英语专业语言学毕业论文

毕业论文

Pragmatic Functions of English Abbreviations and Their Infiltration on

Chinese

孟祥熙

吉林建筑大学外国语学院

2014年06月23日

毕业论文

Pragmatic Functions of English Abbreviations and Their Infiltration on Chinese

学生：孟祥熙

学号：14110310

指导教师：王晓敏

专业：英语

所在单位：外国语学院

答辩日期：2014年06月23日

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... I 摘要 ............................................................................................................................. II I. INTRODUCTION. (1)

II. LITERATURE REVIEW (3)

2.1 The Origin of the English Abbreviations (3)

2.1.1 The Objective World Factor (3)

2.1.2 The Subjective World Factor (4)

2.1.3 Language World Factor (4)

2.2 The Constitution of the English Abbreviations (4)

2.2.1 Acronym (5)

2.2.2 Clipping Words (5)

2.2.3 Blending Words (6)

III. PRAGMATIC FUNCTIONS OF ENGLISH ABBREVIATIONS (8)

3.1 Succinctness (8)

3.2 Eye-catching (8)

3.3 Highly Descriptive (9)

3.4 Rhetorical Function (9)

IV. INFILTRATION OF ENGLISH ABBREVIATIONS IN CHINESE (12)

4.1 The Characteristics of English Abbreviations in Chinese (12)

4.1.1 Large Quantity; Wide Extent (12)

4.1.2 Productivity; Serialization (13)

4.2 The Constitution of English Abbreviation in Chinese (13)

4.2.1 Pure English Abbreviation Type (13)

4.2.2 Transliteration in English Abbreviation Type (13)

4.2.3 Chinese and English Mixed Abbreviation Type (14)

4.2.4 Pure Pinyin Abbreviation Type (14)

V. CONCLUSION (15)

NOTES (16)

REFERENCES (17)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (18)

ABSTRACT

English abbreviations play a very important role in our daily life. The paper based on the former’s search findings to introduce the four main pragmatic functions of English abbreviations, the infiltration of English abbreviations on the Chinese language and their misuse. The purpose is to awaken readers to the problem of dealing with the relationship between the infiltration of English abbreviations and the purification of the Chinese language.

Key words: English abbreviation; pragmatic function; Chinese; infiltration

摘要

英语缩略词在我们的日常生活中扮演着十分重要的角色。通过总结前人对英语缩略语的研究以及作者自己的探索，本文着重介绍英语缩略词的四大语用功能以及英语缩略词对汉语的全方位渗透及其在汉语中的误用和滥用,目的是使读者意识到,处理好英语缩略词的借用并纯洁我们本民族的语言。

关键词：英语缩略词；语用功能；汉语；渗透

I. INTRODUCTION

The English abbreviation is a common linguistic phenomenon and it is one of the important areas of linguistic research. And in Chinese has also aroused more and more attention in China and has been the hot topic in the research area of language contact. It appears a large number of abbreviations in the English vocabulary in lately 20 years. With the development of economy, the leap of science and technology and the change of social life, quick and concise language are necessary for our daily life. As to achieve saving time, improving work efficiency, using acronyms to replace the original word is relatively common, and it is very necessary. The use of abbreviations is focused and save space, so that the limited space contains a large amount of information, thus disseminating the information effectively. So the study of abbreviation is very meaningful and necessary.

Many scholars studied English abbreviation in the past few years, and they got some search findings. Some of the references studied on English abbreviation and its development. Wang rongpei think that abbreviation is syllable of the word to be omitted or simplified to produce words. According to the searching by Saussure, an acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a name, such as WAC for Women’s Army Corps, or by combining initial letters or parts of a series of words, such as radar for radio detecting and ranging. Xie advocated that the constitution of the English abbreviation include: Acronym, Clipping, and Blending. Yu Fulin indicated before the 1940s, the number of English abbreviation only a little, but with the birth of the first all-electronic digital computer English abbreviation increases.

There are some researches on function of English abbreviation and its influence. Shen interprets from three aspects the expressible function of abbreviations: simplicity, fashion, vivid. Wang Lu and Wang Peng observed some pragmatic functions about the phenomenon: concise, vivid, descriptive, rhetoric and extensive in usage. These characteristics of acronyms in Chinese are also agreed with by Lin Qing and Yang Feng. We can see that making discourse concise, novel and euphemistic is pragmatic function of acronyms unanimously recognized by many researchers.

And some other references research on their infiltration on Chinese. Saussure put forward English abbreviation is a mirror of west social language development. Chen Xiaoning mentioned “the infiltration of English abbreviation on Chinese everywhere, for example SARS, e-mail, ATM.” In order to make full use of English abbreviations and enrich our Chinese, in the article Pragmatic Advantages of Acronyms in Chinese Magazines. Lin Qing points out that English abbreviation used in newspaper and magazine widely, just like CEO.

But these results of the searching have limitation. It is only the part of the English abbreviation. As all these references are stated above, the writer introduces the four main pragmatic functions of English abbreviation including: Succinctness, Eye-catching, Highly descriptive and Rhetorical function. Also, on the basis of these references, the author summarized the infiltration of English abbreviation on Chinese divided four types: Pure English abbreviation type, Transliteration in English abbreviation type, Chinese and English mixed abbreviation type, Pure Pinyin abbreviated type.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

In this chapter, writer will introduce the origin of English abbreviations and the constitution of English abbreviation. These are basics of the English abbreviations.

2.1 The Origin of the English Abbreviations

Abbreviated words appeared early in the ancient Greek, and at that time, they were often used on coins, bandages and steles. But it is in recent years that the abbreviated words developed and accumulated. Acronyms in English firstly appeared in 1943 and later increased at such an amazingly high speed that only in the short space of the years from 1943 to 1965, more than 45,000,000 new abbreviated words emerged. In 1972, E.T. Crowley and his collaborators compiled “Acronyms and Initializes Dictionary”This dictionary has a total collection of 80,000 abbreviated words, and soon added up to 120,000 words. At present, the largest collection of abbreviation came up to 260,000words. Before the 1940s, the number of English abbreviation only a little, but with the birth of the first all-electronic digital computer at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States, English abbreviation increases[1]. Abbreviation is a common linguistic phenomenon in the world today. But the abbreviation of English is in a marginal position in foreign country for a long time, which is not commensurate with the rapid development of the abbreviations. In the late twentieth century, western scholars began to use cognitive linguistics, computer linguistics and psychological linguistics on the English abbreviations in-depth study, and prove the abbreviation to the value of linguistics research.Especially in recent 20 years is the fastest 20 years of English abbreviation growing. The main causes of English contractions are the following:

2.1.1 The Objective World Factors

With the fast development of national economies, the rapid progress of science and technology, and the rapid changes in the social life, all require fast, simple language to reflect the complexity of new things and social phenomena. Abbreviation appears more and more in all areas of human life, because abbreviations can be used less information and space to express the original meaning of the words. Social development, especially the rapid development of science and technology on the widespread application of abbreviations has been the extremely vital role.

2.1.2 The Subjective World Factors

With psychology of people who ask briefness, Anderson, Cognitive psychologist, thinks information processing ability of people is limited. In order to effectively deal with complex communication, people need to have some abilities to show the subject initiative, such as, summary and simplification of the information, organization of the strategy. The communication of modern social information are more and more frequent, so that this requires more and more economic information carrier which can use the most succinct information symbol transfer as much information as possible. The rich meaning of letters abbreviation just meet the people’s need for briefness psychology.

With p eople’s new psychological and the arrival of the economic society, in order to adapt yourself to the competitive society, people began to consciously care what happened around the world and to absorb new information initiatively. English abbreviations represent new things, new honored, new information of letters abbreviations, such as PK (play kill, against / challenge), ATM (automatic teller machine, automatic teller machines), etc. It is easy to be accepted and used by people.

2.1.3 Language World Factors

Various elements in the language, vocabulary is the most volatile factor in the language, which is liquid rather than solid. The development of modern English vocabulary, on the one hand, is a big increase in the number of new words, on the other hand is increasingly cohesive simplified. The French linguists A.Martinet had also proposed “language economic” principle. He points out that the communication and expressions are always in the dynamic changing, and more, newer, more characteristics of the language units will emerge. But as the people whose performances show inertia in all aspects of daily life, it requires us to minimize consumption in speech, and use the abbreviation with the habits we familiar and a small amount of language unit.

2.2 The Constitution of the English Abbreviations

English is alphabetic writing and its abbreviation is mainly composed by letters, so there is to study the structure mode of modern English abbreviations.

2.2.1 Acronym

Acronym is to put every word or initial of the words or phases extract and constitute into a new word.

2.2.1.1 Acronym

Acronym is proposed by in each word or the first letter of the words or phrases (sometimes also can include other letters) and coagulation and combined into a new word. e.g.:

AIDS←—Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

DINK←—double income no kids

EEC←—European Economic Community

GPS←—Global Positioning System

IELTS←—the International English Language Testing System

IMF←—International Monetary Fund

LASER←—Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

PC←—personal computer

PE ←—physical education

SARS←—Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

These letters should be written to capital letters. And they are very convenient to write.

2.2.1.2 Semi-Acronym

Semi-Acronym is a special kind of initials. Generally, it is consists by the first letter of the first word and the whole second word. e.g.:

G-man←—Government man

H-bomb←—hydrogen bomb

N-bomb←—nuclear bomb

V·J·Day←—Victory over Japan Day

All these examples are written to one capital letter add the head-word. And prove that the acronym of the English abbreviation is very simple eye-caching and vivid.

2.2.2 Clipping Words

Clipping words is a part of one single word or the first word of phrase as a new whole word, or the abbreviated phrase. The motivation of the Clipping words is wood and affix, usually keep the root in the thumbnail.

2.2.2.1 Front Clippings

It is omit the prefixes of the original word, and retain its root. e.g.:

bus←—omnibus cello←—violoncello

chute←—parachute copter←—helicopter

coon←—raccoon net←—internet

phone←—telephone quake←—earthquake

scope ←—telescope van←—caravan

These words omit the front of the word. It is convenient to write and remember.

2.2.2.2 Back Clippings

It is omit the suffix of the original word, and retain its root. e.g.:

demo←—demonstration disco←—discotheque

dorm←—dormitory exam←—examination

gas←—gasoline gym←—gymnasium

hippo←—hippopotamus lab←—laboratory

memo←—memorandum mount←—mountain

Prof.←—professor telecom←—telecommunication

These words omit the back of the word. It is convenient to write and remember.

2.1.1.1 Front and Back Clippings

It is omit the head part and the tail part of the word. e.g.:

flu←—influenza jams←—pajamas

script←—prescription tec←—detective

Clipping word is a part of the word, so it is not only easy to writing but also easy to remember.

2.2.3 Blending Words

It is connect part of a word to part of another word as a new word. e.g.:

sitcom←—situation comedy Chunnel←—Channel Tunnel

motel←—motor hotel paratroops←—parachute troops

workfare←—work welfare newscast←—news broadcast

sociobiology←—sociology biology

brunch←—breakfast lunch

lidar←—light radar

smog←—smoke fog

Blending words make two words into one word. It is save space and time.

This chapter proves that the formation of English abbreviation is consequent. It is

a product of the social development. If people learn to master the abbreviations in the composition rules and basic requirements, we can not only correctly use abbreviations but also can create a much-needed correct abbreviation in necessary. The abbreviation will have life as long as the abbreviations are reasonable simplified.

III. PRAGMATIC FUNCTION OF ENGLISH

ABBREVIATIONS

Because of the simple and easy to remember English abbreviation has strong vitality. In fact, there are quite a part of English abbreviation is common for us and people no longer use its full name, such as a.m., p.m., Mr, Mrs, UFO, PPA, SOS etc.. In today’s rapidly evolving information society, lengthy and complex words will be replaced by concise English abbreviation. For example, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, people usually use AIDS in the daily life, such expression both simple and easy to remember. Compared with the English full name the English abbreviation has its unique pragmatic function.

3.1 Succinctness

In this part, there are two examples to explain this function. e.g.:

1)She is in bed with flu. 她感冒了卧病在床。

2)The province has registered 134 HIV carriers, most of whom were blood

donors infected by contaminated needles.

Abbreviations flu < word influenza,the 3 letters are instead of the 9 letters. HIV < human immunodeficiency virus, the 3 letters are instead of the 26letters. In this way, writing, speaking speed is greatly accelerated.

3.2 Eye-catching

The capital letter is eye-catching and there are many uppercase in the abbreviations. Fo r example, capital M of McDonald’s fast food and the KFC of Kentucky Fried Chicken are both eye-catching and catchy-hook for not only Chinese but also westerner. The visual effects will be reducing greatly if they are written the full name McDonald’s and K entucky Fried Chicken.

BMW and FIAI respectively refers to “宝马” and “菲亚特”. They are originating from German “Bayerishe Motoren Werk” and Italian “Fabrica Italiana Automobile Torino”. It is difficult to remember if use the full name.

3.3 Highly Descriptive

“S ome English abbreviations have strong descriptive especially in the trademark, and from itself can be seen the product types and performance.” [2] e.g.: Coolmint←—cool + peppermint

Exercycle ←—exercise + bicycle

Litek←—light + tek

Skinice←—skin + nice

V odaphone←—voice + data + phone

The above abbreviation trademarks, the performance of “cool”, “nice”stand vividly revealed on the paper. And the types of products “cycle”,“light”, “phone” are more evident.

3.4 Rhetorical Function

“T here are some remarkable features of English abbreviation: humor, pun, metonymy, euphemism, ridicule, parody.” [3]

3.4.1 Humor

GASP is the abbreviation of the Greater Alliance to the Stop Pollution, and the meaning of gasp is “breath”. So the GASP make the people associate a scene that human breathing hardly in the case of air pollution scenarios. It is humorous and containing the tragic effect.

There is another example, a trademark of the eyeglass company in American called OIC. We can see these three letters look as if a pair of glasses, when we read the three letters just like say “oh, I see”. It is a really classical trademark. Not only the visualization but also the homophonic are really appropriate. No wonder the glasses so popular.

3.4.2 Pun

U.S.A companies such as IBM and MOTOROLA jointly developed a computer chip, which the English name is the Power-PC. And someone translate it into a powerful PC chips, which the Power is actually the acronym form of Performance

Optimized With Enhanced Risc that means to achieve optimal performance with Enhanced RISC Technology. So the role of power is pun.

3.4.3 Euphemism

“English has a considerable number of tables and tactful abbreviations. These abbreviations are both let each other know what the meaning and do not stimulate each other to substitute less bluntly with saying more mildly subtle argument.” [4] e.g.:

1)I seem to meet nothing but the B-girl here.

2)The daughter reassured him: Do not worry, dad, I told every man who gave

me a lift that I was going to San Francisco because there are the best VD

clinics.

In two examples stated above. “B-girl is the abbreviation of the bar girl.”and “VD

3.4.4 Ridicule

IBM is the acronym of the International Business Machines Corporation. XiuLian Li from Taiwan shows that Taiwanese gave her an IBM’s title, meaning Internati onal Big Mouth.

As another example, CAAC is the acronym of the Civil Aviation Administration of China. Because of the CAAC always delay and cancel the flights, some foreigners called the CAAC means China Airline Always Cancel.

3.4.5 Parody

“Some English a bbreviations emerge as the times require by p arody.” [5] IQ is a very familiar acronym for us and there are a large number of similar abbreviations though parody. e.g.:

CQ创造商< creation quotient

EQ情商< emotional quotient

LQ爱商< love quotient

MQ心商

PQ个性指数< personality quotient

SQ刺激商数< stimulation quotient

With the use of the computer, the acronym of “e” family also produce s a large

number. e.g.:

e-cash电子现金< electronic cash

e-commerce电子商务< electronic commerce

e-money电子货币< electronic money

e-payment电子支付< electronic payment

e-tailing电子零售< electronic retailing

e-zine电子杂志< electronic magazine

This chapter gives many examples for the different kinds of the abbreviation words. All this forms are sated above, not only easy for write and remember, but also have fashion shape. With the rapidly developing information, a long and complicated word will inevitably be replaced by concise abbreviation to make the expression simple and easy to remember. In fact, the abbreviation of English does have more unique language functions than the English full name. This chapter proves the reason.

IV. INFILTRATION OF ENGLISH

ABBREVIATIONS IN CHINESE

Reform and opening make frequent contact between our country and western developed countries. In the last few years, with the continuous improvement of English status in our eyes, we can see English abbreviations everywhere. The CCTV is oncoming firstly when you watchin g TV. Also you can see “England VS France” if you often watching football game. The advertising words in GanKang contains “no PPA”you can heard many times, as for the English abbreviations in newspaper and network are more numerous.

4.1 The characteristics of English abbreviations in Chinese

There are four characteristics of English abbreviations in Chinese:

4.1.1 Large quantity; wide extent

Modern Chinese Standard Dictionary included 100 English abbreviations. Modern Chinese Dictionary (Supplement) is included the 110 English abbreviations. But the English abbreviations in contemporary news media in China is far more than these, the number is hard to believe, also involves a wide range of areas, especially in economy and technology.

In computer industry：BASIC(计算机语言), CPU(中央处理器), EMS(邮政特快专递), IT(信息产业), PC(个人电脑), USB(通讯串行总线), WWW(万维网) etc. In politics and economy：APE(亚太经合组织), CPI(消费者物价指数), Expo(世界博览会), GDP(国内生产总值), WTO(世界贸易组织) etc. In culture and education：GRE(美国研究生入学考试), IELTS(雅思考试), MBA(工商管理硕士), TOEFL(托福考试) etc. In social life：CI(企业形象), DVD(数字化视频盘), LD(激光视盘), MTV(音乐电视), OA(办公自动化), VCD(视频高密光盘), VCR(盒式磁带录像机) etc. In medical service：DNA(脱氧核糖核酸), EPO(促红细胞生长素), HIV(人类免疫缺陷病毒), ICU(重症监护病房), OTC(非处方药) etc. In science and technology：GPS(全球定位系统), UFO(不明飞行体) etc.

4.1.2 Productivity; Serialization

With the increasing in use of English abbreviations in Chinese frequently, so that produce a lot of new English abbreviations. The English abbreviations based on the regular word formation to have a certain morphological ability. Such as“CD 盘”，“DV 机”，“IC 卡” etc.

Meanwhile，the acronyms in a letter to a replacement can produce the form and meaning on the word of a similar series of Abbreviations. With the NBA popular, appears CBA(国家职业篮球联赛), CUBA(国家大学生篮球联赛). There are similar examples,people are keen to get MBA(工商管理硕士), and appeared EMBA(高管工商管理硕士), MPA(公共管理硕士), MFA(艺术硕士), MCS(计算机科学硕士), MCL(民法硕士), MCE(土木工程学硕士), MDS(牙科硕士)etc. Now the company leadership has often been referred to as CXO(X represents any one of the 26 English letters, from the CEO(首席执行官) to the CAO(首席行政官), CBO(首席商务官), CCO(首席文化官), CDO(首席外交官), CEO(首席执行官), CFO(首席财务官), CLO(首席教育官), CMO(首席市场官), COO(首席运营官), CNO(首席谈判官), CPO(首席制作官), CQO(首席质量官) etc.

4.2 The constitution form of English abbreviations in Chinese

There are four types of infiltration of English abbreviations on Chinese:

4.2.1 Pure English Abbreviated type

It means the original English abbreviations placed Chinese directly. e.g.:

1)“昨天下午,又一例疑似SARS病患者被确诊。”[6]

SARS < Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: 严重急性呼吸道症候群。

2)“随后一段日子,两人通过OICQ聊天,感情日渐深厚。”[7]

OICQ < Oh, I seek you.: 啊，我寻找你。一种常用的网上聊天工具。

4.2.2 Transliteration in English abbreviated Type

“It means using pronunciation of the English abbreviation into Chinese.” [8] e.g.:

1)“如今，人们除了通过电话联系外，还常常通过伊妹儿进行交流。”[6]

伊妹儿是英语缩略词e-mail的音译

2)“限制的士数量是缓解城市交通压力的一种办法。”[9]

的士是英语缩略词taxi的音译。

4.2.3 Chinese and English Mixed Abbreviation Type

It means the function of the Chinese characters followed by the English abbreviations. e.g.:

1)“学生可以在大学校园里的ATM机上取款。”[10]

ATM 机< Automatic Teller Machine自动取款机

2)“新身份证不同于IC卡。”[11]

IC 卡< integrated circuit集成电路

3)我们都喜欢穿T恤衫。

T恤< T-shirt 汗衫

4.2.4 Pure Pinyin Abbreviated Type

It means use each pinyin initials to instead of Chinese characters. e.g.:

1)“我们的HSK汉语水平考试词典是特地为外国学生编写的。”[12]

HSK < Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi汉语水平考试

2)这个星期天,妈妈带我去逛动物园。我的GG带着他的恐龙NY也在动物

园玩。那位JJ一个劲地对我PMP…..。

GG

3)在中国，人们都使用RMB，几乎不用外币。

RMB< renminbi 人民币

From the above examples can be seen that English abbreviation enriched the Chinese vocabulary by penetrating Chinese in a variety ways. Such as “汗衫”and “T-shirt”, “电子邮件” and “伊妹儿”, “非典” and “SARS”, “年轻一代” and “e时代”etc make the Chinese expression more precision and diversified. These synonyms both use in spoken English and written English. They all have their own characteristic and subtle differences, although they are in similar meaning. “T恤”seems more fashion than “汗衫”, also the price is more higher. “电子邮件” is more formal than “伊妹儿”, but the latter is more cute than former. “SARS” is more close to international language than “非典” and make the international communication more easier. As for “e生代” is more vivid than “年轻一代”. “English abbreviations make the original single code language expression replaced by the available English-Chinese mixture code expression.” [13] So that achieve better effect of language expression.

英语专业毕业论文范文两篇

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