中学英语语法专题讲座专题一(教师)

初中英语语法专题讲座

语音、词汇、语法是构成语言的吧三大要素，而语法又是语言结构的规律。在语法规律的支配下，单词和词组组成了各种各样的句子，表达着人类亲疏好恶的态度，和喜怒哀乐的思想感情。语法无疑是外语学习必不可少的助手和工具。重视语法学习，必然会对我们掌握外语的规律有所帮助。

下面我就根据《新课标》所规定的语法项目，结合同学们学习实际，遵循实用性和针对性的原则，注意突出重点，同时对学习语法项目是所需要说明和应该注意的问题予以简明分析，全面而系统地阐述初中学习所需的所有语法项目，有的内容还做了适度的扩展。每个专题都配备有针对性的习题，边讲解边练习，可以强化理解，也可以帮助记忆，运用。另外，每个专题结束后还有过关测试题，便于学生检测本专题的掌握情况。总之，本篇的编写内容将为广大初中学生学习英语提供极大的方便。

英语语法中最基本的组成部分是词法和句法，所以本篇按照这两部分分别编写。

专题一冠词

课标解读：新课标《考试说明》对本考点的要求是：了解冠词的分类，掌握不定冠词（a/an）定冠词（the）以及零冠词各自的用法。

能力解读：冠词是构成英语词汇的重要部分，对定冠词的考查是每年中、高考的必考内容（一般以单选题的形式出现），考查内容包括不定冠词（a/an）定冠词（the）以及零冠词的用法。

复习时要注意a/an/the及不用冠词的地方，特别是不定冠词（a/an）定冠词（the）。

（一）冠词概述

冠词是一种不能单独使用的虚词，只能附着在一个名次前，帮助说明这个名词的含义。冠词分为不定冠词（a/an）和定冠词（the）两种。下面分别就它们的用法加以讲解。

（二）不定冠词的用法

不定冠词（a/an）表示数量，与one “一”的意思相近，但数的概念没有one强烈。不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音音素开头的词前面; an用在元音音素开头的词的前面。注意：判断一个单词是元音音素还是辅音音素是根据该单词的开头音节读音和不是字母是否是元音字母。很多字母是元音字母但开头音素不一定是元音音素。例如：

__an___ egg __an__English book __an__umbrella __a__dog __an__idea __a__girl _an__hour ___a_desk __a__university My brother has ____a____black car.They stay there for ___a___week .

Give me ___a__ pencil.(不要其他种类) 比较两句区别

Give me ___one_ pencil.（不要两只或更多）

1.表示时间、距离、重量等度量单位前，常用不定冠词表示数目“一”。如：

一分钟one minute一天a day一周a week一英尺a foot 一百a hundred 一双a pair

2.不定冠词还表示“每一”的意思。如：

他每周上5节英语课。We have five English lessons a week.

他每周看一次电视。He watches TV once a week.

我每周锻炼三次。I exercise three times a week.

大米每公斤可卖四元。The rice can sell at four yuan a kilogram.

The spaceship can fly at about 11 km a second(每秒)。

3.代表某一类人或物。以区别于其他种类。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为：一头大象比一个人强壮。)

She is a teacher.她是老师。This is a radio.这是一台收音机。试翻译：

自行车在农村很有用的。A bike is very useful in the countryside.

马是用用的动物。A horse is a useful animal.

正方形有四条边。A square has four sides.

4.泛指某一类人或某一类事物中的一个，但又不具体说明到底是哪个。这是不定冠词的基本用法。如：

I saw in the tree.（一只鸟）a bird

______________ from Beijing stayed in the hotel.一位来自北京的朋友呆在旅馆里。A friend

He teaches English in ______________in Chaohu.(一所中学)a middle school

试翻译：

你最喜欢哪一个？马、绵羊还是老虎? Which do you like best, a horse, a sheep or a tiger?

患难朋友才是真正的朋友。A friend in need is a friend indeed.

桌子上有一本书. There is a book on the desk.

有一只狗躺在地上。There a dog lying on the ground.

5.泛指某一类人或物，含有“任何一个”之意。如：A horse has four legs马有四条腿。A car runs faster than a bike汽车比自行车快。

6.有时在抽象名词或物质名词前，表示一个具体情况或动作，或某一类物质。

抽象名词:主要指一些抽象概念的名称，它们一般是不可数的，没有复数形式，前面也不能加冠词a，an。下面是一些常见的抽象名词：absence，access，age，agriculture，anger，beauty，behavior，cancer简单地说，就是看不见摸不着，但是可以感觉得到考虑得到的东西freedom(自由) 是意念，情感或品质，如爱，恨，善良，恐惧，愤怒，想象力这类东西。

物质名词：表示各种物质的总称或不确定形状和大小的个体的实物。物质名词是材料、食品、饮料以及固体、液体和气体的物质或化学元素名称,如: wood(木料), meat(肉), wine(酒), paper(纸), ink(墨水), gas(气体), water(水), oxygen(氧)等。物质名词一般没有复数形式,不加冠词,只有特指时加the; 表示物质名词的数量时,前面需加piece(片,枝,块), sheet(张), cup(杯), bag(袋), bottle(瓶)等表示计量的名词。

尽管抽象名次和物质名次在一般情况下不可数，但表示表示一个具体情况或动作，或某一类物质时，就变得可数了。如：

It’s____an oil __________.这是一种油。（表类别）

Education is _____a science._________教育是一门科学。（表类别）

This book is a great help to me ( 表具体情况)。

It’s an honor to me to attend the party. 一种荣誉

试翻译：

试一试______________ 散步______________抽支烟have a smoke 生火make a fire 休息一会

______________ 看一眼______________ 过着幸福的生活have a happy life 很遗憾it is a pity.

7.用于一些固定词组中。如：

a bit ,a little, take an active party in, a lot of, a few, in a hurry, tell a lie, in a word, have a good time, make a face, give s

b a hand , have a cold, a number of , make a noise等等。

（二）定冠词的用法

1.定冠词the特指某些人或某物。这时常与带有各种修饰语的名次连用。（the在辅音音素前读_____,在元音音素前读_____）如：

请把床上的手表给我。Please give me the watch.

桌上的书包是Jim的。The schoolbag on the desk is Jim’s.

树下跳舞的女孩是谁？who is the girl dancing under the tree.

他就是你想见的人。He is the man who you want to see.

2.谈话双方都知道的人或事物。（要有实际语言环境暗示）如：

请把门打开。Please open the door .（谈话双方都知道是那扇门）

我们在电影院见面. Let’s meet at cinema.（都知道是哪家电影院）

英语老师来了，请安静！The English teacher is coming. Be puiet.（都知道是哪位英语老师）

校长在大门口。The headmaster is at the gate.

3.复述上文提到过的人或事物的名词前。如：

I bought an English storybook and a dictionary yesterday. The storybook is on the desk. The dictionary is at home.

翻译：很久很久以前，有一个老人，他有一条狗。这条狗已经很老了。一天，狗死了，老人感到非常

孤独。Long, long ago, there was an old man with a dog, the dog was very old. One day, the dog died, the old man felt very lonely.

4.用在大家都熟知的、世界独一无二的事物前。如：地球比月亮大，但比太阳小。The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.

5.用在表示方向、方位的名次前。如：

The sun rises in the east. Li Ming is at the back of the door.

翻译：在太阳下_________________ 在地球上_________________ 在月球上_______________ 在世界上_________________ 在东方_________________ 在南方_________________ 在东南方

_________________ 在西北方_________________ 居中_________________在右边

_________________在过去_________________ 在将来_________________

6.用在序数词或形容词的最高级前以及only（唯一的注意：only 常作定语，与可数名词单数连用），very（正是，恰恰是。注意：very 此时为形容词，和the, this, that,或my，your，his等词连用，以加强语气。）same (同样的)等词前。

这个男孩总是第一个来，最后一个走的.The boy is always the first to come and the last to leave.

星期天是一周中的第一天。Sunday is the first day of a week.

我是四人中最高的。I’m the tallest of four.

第二单元是最难的。Unit 2 is the most difficult in Book One.

这就是我唯一（only）想说的事。It’s the only thing I wanted to say.

Tom 是他们的独生子。Tom is their only son.（注意：only 常作定语，与可数名词单数连用）

这正是他写那本书是用过的钢笔。This is the very pen he used when he was writing the book.

他正是我想见的人。He is the very man I want to see.

他看上去和以前一样。She looks just the same as before.

7.在乐器前面要加the，但体育运动名词前不要加the .She likes playing the piano. I can play the violin. He likes play football.

8.有时用于单数名词前表示一类人或事物。如：最老式的计算机是算盘。The oldest kind of computer is the abacus.

计算机是奇妙的机器。The computer is a wonderful machine.

古代中国发明了指南针。The compass was invented in ancient china.

马是有用的动物。The horse is a useful animal.

9.用在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉前；用在普通名词和形容词构成的专有名词前(如：某些国名全称，党派，名族，组织，机构，建筑物，旅馆，商店，报刊，会议历史事件，朝代等)。

the Yellow River , the Pacific Ocean, the South China Sea,

the People’s Republic of China（China的全称）, the Chinese（中华民族），the No.1 Middle School, the Great Wall, the Olympics

10.用在姓氏复数形式前表示一家人、夫妇或兄弟姐妹等；用在地名前表示和那人或该地相似的人或地方，或某一时期的某人或某地。

The Lis went to Beijing yesterday.

史密斯一家正在看电视。The smiths are watching TV.(谓语用复数)

布朗一家这个人正是当代的爱迪生。The man is the Edison of today.

上海是中国的纽约。Shanghai is the New York of China.

11.和一些形容词连用表示一类人。谓语用复数。the rich, the poor, the young , the dead, the living(活着的人)，the sick，the learned（有学问的人）

12.用在一些习惯用语中。如：the public(公众，众人), the other day(几天前), by the way, in the morning, in the afternoon, on the right/left, in the end

（三）常见不用冠词的情况即零冠词

1.除特殊情况外，人名、称呼、地名、国名（非全称）、季节、月份、星期、节日、语言、学科等一

般的专有名词前不用冠词。如：Liu Xiang，Africa，Anhui Province, Professor Yang, in summer, Miss Wang, May, China , Monday, Women’s Day, Teachers’ Day, Children’s Day, New Year’s Day, Japanese.试给上面的例子归类。

2.三餐及体育运动，体育器材前不用冠词。如：

到吃晚饭的时间了。It is time for dinner. 饭菜已准备好了。Dinner is ready. 他们中午要吃鱼。We will have fish for lunch.我喜欢踢足球。I like playing football.下象棋，___________ 打扑克，play cards

3．复数名词前不用冠词，可泛指一类。如：

Now computers can work faster than before.

我们喜欢读书。I like reading books.

我喜欢的动物是老虎和狮子。My favorite animals are tigers and lions.

他们是医生。They are doctors.

这个老师经常帮助学生们学英语。The teacher often helps students with their English.

大象比马重。Elephants are heavier than horses.

马是有用的动物。（三种译法）

4.除特指或具体化外，抽象名词、物质名词前一般不用冠词，表示泛指。(前面提过的情况)如：

He likes listening to music after supper.

She has made great progress. (进步)

我没时间多想。I have no time to think

孩子们都喜欢玩雪。The children all like playing snow.

5.家庭成员的名次（如父母、兄弟、姐妹等）在家庭内部称呼时，常常大写，前面不用冠词的。如：Tom asked,“where is Mother?

Uncle is taking Brother out for a walk.

6.两个或两个以上的名次并列时，若指同一个人或物，或配成套的一件东西，后面的名次前不加冠词。如：

She is a teacher and writer.汉译：她即使教师也是作家。

They are a teacher and a writer.汉译：他们一个是教师，一个是作家。试比较。

a knife and fork汉译：一套刀叉。

7.在与介词by 连用的交通工具或通讯工具名词前不用冠词，表示方式。

如：by bike, by train, by bus, by plane, by air, by sea, by land, by radio, by satellite, by post/mail

I think he will tell you the news by letter/ by telephone.

8. 泛指两个成对的名词并用时，通常不用冠词（包括同一名词重复）

夫妻俩听到这消息是很难过。Husband and wife were sad at the news.

他们是兄弟姐妹。They are sisters and brothers.父子father and son 日夜day and night一天一天地day and day 肩并肩side by side 面对面face to face手拉手hand in hand 循序渐进little by little一个一个one by one从早到晚from morning to night 挨门挨户地from to door从南到北from south to north从头到脚from head to foot日复一日from day to day

9.表示种类的短语，如kind, type,等名词前面不用冠词。如：this kind of car, all kind of stamps

10.一些习惯用语中不用冠词。

at desk （在办公），at table(在吃饭)，at home , at last, at least, at most, at present, at school, at night, at noon, at first, by mistake, by accident, by chance, on time, on foot , in fact ，on earth, in public, in trouble, （四）冠词的位置

冠词通常放在名词前。如果名词前有形容词就在该形容词前。如：

That is a story.

That is an interesting story.

That is a very interesting story.

1.修饰名词的形容词被so，as, too, how修饰时，不定冠词要放在形容词的后面。如:

我从没见过如此有趣的电影。I have never seen so interesting a film.=

她是和你一样漂亮的女孩。She is as beautiful a girl as you.

2.不定冠词放在such，what等词的后面，如：I have never seen such an interesting film.

It is easy to work with such a girl. What a beautiful girl she is!

3.当副词quite和rather修饰作定语的形容词时，不定冠词放在quite和rather前后都可以。多数放在后面。如：She is a quite nice teacher.= she is quite a nice girl.

4.half 修饰名词时，不定冠词放在half 之后。如: My mother will come back in half an hour.

5. all, both, half修饰名词时，定语要放在这些词后。如：All the teachers have been here.

过关针对性习题冠词练习题

I. 改错题。

1. The building is a university. _______________

2. Let me have the second try. 定冠词放在序数词前面表顺序；但an /a 凡在序数词前表示“再一，又一”

3. I have the three times the number of your books.1.副词twice, double, much, 以及数词+times(倍)作定语时，much, by far 修饰形容词最高级时，定冠词放在上述副词或短语后面。I have twice the strength of theirs.我们有他们两倍的力量或我们的力量比他们大一倍。

4. The policeman caught the thief by his arm. 定冠词固定结构：动词+人+介词+人身体或衣着的一部分。常考的这类动词：catch, take, strike(),pat, hit, hold, pull, 等。动词后面应加入人或对象再加介词on，by, in, with,….之后加定冠词再加部位，这时定冠词千万不要换成his，her，their等形容词性物主代词。II.单选题。（每题分析属于哪种用法，并写出来，可以参考前面讲解。）

( ) 1.First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you never get ____又一，再一___ second chance to make ____泛指第一印象___ first impression.

A. a; the

B. the; the

C. a; a

D. the; a

( ) 2.The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that_____ people from all walks of life are working hard for _______ new Anhui. 来自社会各阶层人泛指；一个新的安徽类别

A. 不填；a

B. 不填；the

C. the ; a

D. the ; the

( ) 3. ---You’ve dropped _______ “s” in the word “necessary”.

---Oh, ______ letter “s” is doubled.

A. a; a

B. a ；the

C. an ; the

D. the; the

( ) 4. ---Mike, could you come and give me _______ hand?

---Ok, Mum, I’m coming now. 固定搭配

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. 不填

( ) 5. ---Lily is coming by _______plane tomorrow.

---Let’s go to _______ airport to meet her.

A. a; a

B.不填；a

C. the ; the

D. 不填；the

( )6---Lily，open _______ door, please.

---I’m coming.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. 不填

( ) 7.Look! There is ______ map of China on the wall. 第一次出现

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. 不填

( ) 8.There is _______ local shop for people to buy daily things in the small village.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. 不填

( )9.---By the way, have you got ______ e-mail address？

---Oh, yes, it is swimonland @https://www.docsj.com/doc/7115903354.html,

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. 不填

( ) 1O.We often take part in afterclass activities. I like to play______ basketball, but my mother likes to play _____ guitar.

A. a; the

B. the; the

C. 不填；不填

D. 不填；the

( ) 11. I really like ______ book you lent me yesterday.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. 不填

( ) 12.On ______ sunny afternoon, my parents and I had a good time on the beach.

A. the

B. an

C. a

D. 不填

( ) 13. Jack started to work at ______ early age because his family was very poor. 固定搭配

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. 不填

( ) 14. After school we usually play______ basketball for half an hour on ______ playground.

A. the; the

B.不填；不填

C. 不填；the

D. the；不填

( ) 15---Do you haven_____ QQ number?

---Sorry, I don’t have one.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. 不填

( ) 16.Sandy often takes her dog for ______ walk around the lake after supper.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. 不填

( ) 17. ---I just have ______ cup of milk for ______ breakfast.

---That’s not enough.

A. a; a

B. the; the

C. a; 不填

D. a; the

( ) 18.There’s ______ 800-meter-long road behind ______ hospital.

A. an; an

B. a; a

C. an; the

D. 不填

( ) 19.Mary has ______ e-dictionary. She got it from her uncle.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. 不填

( ) 20. ---Do you play _____ piano in your free time?

----No, I like sports. I often play _____ soccer with my friends.

A. /; the

B. the; /

C. the; the

D. a; a

( ) 21. ---I hear there’ll be ______ talk on teenage problems next Monday.

---Do you mean ______ talk our teacher asked us to listen to?

A. a; the

B. a; a

C. the; the

D. the; a

( ) 22. ---Don’t shout at Mike like that.

---He is only ______ 11-year-old boy. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填

( ) 23.It’s said that ______ umbrella was invited over four thousand years ago by Chinese people.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. 不填the用在单数名词前表示一类人或事物。

( ) 24.Don’t make _____same mistakes for the second time in _____ day.

A. the; a

B. a; a

C. the; the

D. 不填

( ) 25. ---My father is ______ university teacher. What’s your father?

---He is ______unusual doctor.

A. a; an

B. an; an

C. an; a

D. a; a

( ) 26.I knows _____ man in the car. He is our English teacher’s husband.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. 不填

( ) 27. This is ____ book I bought yesterday. Isn’t it _____ interesting one?

A. the; the

B. the; a

C. a; the

D. the; an

( ) 28.Obama has been elected ______ first black president of United States, and the international society expects to have _____ new USA under his leadership.

A. 不填；the

B. a; the

C. the; a

D. the; the

( ) 29.Everyone understands that ______ horse is _____ useful animal.

A. a; a

B. the; the

C. / ; a

D. the; the

( ) 30.What ______ important work! I am proud it's _____ useful job.

A. an; a

B. /; a

C. a; an

D. / ; an

( ) 31. ---Do you like _____ film Pirates of the Caribbean?

---Oh, it is _______ interesting movie.

A. a; an

B. the; the

C. the; an

D. an; 不填

( ) 32.The cartoon Mulan is ______ interesting film and _____ story happened in China.

A. a; the

B. an; the

C. the; a

D. an; a

( ) 33---Mum, where did you put my new MP3?

---I put it in ______ yellow box under your desk.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. 不填

( ) 34. Jack likes playing ______soccer, but he does n’t like playing _____ piano.

A. /; /

B. the; /

C. the; the

D. /; the

( ) 35.Look, Jim, ______ Walkman that I bought last year isn’t working properly.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. 不填

( ) 36.I looked under ______ table and found _______ pen I lost yesterday.

A. the; a

B. the; the

C. /; the

D. the; /

( ) 37.My father is ______ engineer. He works very hard.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. 不填

( ) 38.I think it’s _______ useful advice, so I will always remember it.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. 不填

( ) 39.People often go skating in ______ winter.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. 不填季节前不加the，如果特指某一个特定的季节就要加the ( ) 40. ___ people attended the meeting last night. A A hundred B Hundred C Hundreds of

( ) 41. He has already worked for ___ hour. A the B an C a

( ) 42. He wrote a ___ report.

A. two-thousand-words

B. two-thousand-word C two-thousands-word D two-thousands-words ( ) 43 John is ___ university student.

A some

B any C. a D an

( ) 43.That table is made of ___.

A .a wood

B some wood

C the wood

D wood

( ) 44.He is a student of ___.

A Class First

B the Class One

C Class One

D First Class

( ) 45. I have been waiting for him for ___ hour and a half.

A the

B a

C an

D whole

( ) 46. John Smith is ___ honest man.

A one

B an

C the

D a

( )47. My father told me he was soon going to visit ___.

A. the United State B the United States C United States D Unites Stated

( ) 48.We are going to learn ___ next week.

A .Lesson Twelve

B Lesson Twelfth

C Twelfth Lesson

D the Lesson Twelfth

( ) 49.About __ of the workers in that steel workers young people.

A third-fifths

B three-fifths

C three-fives

D three-fifth

( ) 50.Two ___ died of cold last winter.

A hundreds old people

B hundred old people

C hundreds old peoples

D hundred old peoples ( ) 52 Alice is fond of playing ___ piano while Henry is interested in listening to ___ music.

A /; the

B /; /

C the; /

D the; the

( ) 53. Oh John ___ you gave us!

A How a pleasant surprise

B How pleasant surprise

C What a pleasant surprise

D What pleasant surprise

( ) 54.Beyond ___ stars, the astronaut saw nothing but ___ space.

A .the; /

B /; the

C /; /

D the; the

( ) 55. Alexander Graham Bell invented ___ telephone in 1876.

A (不填)

B a

C the

D one

( ) 56.The hero of the story is an artist in his ___.

A thirtieth

B thirty

C thirty’s

D thirties

( ) 57. ___ terrible weather we’ve been having these days!

A. How a B What a C How D What

( ) 58. Shortly after the accident, two ___ police were sent to the spot to keep order.

A .dozen of B. dozens C. dozen D. dozens of

( ) 59. ---Where’s Jack?

--- I think he’s still in ___ bed, but he might just be in ___ bathroom.

A. (不填)；（不填）

B. the; the

C. the; (不填)

D.（不填）; the

( ) 60. Many people are still in ___ habit of writing silly things in ___ public places.

A .the; the B. 不填；不填 C. the; 不填 D. 不填；the

( ) 61. She is ___ newcomer to ___ chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.

A .the; the B. the; 不填 C. a; 不填 D. a; the

( ) 62. Don’t all speak at once! ______, please.

A. Each at one time

B. One by one time

C. One for each time

D. One at a time

( ) 63.Many people agree that _____ knowledge of English is must in _____ international trade today.

A. a; 不填

B. the; an C .the; the D. 不填;the

1-5 CBBCD 6-10 CCBBA 11-15 BBCCA

16-20 CDDCD 21-24 CCDA

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第二十四讲 否定 英语中的否定结构形式多样, 有部分否定、全部否定、几乎否定、双重否定等。在译成 汉语时, 有时要将否定结构译成肯定含义, 有时又要将肯定结构译成否定含义; 有时在英语中否定主语, 可是译成汉语时就转换成否定谓语。诸如此类的现象很多, 值得探讨。 一、常用否定表示法 1. 部分否定 代词或副词如all, both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, everywhere, always , often 等与not 搭 配使用时, 表示部分否定, 意为“并非都是, 不是每个都是”等。例如: Both of them are not my brothers . 他们两个不全是我的兄弟。 这一句是部分否定, 不可译成“他们两个都不是我的兄弟”。如要表达这个意思, 要说: Neither of them is my brother . All is not gold that glitters . = Not all is gold that glitters . 发光的并非都是黄金。 Every man can not do it . = Not every man can do it . 不是每个人都能做这件事。 I do not remember all these formulas . 这些公式我并非全都记得。 This kind of tree is not found everywhere . 这种树并非哪里都能找到。 Everyone can not answer this question . 并非每个人都能回答这个问题。 The rich are not always happy . 富人未必总是幸福的。 Every couple is not a pair . 成对成双多, 珠联璧合少。( = Not every couple is a pair . ) Not all her work is successful . 并非她所有的工作都是成功的。 Not every child wants to become a film star . 并非所有的孩子都想成为电影明星。 Every man cannot be a writer . 并非每个人都可成为作家。 She is not always excited . 她并非总是兴奋。 I don..t altogether agree with you . 我并不完全同意你。 He is not absolutely wrong . 他并不完全错。 I don..t wholly believe it . 我并不完全相信它。 She is not entirely mistaken . 她并没有完全弄错。 Note: 汉语有句成语:“明修栈道, 暗度陈仓”, 指的是一种虚虚实实、声东击西、使人莫辨真 相的战术, 表现了虚指与实指、形式与实质的不同。说来也巧, 英语语言中的否定结 构也往往具有这种形与实不符的现象, 形式上否定的是A, 但实际意义上否定的却 是B, 等等。这种否定的虚实移位, 往往造成歧义, 须细加辨别。 ①否定主语, 但否定词not 在形式上往往否定谓语, 也就是上文所说的“部分否定”。 全称代词all , both 等作否定句主语时, 都可能产生否定移位, 形式上否定全体, 但 实际上否定部分, 参阅上文。再如: Everybody can not enjoy the music . ( = Not everybody can enjoy the music . )并非 每个人都能欣赏这首曲子。

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一、选择题 1．We were in Qingdao last spring and _______ great fun there. A．is having B．are having C．had D．have 2．Will you go fishing if it ________ tomorrow? A．didn’t rain B．doesn’t rain C．won’t rain 3．—Surprise! Cindy is singing in the concert. —But she ______. A．will refuse B．refused C．refuses D．has refuse 4．No noise, please. Your brother ________ his homework in the next room. A．does B．is doing C．did D．has done 5．Boys and girls, there ________an English speech competition in two weeks. A．will have B．has C．is going to be D．are going to be 6．Dick __________ in America, but he has been ___________ Chinese food since he moved to China. A．used to live; used to eating B．is used to live; used to eat C．is used to live; used to eating D．used to living; used to eat 7．My mother will be very angry with me when she out where I have been. A．finds B．found C．will find D．has found 8．—I don’t understand why you didn’t go to the lecture yesterday afternoon. —I’m so sorry. But I my homework. A．had done B．was doing C．would do D．am doing 9．Doctor Ray, as well as other scientists __________ trees for nearly 15 years, but they know only a little about them. A．study B．studies C．has studied D．have studied 10．— Who ________the classroom tomorrow, Tony? — Our group. A．will clean B．cleans C．cleaned D．clean 11．He _______ to school by bike, but now he _____ to school on foot. A．used to going, gets used to going B．used to go, gets used to go C．used to go, gets used to going 12．My grandfather ________ live in the countryside, but now he ________ living in the city. A．used to; used to B．was used to; gets used to C．used to; is used to D．was used to; used to 13．Look at Amy. She ________ for the school bus.

(完整版)小学英语教师招聘考试专业知识

第三篇教材教法与教案知识结构图 第三讲英语 经典教案示例一： In a Fast-food Restaurant Ⅰ.教学内容 In a Fast-food Restaurant Waiter: Hello, can I help you? Mum: Yes. What would you like, Dick? Dick: I'd like a hamburger. Mum: Me, too. Waiter: Would you like something to drink? Mum: Oh, yes. Two glasses of orange juice, please. Dick: Mum, can I have an ice cream?

Mum: Sure. Two hamburgers, two glasses of orange juice and an ice cream. Waiter: OK. Here you are. 38 yuan, please. Mum: Here the money. Waiter: Thanks. 生词：fast-food restaurant hamburger 句型：What would you like? Would you like something to eat/drink? Ⅱ.教学目标 1. 能听、读、说fast-food，restaurant，hamburger，并了解其含义。 2.能灵活运用重点句型，并清楚其运用的场合和语气。 (1) What would you like? (2) Would you like something to eat／drink? 3.能模仿本文对话，并能在一定的语境中运用所学语言进行交际。 4.培养学生的注意力和观察力，激发学生积极思维，挖掘学生运用语言的创造能力。Ⅲ.教学重难点 1.重难点句型： （1）What would you like? （2）I'd like ... （3）Would you like something to eat／drink? （4）...，please. 2.掌握有关食物名称的词汇。 Ⅳ.教具准备 食物图片：ice cream, hamburger, cake, bread, juice, milk, water, hot dog, French fries等。食物和饮料：hamburger，cake，bread，milk，orange juice，cock cola等。 道具：服务员工作帽、围裙、托盘，多媒体课件一套。

大学英语语法 第二十五讲 句式与修辞

第二十五讲 句式与修辞 在英语语言的实际运用中, 不宜总是用“主—谓—表”、“主—谓—宾”等简单句结构。 简单句容量小, 有局限性, 用多了会使句型呆板、单调, 千句一面, 文章乏味, 没有可读性, 因 而也就不能较好地表达思想。要使语言新鲜、生动、富有吸引力, 不断地变换句子结构、句型及表达方式, 是非常必要的, 也是可能的。比如, 同一思想往往可以用简单句、复合句或并列句表达, 可用分词短语表达, 也可用介词短语表达; 可用主动语态表达, 也可用被动语态表达; 可用肯定形式表达, 也可用否定形式表达; 可用直陈语气表达, 也可用虚拟语气表达, 等等。另外, 从修辞学的角度讲, 英语句子有松散句( loose sentence )、尾重句( periodic sentence)和平衡句(balanced sentence )之分。在松散句中, 主要信息或实质部分先出现, 后跟修饰语或补充性细节; 在尾重句中, 主要信息或实质部分出现在句尾或句子后半部分; 在平行句中, 信息同等重要, 句式结构相同, 并驾齐驱, 相互独立。同时, 行文时, 还可使用某些修辞手法, 如明喻、暗喻、夸张、拟人等, 从而更加形象地描写事物, 更加生动地说明事理。 英语句式变化多样, 修辞手法丰富多彩, 我们完全可以根据思想表达的需要, 利用各种 词句表现手法, 安排句子的各种成分, 以达到理想的表达效果。下面对英语的典型句式和 修辞进行综合考察, 通过转换对比, 揭示出英语行文造句的灵活性和多样性。 一、统一性 1 . 从属关系准则 在一个句子中(指复合句) , 如果要表达的是两个或两个以上的思想, 而这些思想同等重 要, 互不依附, 处于并列的地位, 那就要把它们当作并列句处理, 用并列连词( and, but , or 等)连接起来。例如: His father is a professor and his mother is a musician . 他父亲是一位教授, 母亲是一位 音乐家。 We love peace, but we are not afraid of war . 我们热爱和平, 但是我们并不怕战争。 .. 但是, 如果句子中所表达的两个或两个以上的思想不是同等重要的, 而是一个为主要思想, 其余的为次要的、附属性的思想(用以说明或限定主要思想) , 那就不能把它们当成并 列句处理, 而要用主从复合句或别的结构来处理。主从复合句只能用从属连词( when , where, so, because 等)连接, 不能用并列连词连接。 1)第一原则: 勿将句子中主要思想和次要思想的位置颠倒 The snow stopped when the old man died . (不妥) The old man died when the snow stopped . (正)雪停的时候, 老人去世了。 The waiters were serving coffee when the ship struck the rock and sank . (不妥) When the waiters were serving coffee, the ship struck the rock and sank . (正)服务 员上咖啡的时候, 船触礁下沉了。 2)第二原则: 勿在主从复合句中插入并列连词 He came out first in the football match , and which delighted us . (误) He came out first in the football match , which delighted us . (正)他在足球赛中获得 第一名, 这使我们都很高兴。 I have two brothers, but who are younger than I . (误) I have two brothers, who are younger than I . (正)我有两个兄弟, 年龄都比我小。

初中英语语法知识—动词时态的全集汇编含解析(1)

一、选择题 1．My mother when I got home yesterday. A．will cook B．cooks C．has cooked D．was cooking 2．Becky took a photo of her friends while they _________ computer games. A．play B．are playing C．were playing D．have played 3．—Look, Tom's parents look so sad. —Maybe they what's happened. A．knew B．have known C．has known D．will know 4．—How long can I _____ the English workbook? —For two weeks. A．borrow B．to borrow C．keep D．to keep 5．We’re not sure _______ there’ll be _______ or not tomo rrow. A．if; rains B．if; rainy C．whether; raining D．whether; rain 6．I________ cleaning my room.It’s clean now. A．have finished B．finished C．finish D．will finish 7．Wang Wei often ________ TV on Sunday evenings, but now he is _______ stories. A．watches; reading B．watching; reads C．looks; reading D．watches; looking 8．My mother _____ dinner when I got home yesterday. A．has cooked B．was cooking C．will cook D．cooks 9．Which of the following is right? A．He is used to live there. B．My main job is spreading the message about protecting the environment. C．I have borrowed the book from the library for two weeks. D．Kids under 18 are not allowed to drive. 10．— Morning, Mike! Did you sleep well last night? — Yes. I went to bed at 9:30 because there ______ a math test this afternoon. A．was B．will be C．is going to have 11．—I don’t understand why you didn’t go to the lecture yesterday afternoon. —I’m so sorry. But I my homework. A．had done B．was doing C．would do D．am doing 12．My grandfather ________ live in the countryside, but now he ________ living in the city. A．used to; used to B．was used to; gets used to C．used to; is used to D．was used to; used to 13．—Where are you going, Bob? —To go hiking. Eric____________ for me at the school gate! A．was waiting B．waits C．waited D．is waiting 14．— How is your new coat? — Well, I __________ it on and it fits me well.

小学英语教师需具备的素质(一)

小学英语教师需具备的素质(一) 近几年，我国小学开设英语课程的地区日益普遍，小学英语教师短缺现象也日益明显。为适应小学英语教学的具有较高学历、较高水平的教师队伍的要求，一些高校的小教大专班应运而生。由于目前尚未制定出统一的教学大纲，其培养目标也有待进一步的探讨和研究。 国家英语课程标准(实验稿)》(以下简称《标准》)把英语课程分为九级目标，其中1—2级是小学阶段的目标，4年级学生应完成一级目标，5．6年级学生应完成二级目标。《标准》对实现各级目标具体要能做什么也作了详细的描述。1级目标的总体描述是：对英语好奇心，喜欢听他人说英语；能根据教师的简单指令做游戏、做动作、做事情；能做简单的角色扮演；能唱简单的英文歌曲，说简单的英语歌谣；能在图片的帮助下昕懂和渎懂简单的小故事；能交流简单的个人信息，表达简单的情感和感觉；能书写字母和单词；对英语学习接触的外国文化习俗感兴趣。2级目标的总体描述是：对英语学习有持续的兴趣和爱好；能用简单的英语互致问候、交换有关个人、家庭和朋友的简单信息；能根据所学内容表演小对话或歌谣；能在图片的帮助下听懂、读懂并讲述简单的故事；能根据图片或提示写简单的句子；在学习中乐于参与、积极合作、主动请教，乐于了解异国文化和习俗。要使小学生的英语学习达到以上目标，英语教师的素质是关键。作为一名未来的小学英语教师，究竟应该具备哪些素质呢? 小学英语教师首先是一名小学教师，应该具有普通教师应该具备的知

识、技能和情意几方面素质。因而，一定的思想道德素质、文化知识素养、教育能力素养、身心健康素质应该是小学英语教师的基本素质结构。此外，小学英语教师还应该具备一定的专业素质。由于小学阶段英语教育及教育对象的特殊性，小学英语教师的专业素质指从事小学英语学科教学的教师应具备的专业知识和教学技能方面素养的总和。本文所探讨的专业素质主要指英语专业知识、英语教学相关的理论素养、英语教学能力和教研能力四个要素。 一、英语专业知识 扎实系统的专业学科知识是构成教师向学生“授业”的基本内容。英语是小学英语教师的专业，对于从事未来小学英语教学的教师来说，掌握系统的英语专业知识是适应未来英语教学的保障。尽管小学英语教学的内容是一些基础知识和基本技能，但教师如果没有扎实、系统的英语专业知识是很难胜任未来的小学英语教学工作的。英语专业知识一般指英语语言、文学、文化方面的内容，还包括准确而流利的英语语音语调，一定的贴近儿童生活的词汇量，牢固的语法修辞及文体方面的知识以及本国与英语国家的历史地理、风俗习惯、文化传统、社会制度、政治结构、价值观念等领域的文化知识。掌握这些专业知识是小学英语教师首先要具备的专业素养。 系统而扎实的语言基础知识和良好的言语技能是小学英语教师应具备的语言素质。语言基础知识包括英语语音、词汇、语法、功能、话题、文化修养几方面。良好的言语技能包括听、说、读、写、译等几方面。

中考英语语法丨形容词专题讲座

中考英语语法丨形容词专题讲座 形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。 1）直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot。 2）叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。 按其结构，可分为单个形容词和复合形容词。前者由一个单词（如good, short, happy）构成，而后者则由两个以上的单词（如well-known, kind-hearted, five-year-old）构成. 形容词的分类： 1. 品质形容词英语中大量形容词属于这一类，他们表示人或物的品质，如：

He’s the happiest man on earth. 他是地球上最快乐的人。 The play was boring. 那出戏很枯燥乏味。 You have an honest face. 你有一张诚实的脸。 这类形容词一般都能用于比较级，如bigger, simpler, younger. 2. 类属形容词这类形容词表示属于哪一类，如：These subjects reflect our daily lives. 这些题材反映我们的日常生活。This medicine is for external use only. 此药仅供外用。 这类形容词一般都不能用于比较级。 3. 颜色形容词有少数表示颜色的形容词，如：His face went purple with rage. 他的脸气得发青。 She had on a blue coat. 她穿了一件蓝色的外套。

大学英语语法专题练习(4)从句练习

大学英语语法专题练习 从句练习 1.Ihopealltheprecautionsagainstairpollution,_____suggestedbylocalgovernment, willbeseriouslyconsidered here. A)whileB)sinceC)afterD)as 2. The problem of ________ to select as his successor was quickly disposed of. A)whatB) whomC)whichD)how 3.____youropinionsareworthconsidering,thecommitteefindsitunwisetoplacetoo muchimportanceonthem. A )As B )Since C)ProvidedD) While 4. This is an ideal site for a university _______ it is far from the downtown area. A)provided thatB)so thatC)now thatD)in that 5. You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _______ to suspend your tent. A)thereB)them C)whichD)where 6. _______quite recently, most mothers in Britain didn“t take paid w ork outside the home. A) BeforeB) UntilC)FromD)Since 7. ___________I admit that there are problems, I don“t think that theycannot be solved. A)UnlessB)Until