.
2.Of the immigrants who came to America in the first three
quarters of the seventeenth century, the overwhelming
majority was _____.
3.The English immigrants who settled on America’s northern
seacoast were called _____, so named after those who wished
to “purify” the Church of England.
4.Washington Irving, the Father of American literature,
developed the _____ as a genre in American literature.
5.Franklin’s best writing is found in his masterpiece _____.
6.The most outstanding poet in America of the 18th century was
_____.
7.In the early 19th century, “Rip Van Winkle”had established
_____’s reputation at home and abroad, and designated the
beginning of American Romanticism.
8._____ has sometimes been considered the father of the
modern short story.
9.In 1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne brought out his masterpiece
_____, the story of a triangular love affair in colonial
America.
Directions: In this part of the test, there are twenty items. Choose the best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
1. The Colonial Period of American literature stretched roughly from
the settlement of America in the early 17th century through
the end of ________ century.
A. the 18th
B. the 19th
C. the 20th
D. 21th
2. New-England’s Plantation was published in 1630 by ________
A. Francis Higginson
B. William Bradford
C. John Smith
D. Michael Wigglesworth
3. Of all the books written by Michael Wigglesworth the beat known
is ________
A. The Flesh and the Spirit
B. The True Travels
C. The Day of Doom
D. Christopher Columbus
4. Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of the ______.
A. American Enlightenment
B. Sugar Act
C. Chartist movement
D. Romanticist
5. In the first section of Autobiography the writer addressed to
________
A. his son
B. his friends
C. his wife
D. himself
6. During 1807-1808, Washington Irving wrote for his brother’s
newspaper called ________
A. New York Times
B. Washington Post
C. Salmagundi
D. Daily News
7. History of New York was published in 1807 under the name of
________
A. Washington Irving
B. Diedrich Knickerboker
C. James Fenimore Cooper
D. John Whittier
8. Rip Van Winkle was written by ________
A. James Fenimore Cooper
B. Benjamin Franklin
C. Washington Irving
D. Walt Whitman
9. The Spy was written by James Fenimore Cooper in 1821. It is a
novel about ________
A. American Civil War
B. American Revolution
C. American West Expansion
D. The First World War
10. Natty Bumppo is the hero in Cooper’s ________
A. The Precaution
B. The Spy
C. The Gleanings in Europe
D. Leatherstocking Tales
11. ________ was regarded as a poet of the American Revolution
A. Philip Freneau
B. Walt Whitman
C. Robert Frost
D. Cal Sandburg
12. The Raven was written in 1844 by ________
A. Philip Freneau
B. Edgar Allan Poe
C. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
D. Emily Dickinson
13. The Minister’s Black Veil was written by ________
A. Edgar Allan Poe
B. Nathaniel Hawthorne
C. Henry David Thoreau
D. Ralph Waldo Emerson
14. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the ______ who appeared in America.
A. Ninth Muse
B. Tenth Muse
C. Best Muse
D. First Muse
15. The ship ______ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.
A. Sunflower
B. Armada
C. Mayflower
D. Titanic
16. A new _____ had appeared in England in the last years of the 18th century. It spread to continental Europe and then came to America early in the 19th century.
A. Realism
B. Critical realism
C. Romanticism
D. Naturalism
17. Washington Irving got his idea for his most famous story, Rip Van
Winkle, from a ________
A. Greek legend
B. German legend
C. French legend
D. English legend
18. Rip Van Winkle is found in Irving’s longer work, ________
A. The Sketch Book
B. History of New York
C. Tales of a Traveler
D. The Precaution
19. ________ was often regarded as America’s first man of letters,
devoting much of his career to literature.
A. Benjamin Franklin
B. Philip Freneau
C. Washington Irving
D. James Fenimore Cooper
20. All the following novels are in Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales
except ________
A. The Pioneers
B. The Prairie
C. The Deerslayer
D. The Spy
III.Identification (20 points, 1 point for each)
Directions: In this part of the test, there are twenty titles. Judge the authors of these works and fill them on the Answer Sheet.
1.Gleanings in Europe
2.Oliver Goldsmith
3.The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America
4.“The Day of Doom”
5. A History of New York
6.The Last of the Mohicans
7.The House of the Night
8. A Forest Hymn
9.“The Raven”
10.“The Cask of Amontillado”
11.Mosses from an Old Manse
12.“Israfel”
13.“The Flesh and the Spirit”
14.Life of George Washington
15.The Pathfinder
16.“the Wild Honey Suckle”
17.The Flood of Years
18.“The Poetic Principle”
19.The Blithedale Romance
20.“The Indian Burying Ground”
IV. Terms (20 points, 4 points for each)
Directions: In this part of the test, there are five terms. Please give the definition for these terms. Scores will be given for the related contents. Four individual contents will be enough for four points.
1. Knickerbocker
2. Poor Richard’s Almanac
3. Leatherstocking Tales
4. Puritanism
5. Benjamin Franklin
V.Appreciation (10 points, 5 points for each)
Directions: In this part of the test, there are two excerpts. Each of the excerpts is followed by three questions. Read the excerpts and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet.
Part A
From morning suns and evening dews
At first thy little being came:
If nothing once, you nothing lose,
For when you die you are the same;
The space between, is but an hour,
The frail duration of a flower.
1. Who is the poet of the poem and what is the title of the poem? (2 points)
2. Tell the metrical structure and rhyme scheme of the poem. (1 point)
3. What does the “little being”refer to? What meaning is suggested by the phrase “but an hour”? (2 points)
Part B
The opinions of this junto were completely controlled by Nicholas Vedder, a patriarch of the village, and landlord of the inn, at the door of which he took his seat from morning till night, just moving sufficiently to avoid the sun and keep in the shade of a large tree; so that the neighbors could tell the hour by his movements as accurately as by a sundial. It is true he was rarely heard to speak, but smoked his pipe incessantly. His adherents, however (for every great man has his adherents), perfectly understood him, and knew how to gather his opinions. When anything that was read or related displeased him, he was observed to smoke his pipe vehemently, and to send forth short, frequent and angry puffs; but when pleased, he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly, and emit it in light and placid clouds; and sometimes, taking the pipe from his mouth, and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose, would gravely nod his head in token of perfect approbation.
From even this stronghold the unlucky Rip was at length routed by his termagant wife, who would suddenly break in upon the tranquility of the assemblage and call the members all to naught; nor was that august personage, Nicholas Vedder himself, sacred from the daring tongue of this terrible virago, who charged him outright with encouraging her husband in habits of idleness.
1. Who was the writer of this story? What is the title of this story? (2 points)
2. Who was Nicholas Vedder? (1 point)
3. How did he express his opinions on public matters? (2 points)
https://www.docsj.com/doc/973427711.html,ment. (20 points, 10 points for each)
Directions: In this part of the test, you are given five topics. Choose TWO of them and give a comment on the Answer Sheet. Scores will be given according to the content, grammar and the completeness of the related knowledge.
1.What are the features of literature in Colonial America?
https://www.docsj.com/doc/973427711.html,ment on Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography.
https://www.docsj.com/doc/973427711.html,ment on Nathaniel Hawthorne’s writing techniques.
4.What philosophical meaning is implied in Philip Freneau’s “The
Wild Honey Suckle”?
5.What are the artistic achievements of Edgar Allan Poe?
答案
I.Blanks: (10%)
(每题1分，共10分，答错不给分)
1. American literature
2. English
3. Puritans
4. short story
5. Autobiography
6. Philip Freneau
7. Washington Irving
8. Edgar Allan Poe9. The Scarlet Letter
II.Multiple Choice: ( 20%)
(每题1分，共20分，答错不给分)
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. B 10. D
11. A 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. C
16.C 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. D
III.Identification (20%)
（每题1分，共20分，答错不给分）
1.James Fenimore Cooper
2.Washington Irving
3.Anne Bradstreet
4.Michael Wigglesworth
5.Washington Irving
6.James Fenimore Cooper
7.Philip Freneau
8.William Cullen Bryant
9.Edgar Allan Poe
10.Edgar Allan Poe
11.Nathaniel Hawthorne
12.Edgar Allan Poe
13.Anne Bradstreet
14.Washington Irving
15.James Fenimore Cooper
16.Philip Freneau
17.William Cullen Bryant
18.Edgar Allan Poe
19.Nathaniel Hawthorne
20.Philip Freneau
IV.Terms (20%)
（每题4分，共20分。答案中给出多个知识点，答对其
中四个知识点即得满分，多于四个不加分，少则扣分。超
出所给出答案部分的，评卷人可根据相关内容和知识酌情
给分。）
1.Transcendentalism
Key words:Emerson, Thoreau, nature, intuition, oversoul, individualism, spirit, idealism, Romanticism, etc.
2.Free Verse
Key words:without fixed beat, regular rhyme scheme, Whitman, Leaves of Grass, etc.
3. Leatherstocking Tales
Key words: Cooper, five novels, Natty Bumppo, frontier, frontiersman, life from youth to old age, The Pioneer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer, etc.
4. Puritanism
key words: Calvin, purify, hard work, thrift, predestination, salvation, sin, God, from England to America, immigration, etc.
5. Benjamin Franklin
key words: statesman, scientist and writer, Autobiography, Poor Richard’s Almanac, puritan, hard work and thrift, successful,
contributions, printer, etc.
V.Appreciation (10%)
（每题5分，共10分。评卷人可以按照问题及内容酌情
给分）
Part A
a)Philip Freneau’s（1分）The Wild Honey Suckle （1分）
b)It is written in iambic tetrameter, the rhyme scheme is ababcc.
（1分）
c)“Little being” refers to the wild honey suckle. （1分）“But an
hour” means the lifespan of a flower is very short. （1分）
Part B
1. Washington Irving’s（1分）Rip Van Wingkle（1分）
2. Nicholas Vedder is the owner of the inn/ a patriarch of the village/ and landlord of the inn,（1分）
3. He expressed his opinion by the way of smoking. / When anything that was read or related displeased him, he was observed to smoke his pipe vehemently, and to send forth short, frequent and angry puffs; but when pleased, he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly, and emit it in light and placid clouds; and sometimes, taking the pipe from his mouth, and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose, would gravely nod his head in token of perfect approbation.（2分）
https://www.docsj.com/doc/973427711.html,ment. (20%)
(每题10分，此题共20分)
一等（9-10分）：内容基本正确并且语法准确，表达完整清晰，理解透彻；
二等（6-8分）：有少量知识点或语法错误，表达比较清晰完整，有比较透彻的理解；
三等（3-5分）：知识点表达错误较多，内容不完整，知识略显混乱，思路不太清晰；
四等（1-2分）：内容基本不太正确，思维混乱，内容贫乏，对问题没有理解。
答案：（略）
美国文学简史复习
美国文学简史 复习资料 2016年12月23日 目录 殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学 美国浪漫主义早期 新英格兰超验主义 美国浪漫主义后期 美国现实主义文学 美国乡土文学 美国现代诗歌 美国现代小说 美国南方文学
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殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学 New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, named by Captain John Smith ?Puritanism Doctrines of Puritanism：predestination（命运神定), original sin, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace Puritans left Europe for America in order to prove that they were God’s chosen people who would enjoy God’s blessings on earth and in Heaven. They felt that they were exiles under the special grace of God to establish a theocracy in the New World. Style of writing：the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest；a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible Puritans’way of Life：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety. In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter there is a good description of the Puritans’life. Main writers William Bradford Of Plymouth Plantation普利茅斯垦殖记 Thomas Paine Common Sense 常识；American Crisis美国危机；The Rights of Man人权；The Age of Reason 理性时代 Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The Wild Honeysuckle野金银花 Benjamin Franklin Autobiography富兰克林自传 Thomas Jefferson Draft the Declaration of Independence. 美国浪漫主义早期 Romanticism Background of Romanticism：Economic boom and national optimism ；Favorable literary milieu: increasing number of magazines ；Foreign influences: the Romantic Movement in Europe. Characteristics of Romanticism：
常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解(9-14章)【圣才出品】
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《材料力学性能》教学大纲
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常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(美国浪漫主义 欧文 库柏)【圣才出品】
第3章美国浪漫主义欧文库柏 3.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义简介） In the history of American literature, the Romantic period is one of the most important periods. It stretched from the end of the eighteenth century through the outbreak of the civil war. 美国文学中的浪漫主义时期开始于18世纪末，到南北战争爆发为止，是美国文学史上的重要阶段。 1. Background（背景） (1) A nation bursting into new life cried for literary expression. The buoyant mood of the nation and the spirit of the times seemed in some measure responsible for the spectacular outburst of romantic feeling. The literary milieu proved fertile and conductive to the imagination. Magazine appeared in ever-increasing numbers. They played an important role in facilitating literary expansion. (2) Foreign influences added incentive to the growth of romanticism. The Romantic Movement, which had flourished earlier in the century both in England
2020年智慧树知道网课《材料性能学(山东联盟)》课后章节测试满分答案
绪论单元测试 1 【单选题】(10分) 钢丝在室温下反复弯折，会越弯越硬，直到断裂，而铅丝在室温下反复弯折，则始终处于软态，其原因是（） A. Fe发生加工硬化，发生再结晶，Pb发生加工硬化，不发生再结晶 B. Pb发生加工硬化，发生再结晶，Fe发生加工硬化，不发生再结晶 C. Fe不发生加工硬化，不发生再结晶，Pb发生加工硬化，不发生再结晶 D. Pb不发生加工硬化，不发生再结晶，Fe发生加工硬化，不发生再结晶 2 【单选题】(10分) 冷变形的金属，随着变形量的增加（） A. 强度降低，塑性降低 B. 强度增加，韧性降低 C. 强度增加，塑性增加 D. 强度降低，塑性增加
3 【单选题】(10分) 金属的塑性变形主要是通过下列哪种方式进行的（） A. 位错类型的改变 B. 晶粒的相对滑动 C. 位错的滑移 D. 晶格的扭折 4 【单选题】(10分) 在不考虑其他条件的影响下，面心立方晶体的滑移系个数为（） A. 12 B. 8 C.
6 D. 16 5 【单选题】(10分) 下列对再结晶的描述的是（） A. 再结晶后的晶粒大小主要决定于变形程度 B. 原始晶粒越细，再结晶温度越高 C. 发生再结晶需要一个最小变形量，称为临界变形度。低于此变形度，不能再结晶 D. 变形度越小，开始再结晶的温度就越高 6 【单选题】(10分) 冷加工金属经再结晶退火后,下列说法的是（） A. 其机械性能会发生改变
B. 其晶粒大小会发生改变 C. 其晶粒形状会改变 D. 其晶格类型会发生改变 7 【单选题】(10分) 加工硬化使金属的（） A. 强度减小、塑性增大 B. 强度增大、塑性增大 C. 强度减小、塑性降低 D. 强度增大、塑性降低 8
常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(美国戏剧)【圣才出品】
第19章美国戏剧 19.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American drama（美国戏剧概述） American drama began in 1916 when the Provincetown Players produced Eugene O’Neil’s first play, Bound East for Cardiff. It is true that there were no great masters in the theater comparable in stature to such major figures in fiction as Melville or James, but there had been people who did spadework for the rise of American drama in the 1920s. There was a renaissance of drama in the 1920s. American drama began the process of developing itself into a department of American literature equal in significance to both poetry and the novel. The theater of the Depression was not depressing. Like other branches of literature the drama was preoccupied with social concern. The staging of Tennessee Williams’The Glass Menagerie on Broadway in 1945 was an even of unusual significance, as it marked American drama’s coming of age. The late fifties saw a temporary decline in dramatic productions, but in the next decade, American drama picked up a good deal of fresh energy. With the passage of time there has appeared the increasingly more obvious tendency to “decentralize”from Broadway with more and more plays stages Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway. And from the end of the sixties.
美国文学简史名词解释定义
American Puritanism: Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteenth century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and forth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World--- a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England, Puritanism, however,was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New England; it was also a way of being in the world---a style of response to lived experience---that has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort in 1619:(1) unconditional election ( the idea that God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world); (2) limited atonement ( the idea that Christ died for the elect only); (3) total depravity (humanity's utter corruption since the Fall); (4) irresistible grace (regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing); and (5) the perseverance of the saints (the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart , cannot fall away from grace). American Dream: The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and\ or happiness. Gothic tradition: Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. In an extended sense, many novels that do not have a medievalized setting, but which share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or chaustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Romanticism. Historical novel: a novel in which the action takes place during a specific historical period well before the time of writing ( often one or two generations before, sometimes several centuries), and in which some attempt is made to depict accurately the customs and mentality of the period. The central character---real or imagined---is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger historic conflict of which readers know the outcome. The pioneers of this genre were Walter Scott and James Fenimore Cooper American Romanticism:Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period in American literature stretched from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil
美国文学简史复习资料精华版
A Concise History of American Literature Chapter 1 Colonial Period I.Jonathan Edwards 1.life 2.works (1)The Freedom of the Will (2)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (3)The Nature of True Virtue 3.ideas – pioneer of transcendentalism (1)The spirit of revivalism (2)Regeneration of man (3)God’s presence (4)Puritan idealism II.Benjamin Franklin 1.works (1)Poor Richard’s Almanac (2)Autobiography 2.contribution (1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society. (2)He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”. (3)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”. Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic Period I.Washington Irving 1.several names attached to Irving (1)first American writer (2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old world (3)father of American literature 2.works (1)A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (2)The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.) (3)The History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus (4)A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (5)The Alhambra 3.Literary career: two parts (1)1809~1832 a.Subjects are either English or European b.Conservative love for the antique (2)1832~1859: back to US 4.style – beautiful (1)gentility, urbanity, pleasantness (2)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining (3)enveloping stories in an atmosphere
西工大——材料性能学期末考试总结
材料性能学 第一章材料单向静拉伸的力学性能 一、名词解释。 1.工程应力:载荷除以试件的原始截面积即得工程应力σ，σ=F／A0。 2.工程应变：伸长量除以原始标距长度即得工程应变ε，ε=Δl／l0。 3.弹性模数：产生100％弹性变形所需的应力。 4.比弹性模数（比模数、比刚度）：指材料的弹性模数与其单位体积质量的比值。（一般适用于航空业） 5.比例极限σp：保证材料的弹性变形按正比关系变化的最大应力，即在拉伸应力—应变曲线上开始偏离直线时的应力值。 6.弹性极限σe：弹性变形过渡到弹-塑性变形（屈服变形）时的应力。 7.规定非比例伸长应力σp：即试验时非比例伸长达到原始标距长度(L0)规定的百分比时的应力。 8.弹性比功(弹性比能或应变比能) a e: 弹性变形过程中吸收变形功的能力，一般用材料弹性变形达到弹性极限时单位体积吸收的弹性变形功来表示。 9.滞弹性：是指材料在快速加载或卸载后，随时间的延长而产生的附加弹性应变的性能。 10.粘弹性：是指材料在外力作用下，弹性和粘性两种变形机理同时存在的力学行为。 11.伪弹性：是指在一定的温度条件下，当应力达到一定水平后，金属或合金将产生应力诱发马氏体相变，伴随应力诱发相变产生大幅的弹性变形的现象。 12.包申格效应：金属材料经预先加载产生少量塑性变形（1-4%），然后再同向加载，规定残余伸长应力增加，反向加载，规定残余伸长应力降低的现象。 13.内耗：弹性滞后使加载时材料吸收的弹性变形能大于卸载时所释放的弹性变形能，即部分能量被材料吸收。（弹性滞后环的面积） 14.滑移：金属材料在切应力作用下,正应力在某面上的切应力达到临界切应力产生的塑变,即沿一定的晶面和晶向进行的切变。 15.孪生：晶体受切应力作用后,沿一定的晶面(孪生面)和晶向(孪生方向)在一个区域内连续性的顺序切变,使晶体仿佛产生扭折现象。 16.塑性：是指材料断裂前产生塑性变形的能力。 17.超塑性：在一定条件下，呈现非常大的伸长率(约1000％)，而不发生缩颈和断裂的现象。 18.韧性断裂：材料断裂前及断裂过程中产生明显的塑性变形的断裂过程。 19.脆性断裂：材料断裂前基本上不产生明显的宏观塑性变形，没有明显预兆，往往表现为突然发生的快速断裂过程。 20.剪切断裂：材料在切应力的作用下沿滑移面滑移分离而造成的断裂。 21.解理断裂：在正应力的作用下，由于原子间结合键的破坏引起的沿特定晶面发生的脆性穿晶断裂。 22.韧性：是材料断裂前吸收塑性变形功和断裂功的能力。 23.银纹：聚合物材料在张应力作用下表面或内部出现的垂直于应力方向的裂隙。当光线照射到裂隙面的入射角超过临界角时，裂隙因全反射而呈银色。 24.河流花样：在电子显微镜中解理台阶呈现出形似地球上的河流状形貌，故名河流状花样。 25.解理台阶：解理断裂断口形貌中不同高度的解理面之间存在台阶称为解理台阶。 26.韧窝：微孔聚集形断裂后的微观断口。 27.理论断裂强度：在外加正应力作用下，将晶体中的两个原子面沿着垂直于外力方向拉断所需的应力称为理论断裂强度。 28.真实断裂强度：用单向静拉伸时的实际断裂拉伸力Fk除以试样最终断裂截面积Ak所得应力值。 29.静力韧度：通常将静拉伸的σ——ε曲线下所包围的面积减去试样断裂前吸收的弹性能。 二、填空题。 1. 整个拉伸过程的变形可分为弹性变形，屈服变形，均匀塑性变形，不均匀集中塑性变形四个阶段。 2. 材料产生弹性变形的本质是由于构成材料原子（离子）或分子自平衡位置产生可逆位移的反应。 3. 在工程中弹性模数是表征材料对弹性变形的抗力，即材料的刚度，其值越大，则在相同应力下产生的弹性变形就越小。
常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(纽约派诗人 沉思型诗歌 黑山派诗人)【圣才出品】
第22章纽约派诗人?沉思型诗歌?黑山派诗人 22.1 复习笔记 I. The New York School（纽约派诗人） 1. Features of the New York School（纽约派诗歌的特点） The so-called New York School became well known with the publication of Donald Allen’s 1960 anthology. The poets of the New York School were different in their separate pursuits, but their poetry reveals something they shared in common. (1) For one thing, they were all vehemently up against the dominant New Critical values such as the impersonal presentation of images, and tried to assert their individual poetic voice. (2) They also introduced the popular and the low features of life into their writings like popular songs, comic strip figures, and Hollywood movies. (3) Thirdly, they exhibited a huge sense of humor, offering room as their poems did for elements like the vulgar and the sentimental. (4) Finally, they experimented with Surrealism, for a while. 所谓的纽约派是随着唐纳德·艾伦1960年发表的文集而出名的。纽约派诗人的追求各异，但他们的诗歌都有相同的特点。
美国文学简史(第三版)复习 常耀信
美国文学作者作品 Edwards: 爱德华兹 The Freedom of the Will 《论意志自由》 Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 《论原罪》 The Nature of True Virtue 《论真实德行的本原》 名篇：Personal Narrative 《自述》 Sinners in the hands of an Angry God 《愤怒上帝手中之罪》 Benjamin Franklin:本杰明·富兰克林 Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查德年历》Autobiography 《自传》 Washington Irving:华盛顿·欧文 A History of New York《纽约外传》The Sketch Book 《见文札记》名篇：Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·温·凡克尔》 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷传奇》 James Fenimore Cooper:詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》 The Pioneer 《拓荒者》The Prairie 《大草原》 The Last of Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》 The Pathfinder《探路人》The Deerslayer 《猎鹿者》
Ralph Waldo Emerson:拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 Nature 《论自然》Self-Reliance 《论自立》Essays 《随笔集》名篇：The American Scholar 《美国学者》（has been regarded as “American Declaration of Intellectual Independence”被誉为美国思想的独立宣言） The Poet Henry David Thoreau:亨利·戴维·梭罗 Walden 《瓦尔登湖》 Nathaniel Hawthorne:纳撒尼尔·霍桑 The Scarlet Letter《红字》 The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》 Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》 The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》 The Marble Faun 《玉石神像》 Ethan Brand 《伊桑布兰德》 Young Goodman Brown 《好小伙子布朗》 Dr. Heidggeger’s Experiment 《海德格博士的体验》 The Ambitions Guest 《野心勃勃的客人》 The Greast Stone Face 《巨石脸》
英国文学简史&美国文学简史--背诵版
1. Beowulf赏析 英国现存最早、最完整的民族史诗。1反映当时部落社会的面貌。背景取自欧洲。2古Anglo-Saxon人崇拜英雄的部落文化。政治观点：“王”，权利来自武力，王权的继承还需要仁义。3历史事实+神话传说。 主人公Beowulf英勇顽强。自我牺牲精神。爱护臣民。有责任感。 简洁明快。头韵。隐喻：用复合词来比喻某种事物或现象。 2. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight赏析 传奇文学是贵族人生理想的反映，与平民百姓没有丝毫的关系。 头韵诗。2个主题：1砍头游戏检验Gawain的勇敢和信守诺言。2女主人的诱惑检验Gawain的诚实和忠贞。 以重读音节为基础的韵律。每一个stanza后面有一个只有一个重读音节的短促诗句，再加一个abab韵的4行诗节。语言朴素自然，流畅通顺。 反映出Norman征服的宗教影响：基督教成统治地位。Gawain是基督徒，拥有人的弱点。他在困境中祈求圣母玛利亚的帮助，又因死亡的威胁而背弃诺言。他身上有亚当的影子，原罪的概念。 3. Chaucer特点 “英国诗歌之父”。人文主义。现实主义。明快、诙谐。伦敦方言创作。首创heroic couplet。钟情于中世纪的文学形式。第一个用韵脚韵律诗，以重音-音节为基础的格律诗。 一方面用贵族式的理想眼光看待生活。一方面又以现实的态度思考。 1法国影响时期—2意大利影响时期—3成熟时期 强调人权，今生今世幸福快乐的权利，反对神权与禁欲主义。反对滥用宗教教义。 人物：个人与社会关系的主题。突出人物之间性格冲突和物质利益矛盾。幽默讽刺地描写了新兴资产阶级所反感的阶级出身问题。人物形象是立体的，有独特的气质和性格。 押尾韵。八音节对偶句（octosyllabic couplet），iambic pentameter的heroic couplet。 4. Canterbury T ales赏析 现实主义。但未能摆脱中世纪的偏见。 轻松、欢快 文艺复兴的先驱。人生来就有谋求世俗幸福的权利。 General Prologue+24个故事。每个故事有“小引”、“开场语”、“结束语”。 General Prologue：赞扬骑士、骑士之子、乡勇。讽刺院长嬷嬷的矫揉造作。 24个故事题材：多是关于爱情婚姻。还有揭露了宗教的压迫、僧侣的道德败坏、官吏的专横。 Iambic pentameter couplet, 即heroic couplet 5. Hamlet赏析 Shakespeare的巅峰之作。尽管讲的是丹麦故事。但反映的却是英国的事情。人文主义。对他所生活的那个时代的方方面面进行了评论。复仇悲剧。 家丑引起Hamlet对美好世界、人类善良的怀疑。个人悲剧演变成社会的悲剧，变成铲除罪恶、匡扶正义的巨大社会责任心。Hamlet的悲剧在于，他的责任是如此艰巨，自己又是日次势孤力单。他的弱点：多愁善感，疑虑重重；善于思考，贫于行动。他代表了善于思考，贫于行动的新兴资产阶级。 6. The Merchant of V enice赏析 Shylock—唯利是图，爱财如命的拜金主义者。作为犹太民族受到歧视和迫害。 Portia—人文主义者对新女性的理想 7. Francis Bacon
材料性能学重点(完整版)
第一章 1、 力—伸长曲线和应力—应变曲线，真应力—真应变曲线 在整个拉伸过程中的变形可分为弹性变形、屈服变形、均匀塑性变形及不均匀集中塑性变形4个阶段 将力—伸长曲线的纵，横坐标分别用拉伸试样的标距处的原始截面积Ao 和原始标距长度Lo 相除，则得到与力—伸长曲线形状相似的应力（σ=F/Ao ）—应变（ε=ΔL/Lo ）曲线 比例极限σp ， 弹性极限σe ， 屈服点σs ， 抗拉强度σb 如果以瞬时截面积A 除其相应的拉伸力F ，则可得到瞬时的真应力S （S ＝F/A)。同样，当拉伸力F 有一增量dF 时，试样瞬时长度L 的基础上变为L ＋dL ，于是应变的微分增量应是de ＝dL / L ，则试棒自L 0伸长至L 后，总的应变量为： 式中的e 为真应变。于是，工程应变和真应变之间的关系为 2、 弹性模数 在应力应变关系的意义上，当应变为一个单位时，弹性模数在数值上等于弹性应力，即弹性模数是产生100%弹性变形所需的应力。在工程中弹性模数是表征材料对弹性变形的抗力，即材料的刚度，其值越大，则在相同应力下产生的弹性变形就越小。 比弹性模数是指材料的弹性模数与其单位体积质量（密度）的比值，也称为比模数或比刚度 3、 影响弹性模数的因素①键合方式和原子结构（不大）②晶体结构（较大）③ 化学成分 （间隙大于固溶）④微观组织（不大）⑤温度（很大）⑥加载条件和负荷持续时间（不大） 4、 比例极限和弹性极限 比例极限σp 是保证材料的弹性变形按正比关系变化的最大应力，即在拉伸应力－应变曲线上开始偏离直线时的应力值。 弹性极限σe 试样加载后再卸载，以不出现残留的永久变形为标准，材料能够完全弹性恢复的最高应力值 5、 弹性比功又称为弹性比能或应变比能，用a e 表示，是材料在弹性变形过程中吸收变形功 的能力。一般可用材料弹性变形达到弹性极限时单位体积吸收的弹性变形功表示。 6、 根据材料在弹性变形过程中应力和应变的响应特点，弹性可以分为理想弹性（完全弹 性）和非理想弹性（弹性不完整性）两类。 对于理想弹性材料，在外载荷作用下，应力和应变服从虎克定律σ＝M ε，并同时满足3个条件，即：应变对于应力的响应是线性的；应力和应变同相位；应变是应力的单值函数。 材料的非理想弹性行为大致可以分为滞弹性、粘弹性、伪弹性及包申格效应等类型。 00ln 0L L L dL de e L e L ===??)1ln(ln 0ε+==L L e