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Nelson Mandela biography

Synopsis

Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, in Mveso, Transkei, South Africa. Becoming actively involved in the anti-apartheid movement in his 20s, Mandela joined the African National Congress in 1942. For 20 years, he directed a campaign of peaceful, non-violent defiance against the South African government and its racist policies. In 1993, Mandela and South African President F.W. de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to dismantle the country's apartheid system. In 1994, Mandela was inaugurated as South Africa's first black president. In 2009, Mandela's birthday (July 18) was declared Mandela Day to promote global peace and celebrate the South African leader's legacy. Mandela died at his home in Johannesburg on December 5, 2013, at age 95.

Early Life

Nelson Mandela was born Rolihlahla Mandela on July 18, 1918, in the tiny village of Mvezo, on the banks of the Mbashe River in Transkei, South Africa. "Rolihlahla" in the Xhosa language literally means "pulling the branch of a tree," but more commonly translates as "troublemaker."

Nelson Mandela's father, who was destined to be a chief, served as a counselor to tribal chiefs for several years, but lost both his title and fortune over a dispute with the local colonial magistrate. Mandela was only an infant at the time, and his father's loss of status forced his mother to move the family to Qunu, an even smaller village north of Mvezo. The village was nestled in a narrow grassy valley; there were no roads, only foot paths that linked the pastures where livestock grazed. The family lived in huts and ate a local harvest of maize, sorghum, pumpkin and beans, which was all they could afford. Water came from springs and streams and cooking was done outdoors. Mandela played the games of young boys, acting out male rights-of-passage scenarios with toys he made from the natural materials available, including tree branches and clay.

At the suggestion of one of his father's friends, Mandela was baptized in the Methodist Church. He went on to become the first in his family to attend school. As was custom at the time, and probably due to the bias of the British educational system in South Africa, Mandela's teacher told him that his new first name would be Nelson.

When Mandela was 9 years old, his father died of lung disease, causing his life to change dramatically. He was adopted by Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo, the acting regent of the Thembu people—a gesture done as a favor to Mandela's father, who, years earlier, had recommended Jongintaba be made chief. Mandela subsequently left the carefree life he knew in Qunu, fearing that he would never see his village again. He traveled by motorcar to Mqhekezweni, the provincial capital of Thembuland, to the chief's royal residence. Though he had not forgotten his beloved village of Qunu, he quickly adapted to the new, more sophisticated surroundings of Mqhekezweni.

Mandela was given the same status and responsibilities as the regent's two other children, his son and oldest child, Justice, and daughter Nomafu. Mandela took classes in a one-room school next to the palace, studying English, Xhosa, history and geography. It was during this period that Mandela developed his interest in African history from elder chiefs who came to the Great Palace on official business. He learned how the African people had lived in relative peace until the coming of the white people. According to the elders, the children of South Africa had lived as brothers, but the white man shattered this fellowship. While the black man shared his land, air and water with the white man, the white man took all of these things for himself.

When Mandela was 16, it was time for him to partake in the traditional African circumcision ritual to mark his entrance into manhood. The ceremony of circumcision was not just a surgical procedure, but an elaborate ritual in preparation for manhood. In African tradition, an uncircumcised man cannot inherit his father's wealth, marry or

officiate at tribal rituals. Mandela participated in the ceremony with 25 other boys. He welcomed the opportunity to partake in his people's customs and felt ready to make the transition from boyhood to manhood. His mood shifted during the proceedings, however, when Chief Meligqili, the main speaker at the ceremony, spoke sadly of the young men, explaining that they were enslaved in their own country. Because their land was controlled by white men, they would never have the power to govern themselves, the chief said. He went on to lament that the promise of the young men would be squandered as they struggled to make a living and perform mindless chores for white men. Mandela would later say that while the chief's words didn't make total sense to him at the time, they would eventually formulate his resolve for an independent South Africa.

From the time Mandela came under the guardianship of Regent Jongintaba, he was groomed to assume high office, not as a chief, but a counselor to one. As Thembu royalty, Nelson attended a Wesleyan mission school, the Clarkebury Boarding Institute and Wesleyan College, where, he would later state, he found interest and achieved academic success through "plain hard work." He also excelled at track and boxing. Mandela was initially mocked as a "country boy" by his Wesleyan classmates, but eventually became friends with several students, including Mathona, his first female friend.

In 1939, Mandela enrolled at the University College of Fort Hare, the only residential center of higher learning for blacks in South Africa at the time. Fort Hare was considered Africa's equivalent of Oxford or Harvard, drawing scholars from all parts of sub-Sahara Africa. In his first year at the university, Mandela took the required courses, but focused on Roman Dutch law to prepare for a career in civil service as an interpreter or clerk—regarded as the best profession a black man could obtain at the time.

In his second year at Fort Hare, Mandela was elected to the Student Representative Council. For some time, students had been dissatisfied with the food and lack of power held by the SRC. During this election, a majority of students voted to boycott unless their demands were met. Aligning with the student majority, Mandela resigned from his position. Seeing this as an act of insubordination, the university's Dr. Kerr expelled Mandela for the rest of the year, but gave him an ultimatum: He could return if he agreed to serve on the SRC. When Mandela returned home, the regent was furious, telling Mandela unequivocally that he would have to recant his decision and go back to school in the fall.

Mandela's Imprisonment

A few weeks after Nelson Mandela's return home, Regent Jongintaba announced that he had arranged a marriage for his adopted son. The regent wanted to make sure that Mandela's life was properly planned, and the arrangement was within his right, as tribal custom dictated. Shocked by the news, feeling trapped and believing he had no other option, Mandela ran away from home. He settled in Johannesburg, where he worked a variety of jobs, including as a guard and a clerk, while completing his bachelor's degree via correspondence courses. He then enrolled at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg to study law.

Mandela soon became actively involved in the anti-apartheid movement, joining the African National Congress in 1942. Within the ANC, a small group of young Africans banded together, calling themselves the African National Congress Youth League. Their goal was to transform the ANC into a mass grassroots movement, deriving strength from millions of rural peasants and working people who had no voice under the current regime. Specifically, the group believed that the ANC's old tactics of polite petitioning were ineffective. In 1949, the ANC officially adopted the Youth League's methods of boycott, strike, civil disobedience and non-cooperation, with policy goals of full citizenship, redistribution of land, trade union rights, and free and compulsory education for all children.

For 20 years, Mandela directed peaceful, nonviolent acts of defiance against the South African government and its racist policies, including the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People. He founded the law firm Mandela and Tambo, partnering with Oliver Tambo, a brilliant student he'd met while attending Fort Hare. The law firm provided free and low-cost legal counsel to unrepresented blacks.

In 1956, Mandela and 150 others were arrested and charged with treason for their political advocacy (they were eventually acquitted). Meanwhile, the ANC was being challenged by Africanists, a new breed of black activists who believed that the pacifist method of the ANC was ineffective. Africanists soon broke away to form the Pan-Africanist Congress, which negatively affected the ANC; by 1959, the movement had lost much of its militant support.

In 1961, Mandela, who was formerly committed to nonviolent protest, began to believe that armed struggle was the only way to achieve change and subsequently co-founded Umkhonto we Sizwe, also known as MK, an armed offshoot of the ANC dedicated to sabotage and guerilla war tactics to end apartheid.

In 1961, Mandela orchestrated a three-day national workers' strike. He was arrested for leading the strike the following year and sentenced to five years in prison. Then, in 1963, he was brought to trial again. This time, he and 10 other ANC leaders were sentenced to life imprisonment for political offenses, including sabotage.

Nelson Mandela was incarcerated on Robben Island for 18 of his 27 years in prison. During this time, he contracted tuberculosis and, as a black political prisoner, received the lowest level of treatment from prison workers. However, while incarcerated, Mandela was able to earn a Bachelor of Law degree through a University of London correspondence program.

A 1981 memoir by South African intelligence agent Gordon Winter described a plot by the South African government to arrange for Mandela's escape so as to shoot him during the recapture. The plot was foiled by British intelligence, however. Mandela continued to be such a potent symbol of black resistance that a coordinated international campaign for his release was launched, and this international groundswell of support exemplified the power and esteem Mandela had in the global political community.

In 1982, Mandela and other ANC leaders were moved to Pollsmoor Prison, allegedly to enable contact between them and the South African government. In 1985, President P.W. Botha offered Mandela's release in exchange for renouncing armed struggle; the prisoner flatly rejected the offer. With increasing local and international pressure for his release, the government participated in several talks with Mandela over the years, but no deal was made. It wasn't until Botha suffered a stroke and was replaced by Frederik Willem de Klerk that Mandela's release was finally announced, on February 11, 1990. De Klerk also unbanned the ANC, removed restrictions on political groups and suspended executions.

Prison Release and Presidency

Upon his release from prison, Nelson Mandela immediately urged foreign powers not to reduce their pressure on the South African government for constitutional reform. While he stated that he was committed to working toward peace, he declared that the ANC's armed struggle would continue until the black majority received the right to vote.

In 1991, Mandela was elected president of the African National Congress, with lifelong friend and colleague Oliver Tambo serving as national chairperson. Mandela continued to negotiate with President F.W. de Klerk toward the country's first multiracial elections. White South Africans were willing to share power, but many black South Africans wanted a complete transfer of power. The negotiations were often strained and news of violent

eruptions, including the assassination of ANC leader Chris Hani, continued throughout the country. Mandela had to keep a delicate balance of political pressure and intense negotiations amid the demonstrations and armed resistance.

In 1993, Mandela and President de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their work toward dismantling apartheid.

Due in no small part to their work, negotiations between black and white South Africans prevailed: On April 27, 1994, South Africa held its first democratic elections. Nelson Mandela was inaugurated as the country's first black president on May 10, 1994, at the age of 77, with de Klerk as his first deputy.

Also in 1994, Mandela published his autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, much of which he had secretly written while in prison. The following year, he was awarded the Order of Merit. From 1994 until June 1999, Mandela worked to bring about the transition from minority rule and apartheid to black majority rule. He used the nation's enthusiasm for sports as a pivot point to promote reconciliation between whites and blacks, encouraging black South Africans to support the once-hated national rugby team. In 1995, South Africa came to the world stage by hosting the Rugby World Cup, which brought further recognition and prestige to the young republic.

Mandela also worked to protect South Africa's economy from collapse during his presidency. Through his Reconstruction and Development Plan, the South African government funded the creation of jobs, housing and basic health care. In 1996, Mandela signed into law a new constitution for the nation, establishing a strong central government based on majority rule, and guaranteeing the rights of minorities and the freedom of expression.

Retirement and Later Career

By the 1999 general election, Nelson Mandela had retired from active politics. He continued to maintain a busy schedule, however, raising money to build schools and clinics in South Africa's rural heartland through his Mandela Foundation, and serving as a mediator in Burundi's civil war. He also published a number of books on his life and struggles, among them No Easy Walk to Freedom; Nelson Mandela: The Struggle is my Life; and Nelson Mandela's Favorite African Folktales.

Mandela was diagnosed and treated for prostate cancer in 2001. In June 2004, at the age of 85, he announced his formal retirement from public life and returned to his native village of Qunu.

On July 18, 2007, Mandela convened a group of world leaders, including Graca Machel (whom Mandela would wed in 1998), Desmond Tutu, Kofi Annan, Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter, Li Zhaoxing, Mary Robinson and Muhammad Yunus, to address the world's toughest issues. Named "The Elders," the group is committed to working both publicly and privately to find solutions to problems around the globe. Since its inception, the group has made an impact in Asia, the Middle East and Africa, promoting peace and women's equality, demanding an end to atrocities, and supporting initiatives to address humanitarian crises and promote democracy.

In Recent Years

Nelson Mandela made his last public appearance to date in 2010, at the final match of the World Cup in South Africa. He has largely stepped out of the spotlight, choosing to spend much of his time in his childhood community of Qunu, south of Johannesburg.

He did, however, visit with Michelle Obama, U.S. first lady and wife of President Barack Obama, during her trip to South Africa in 2011.

In recent months, there have been growing concerns about Mandela's health. After suffering a lung infection in January 2011, Mandela was briefly hospitalized in Johannesburg to undergo surgery for a stomach ailment in early 2012. He was released after a few days, later returning to Qunu. In December 2012, Mandela was hospitalized for tests and medical treatment relating to a recurrent lung infection. In March 2013, he was

re-admitted to the hospital after his lung infection returned. Hours later, it was reported that he was responding positively to treatment. On June 8, 2013, a 94-year-old Mandela was rushed to a hospital in Pretoria, receiving treatment once again for a recurring lung infection. Later that same day, the South African president's office stated that Mandela was in "serious but stable condition," and that he was breathing on his own. Mandela's wife, Graca Machel, reportedly canceled a scheduled appearance in London to remain at her husband's his side, and his daughter, Zenani Dlamini, Argentina's South African ambassador, reportedly flew back to South Africa to be with her father.

Jacob Zuma, South Africa's current president, issued a statement in response to public concern over Mandela's March 2013 health scare, asking for support in the form of prayer: "We appeal to the people of South Africa and the world to pray for our beloved Madiba and his family and to keep them in their thoughts," Zuma said. "We have full confidence in the medical team and know that they will do everything possible to ensure recovery." Nelson Mandela continues to be a source of inspiration for civil rights activists worldwide. In 2009, Mandela's birthday (July 18) was declared Mandela Day, an international day to promote global peace and celebrate the South African leader's legacy. According to the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory, the annual event is meant to encourage citizens worldwide to give back the way that Mandela has throughout his lifetime. A statement on the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory's website reads: "Mr. Mandela gave 67 years of his life fighting for the rights of humanity. All we are asking is that everyone gives 67 minutes of their time, whether it's supporting your chosen charity or serving your local community."

Personal Life

Mandela has been married three times. He was married to Evelyn Ntoko Mase from 1944 to 1957. The couple had four children together: Madiba Thembekile, Makgatho, Makaziwe and Maki. He and Winnie Madikizela-Mandela were married from 1958 to 1996; they had two daughters together, Zenani and Zindziswa. In 1998, Mandela married Graca Machel.

In addition to advocating for peace and equality on both a national and global scale, Mandela has remained committed to the fight against AIDS, a disease that killed his son, Makgatho, in 2005.

Death and Legacy

Mandela died at his home in Johannesburg, South Africa, on December 5, 2013, at the age of 95.

新整理小班最容易上的公开课(8篇)

小班最容易上的公开课（8篇）小班最容易上的公开课第一篇太阳和月亮活动目标： 1、引导幼儿感受诗歌中静悄悄与热闹的氛围，体验诗歌带来的不一样意境。 2、初步理解诗歌资料，学习有感情地诵读。 3、尝试用xx醒来了、xx睡着了说一句话。活动准备： 1、两段不一样风格的音乐（《森林狂想曲》，《摇篮曲》）。 2、图片若干（小蝴蝶、小猪、小狗、小鸭、小猫等）。活动过程：一、导入 1、听音乐入室（播放《森林狂想曲》）今日活动室除了来了那么多客人教师，还来了两个特殊的小客人。 2、出示图片太阳（1）教师：小朋友好。幼儿：太阳公公好。教师：我的宝贝可真有礼貌，太阳出来了，白天到了，你去干什么呀？幼儿自由回答。教师：太阳出来了，白天到了，小朋友都去幼儿园，一齐做

游戏了，白天真热闹！ 3、出示图片月亮教师：太阳落山了，月亮出来了，小朋友好。幼儿：月亮好。教师：月亮出来了，晚上了，小朋友要去干什么呀？幼儿自由回答。教师：月亮出来了，晚上了，大家都睡着了，夜晚静悄悄！二、看图理解儿歌 1、分别出示太阳和月亮，提问：太阳出来了，照在身上暖洋洋的，小朋友看一看谁醒来了？ 2、引导幼儿用儿歌里的话说出来。幼儿：小鸟醒来了，小树醒来了，小朋友醒来了 3、太阳出来了，小鸟醒来了，小树醒来了，小朋友醒来了，白天怎样样呀？（引导幼儿用一句好听的话来说：白天真热闹。）教师：我能够用一句好听的话来说白天真热闹。我一齐来说说这句话白天真热闹。 4、瞧，月亮出来了，谁睡着了？ 5、引导幼儿用儿歌里的话说出来。幼儿：小花睡着了，小草睡着了，小朋友睡着了 6、月亮出来了，小花睡着了，小草睡着了，小朋友睡着了，夜晚怎样样呀？（引导幼儿用一句好听的话来说：夜晚静悄悄。）教师：我能够用一句好听的话来说夜晚静悄悄。宝宝跟教师

必修1Unit5NelsonMandela-amodern(二)课后练习

必修1 Unit5 Nelson Mandela-a modern (二) 课后练习主讲教师：麻雪玲北京市英语教师题一： 1. The boy ________ he gave the book was also a friend of mine. 2. The campus ________ we met was a famous one. 3. The campus ________ they often talked together was a famous one. 4. The campus ________ he graduated was a famous one. 5. She was worried about the conditions ________ miners were forced to work. 题二： 1. The opinion ________ they argued for a long time was known to us. 2. The town ________ he comes is a small town. 3. The table ________ the dog lay just now was moved out of the house. 4. The desk ________ my bag is put is Jack’s. 5. The city ________ he paid a visit last month was Shanghai. 题三： After living in P aris for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when 题四： I can still remember the sitting-room ____ my mother and I used to sit in th e evening. A. what B. which C. that D. where 题五： The librarian ______ I just shook hands works heart and soul. A. with whom B. on whom C. from whom D. above whom 题六： He is the man ______ you can depend. A. with whom B. on whom C. from whom D. above whom 题七： The day ______ I was admitted to the university was also the day ____ I spent with him. A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when 题八： The day ____ is important to me is the day _____ I met you for the first time. A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when 题九： Our teacher gave me three books, all of _____ are about Lei Feng. A. them B. which C. that D. whom Our teacher gave me three books, and all of _____ are about Lei Feng. A. them B. which C. that D. whom 题十： I have many friends, some of ______ are businessmen. A. them B. who C. whom D. that I have many friends, and some of ______ are businessmen. A. them B. who C. that D. whom

人教版高中英语必修一第五单元NelsonMandelaAModernHero教学设计

人教版高中英语必修一第五单元Nelson Mandela-A Modern Hero 这次优课大赛，我选的课题是人教版必修一Unit 5 Nelson Mandela，选好课题后，通过查阅大量资料，我了解到本课的教学目标, 围绕教学目标，我的基本思路是通过快读和细读等教学技巧的培养，让学生不断加深对伟人曼德拉的了解，在这个阅读的过程中，通过设置一些阅读练习，来巩固和加深学生对学到的知识的理解和记忆，当然，还伴随着对学生其他的阅读障碍的排除。最后，在语言的充分输入完成之后，简单进行总结，然后进行语言的输出，在输出环节，主要是设置了有挑战性的任务，并表演出来。在完成这一任务的过程中，提醒学生充分利用文本中学到的信息，尤其是与伟人曼德拉相关的信息。具体来说，本节课设计如下： 1.总体思路笔者将本堂课的主要内容分为四大部分，Pre-reading(阅读前活动) ,while-reading（阅读中活动）,post-reading（阅读后活动）以及discussion (讨论)。其中阅读前活动通过看图说话，旨在让学生熟悉课文主题。阅读活动由略读、跳读，细读，归纳大意环节组成，教师根据学生的认知和情感规律的特点，遵循循序渐进的教学原则，活动和所设计的问题由浅入深，层层深入，着眼于提高学生的阅读能力，是学生理解课文的关键环节。读后活动的评价性问题和讨论旨在培养学生的综合语言运用能

力，激发学生的发散性思维。同时引导学生向伟人的高贵品质学习，提高自身素养。 2．Teaching Procedures(教学过程)： Step 1. Pre-reading Enjoy a short video clip and try to guess: What’s the relationship between t hem? _______ .

小班最容易上的公开课

小班最容易上的公开课小班最容易上的公开课(教案8篇) 小班最容易上的公开课（一）：太阳和月亮活动目标： 1、引导幼儿感受诗歌中静悄悄与热闹的氛围，体验诗歌带来的不一样意境。 2、初步理解诗歌资料，学习有感情地诵读。 3、尝试用xx醒来了、xx睡着了说一句话。活动准备： 1、两段不一样风格的音乐（《森林狂想曲》，《摇篮曲》）。 2、图片若干（小蝴蝶、小猪、小狗、小鸭、小猫等）。活动过程：

一、导入 1、听音乐入室（播放《森林狂想曲》）今日活动室除了来了那么多客人教师，还来了两个特殊的小客人。 2、出示图片太阳（1）教师：小朋友们好。幼儿：太阳公公好。教师：我们的宝贝可真有礼貌，太阳出来了，白天到了，你们去干什么呀？幼儿自由回答。教师：太阳出来了，白天到了，小朋友们都去幼儿园，一齐做游戏了，白天真热闹！ 3、出示图片月亮教师：太阳落山了，月亮出来了，小朋友们好。幼儿：月亮好。

教师：月亮出来了，晚上了，小朋友们要去干什么呀？幼儿自由回答。教师：月亮出来了，晚上了，大家都睡着了，夜晚静悄悄！二、看图理解儿歌 1、分别出示太阳和月亮，提问：太阳出来了，照在身上暖洋洋的，小朋友看一看谁醒来了？ 2、引导幼儿用儿歌里的话说出来。幼儿：小鸟醒来了，小树醒来了，小朋友醒来了 3、太阳出来了，小鸟醒来了，小树醒来了，小朋友醒来了，白天怎样样呀？（引导幼儿用一句好听的话来说：白天真热闹。）教师：我们能够用一句好听的话来说白天真热闹。我们一齐来说说这句话白天真热闹。

4、瞧，月亮出来了，谁睡着了？ 5、引导幼儿用儿歌里的话说出来。幼儿：小花睡着了，小草睡着了，小朋友睡着了 6、月亮出来了，小花睡着了，小草睡着了，小朋友睡着了，夜晚怎样样呀？（引导幼儿用一句好听的话来说：夜晚静悄悄。）教师：我们能够用一句好听的话来说夜晚静悄悄。宝宝们跟教师念夜晚静悄悄。三、学习有感情地朗读儿歌 1、教师一边出示图片，一边编一首好听的儿歌，小朋友们听一听（教师朗诵） 2、请小朋友根据教师出示的图片和教师一齐来读一读。教师：好听吗？

新整理小班最容易上的公开课(教案)

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