文档视界 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档视界 › 2017年秋福师高级英语(一)在线作业一及满分答案【最新版】

2017年秋福师高级英语(一)在线作业一及满分答案【最新版】

福师《高级英语(一)》在线作业一

试卷总分:100 测试时间:--

一、单选题(共 50 道试题,共 100 分。)

V

1. When there’s a doubt, the chairman’s decision is ________.

A. right

B. definite

C. fixed

D. final

满分:2 分

2. He is vain and seldom _______ his mistakes.

A. confesses

B. admits

C. realizes

D. recognized

满分:2 分

3. I expect all the letters __________ promptly.

A. being typed

B. to be typed

C. having been typed

D. to have been typed

满分:2 分

4. If you have any problems during your study here, please do not _______ to call me for help.

A. hesitate

B. despair

C. urge

D. request

满分:2 分

5. When he opened the door, he used too much force and _______ the key.

A. trailed

B. varied

C. twisted

D. wicked

满分:2 分

6. Students with _______ problems may apply for student loans.

A. economic

B. financial

C. male

D. economical

满分:2 分

7. The skyscraper stands out ( ) the blue sky.

华师在线高级英语

1.第1题 "Peter is so worried about the test that he plans to study all night." "Tell him he should QUIT worrying and get some sleep." A.A. stop; B. relinquish; C. keep on B.所有选项均列于A选项下 C.所有选项均列于A选项下 D.所有选项均列于A选项下 您的答案:C 题目分数:2 此题得分:2.0 2.第2题 As the medicine took ___, the nervous patient became quieter. A.A. action; B. force; C. effect; D. influence B.所有选项均列于A选项下 C.所有选项均列于A选项下 D.所有选项均列于A选项下 您的答案:C 题目分数:2 此题得分:2.0 3.第3题 TV, if properly used, can ___ a child's imagination. A.A. stimulate; B. arouse; C. incite; D. arise B.所有选项均列于A选项下 C.所有选项均列于A选项下 D.所有选项均列于A选项下 您的答案:A 题目分数:2 此题得分:2.0 4.第4题 The original building was erected in 1710 but this

structure has been largely transformed and ___. A.A. increased; B. extended; C. augmented; D. stretched B.所有选项均列于A选项下 C.所有选项均列于A选项下 D.所有选项均列于A选项下 您的答案:B 题目分数:2 此题得分:2.0 5.第5题 That car model has become OBSOLETE. A.A. outmoded; B. out of stock; C. popular; D. modern B.所有选项均列于A选项下 C.所有选项均列于A选项下 D.所有选项均列于A选项下 您的答案:A 题目分数:2 此题得分:2.0 6.第6题 The film "On Golden Pond" portrays to a certain extent the MENTALITY of the old people. A.A. activities; B. ideas; C. opinions; D. attitude of mind B.所有选项均列于A选项下 C.所有选项均列于A选项下 D.所有选项均列于A选项下 您的答案:D 题目分数:2 此题得分:2.0 7.第7题 Accuracy is ___ to the programming of computers. A.A. elemental; B. elementary; C. fundamental; D.

华师《大学英语(2)》在线作业1

华师《大学英语(2)》在线作业 试卷总分:100 测试时间:-- 一、单选题(共50 道试题,共100 分。)V 1. Come here ( ). The meeting will begin in five minutes. A. fast B. sooner C. quickly 正确答案:C 2.___________ travellers come to visit our city every year. A. Hundred of B. Hundreds of C. Five hundreds D. Hundred 正确答案:B 3.June 1st is ( ) Day. A. Children's B. Childrens' C. Children 正确答案:A 4.—Would you like to go for a walk with us ?—______, but I must finish my homework first. A. Of course not B. That's all right C. I'd love to D. Yes, I do 正确答案:C 5.( ) your parents on holidays. A. You would visit B. You'll visit C. You should visit 正确答案:C 6.Rob stood in the hallway, from where he could ____the happenings on the street A. choose B. obtain C. observe D. present 正确答案:C 7.Each student will be provided ( ) a computer. A. with B. for C. at 正确答案:A 8.The new interest rate to boost the national economy will become _______ in the next fiscal year

奥鹏南开20春学期(1709、1803、1809、1903、1909、2003)《会计专业英语》在线作业_2 随机.doc

1.The two most common specialized fields of accounting in practice are( ) A.forensic accounting and financial accounting B.managerial accounting and financial accounting C.managerial accounting and environmental accounting D.financial accounting and tax accounting systems 【参考答案】: B 2.Cash equivalents() A.are illegal in some company B.will be converted to cash within two years C.will be converted to cash within 90 days D.will be converted to cash within 120 days 【参考答案】: C 3.Which statement below is not a reason for a corporation to buy back its own stock ( ) A.resale to employees B.bonus to employees C.for supporting the market price of the stock D.to increase the shares outstanding 【参考答案】: D 4.Which statement below is not a reason for a corporation to buy back its own stock. A.resale to employees B.bonus to employees C.for supporting the market price of the stock D.to increase the shares outstanding 【参考答案】: D

华师满分在线作业

华师满分在线作业《中小学班主任工作》 1.第1题 教师职业的最大特点是职业角色的 A.合理化 B.示范化 C.多样化 D.个别化 您的答案:B 题目分数: 此题得分: 2.第2题 “学生中没有差生,只有智力结构的差异,智力是多元的,智力不是某种能力,而是一组能力,它不是以整合的方式存在,而是以相互独立的方式存在”,这些观点属于()理论 A.多元智能理论 B.冰山理论 C.建构主义理论 D.结构主义理论 您的答案:A 题目分数: 此题得分: 3.第3题 班级建设新的发展目标是 A.创建充满活力的民主集体 B.维持良好的班级秩序 C.形成集体学习气氛 D.形成团结精神和统一意志 您的答案:A 题目分数: 此题得分: 4.第4题

要使学生爱学,从内在因素来看,就是要保护和激发学生学习的 A.创造力和动力 B.兴趣和动力 C.热情和兴趣 D.信心和创造力 您的答案:B 题目分数: 此题得分: 5.第5题 要教育学生努力学习、立志成才,最关键的是要培养学生 A.对自己的责任感 B.对家长的责任感 C.对国家的责任感 D.对社会的责任感 您的答案:A 题目分数: 此题得分: 6.第6题 现代社会形势下,亲和力成为一位教师非常重要的素质,这种亲和力的本质是 A.活泼开朗的性格 B.风趣、幽默 C.大方、不拘小节 D.对学生的爱 您的答案:D 题目分数: 此题得分: 7.第7题 一位优秀的重点高中学生,在即将上课时,不小心将老师的电脑从桌上碰跌下地面,造成电脑屏幕与主机间连接处断裂,电脑死机黑屏。那位学生说了一声“对不起!”,就上课去了。老师只好临时放弃使用电脑,凑合着上课。一个上午过去了,那位学生没有找老师。这种情况,表明该学生缺失的是主要是

2014秋华南师范大学《高级英语》在线作业及满分答案

2014秋华南师范大学《高级英语》在线作业 及满分答案 内容摘要:作业1.第1题choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence.when they heard how well the new corporation was doing in the com... 作业 1.第1题 choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. when they heard how well the new corporation was doing in the computer business, they took a calculated ___ and invested most of their capital in it. A.A. venture; B. opportunity; C. risk; D. chance B.所有选项均列于A选项下 C.所有选项均列于A选项下 D.所有选项均列于A选项下 您的答案:C 题目分数:2.0 此题得分:2.0 2.第2题 choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. there was a nobility about this simple-minded person which was ___. A.A. most engaged; B. the most engaging; C. to be most engaging; D. most engaging B.所有选项均列于A选项下 C.所有选项均列于A选项下 D.所有选项均列于A选项下 您的答案:A 题目分数:2.0 此题得分:0.0 3.第3题

华师在线春大学英语精读3在线作业2阅读理解满分

第1题 (20) 分 Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that there’s a big difference between a writer and writing. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours at a typewriter. “You have got to want to write,” I said to them, “not want to be a writer.” The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in the . Coast Guard to become a freelance writer, I had no prospects at all. What I did have was a friend who found for me my room in a New York apartment building. It didn’t even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used typewriter and felt like a genuine writer. After a year or so, however, I still hadn’t got a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to wr ite. I had dreamed about it for many years. I wasn’t going to be one of those people who died wondering. What if I would keep putting my dream to test (even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure). This is the shadow-land of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there passage is meant to ____A___ . A、warn young people of the hardship that a successful writer has to experience B、advise young people to give up their idea of becoming a professional writer C、show young people it is unrealistic for a writer to pursue wealth D、encourage young people to pursue a writing career can be concluded from the passage D A、Genuine writers often find their work interesting andrewarding. B、A writer’s success depends on luck rather on effort. C、Famous writers usually live in poverty andisolation. D、The chances for writers to become successful are small. $ 3.Why did the author begin to doubt himself after the first years of his writing career B A、He was not able to produce a single book. B、He hadn’t seen a change for the better. C、He wasn’t able to have a rest for a whole year. D、He found his dream would never come true. 4.In “…people who died wondering”, “who” refers to thos e ___B___ . A、who think too much of the dark side of life B、who regret giving up their career halfway C、who think a lot without making a decision D、who are full of imagination even upon death ; 5.“Shadow-land” in the last sentence refers to _____C__ . A、the wonderland one often dreams about B、the bright future that one is looking forward to C、the state of uncertainty before one’s final goal is reached

华南师范大学2015《高级英语》在线作业题库及满分答案-更新

华南师范大学2015《高级英语》在线作业题库及满分答案1.第1题 choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. the black boys and girls need not have felt ___ for their dark skin in the summer camp. A.A. self-effacing; B. self-centered; C. self-conscious; D. self-evident B.所有选项均列于A选项下 C.所有选项均列于A选项下 D.所有选项均列于A选项下 您的答案:C 题目分数:2.0 此题得分:2.0 2.第2题 choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. the weather forecast for today predicted ___ weather with sunshine, rain, snow and wind and that is just what londoners have had. A.A. variable; B. various; C. variant; D. varied B.所有选项均列于A选项下 C.所有选项均列于A选项下 D.所有选项均列于A选项下

您的答案:A 题目分数:2.0 此题得分:2.0 3.第3题 choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. commercial banks make most of their ___ from interest-earning loans and investments in stocks and bonds. A.A. means; B. dividends; C. earnings; D. compound interest B.所有选项均列于A选项下 C.所有选项均列于A选项下 D.所有选项均列于A选项下 您的答案:C 题目分数:2.0 此题得分:2.0 4.第4题 choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. there was a nobility about this simple-minded person which was ___. A.A. most engaged; B. the most engaging; C. to be most engaging; D. most engaging B.所有选项均列于A选项下 C.所有选项均列于A选项下

16秋华师《大学英语(1)》在线作业答案

奥鹏17春16秋华师《大学英语(1)》在线作业100分满分答案(红色部分为答案) 一、单选题(共50 道试题,共100 分。) 1. John: Paul, this is Mr Smith, my landlord. Paul: I'm pleased to meet you. Mr Smith: ( ). A. Good morning, Paul. B. Very pleased to meet you, too. C. I'm fine, too. 满分:2分得分:2分 2. One of these books easy for you to read; the others all very difficult. A. are, is B. is, are C. were, was D. are, will be 满分:2分得分:2分 3. A:( )like to have a coffee? B:Yes, please. A. Are you B. Would you

C. Can you 满分:2分得分:2分 4. – Where to? I'm so thirsty. – ( )? A. Why don't we go now B. Why don't we enjoy some beer at that bar C. Why didn't you look up the map D. Why didn't you tell me about it earlier 满分:2分得分:2分 5. – David, you've been losing your temper over nothing lately. – ( ). A. I haven’t been getting much sleep either B. You’d better not push yourself too hard, or you’ll get sick C. I’m sorry. I shouldn’t have blown up like that D. You’d better do exercises regularly 满分:2分得分:2分 6. we stopped to look at the map. A. Knowing not which road to take B. Not knowing which road to take C. Not know which road to take D. Not to know which road to take 满分:2分得分:2分 7. – I don't like the sports programs on Sundays. – ( ).

第1学期《会计专业英语》作业

作业说明 1.用16开纸(184×260mm)打印题目,上、下、左、右各设2CM边距; 答案必须手写。 2. 作业模板如下页所示:

2012-2013学年第1学期《专业英语》作业 专业:班级:任课教师:丘永政 姓名:学号:成绩: I. Analyzing transactions and preparing financial statements Holden Graham started The Graham Co., a new business that began operations on May 1. The Graham Co. completed the following transactions during Require d: 1.Prepare an income statement for May, a May 31 balance sheet. a statement of cash flows for May. 2.These statements are given as follows

THE GRAHAM CO. Income Statement THE GRAHAM CO. Balance Sheet

THE GRAHAM CO. Statement of Cash Flows II. Translate the following sentences into Chinese 1.Most U.S. companies are not directly affected by international accounting standards. International standards are put forth as preferred accounting practices. However, stock exchanges and other parties are increasing the pressure to narrow differences in worldwide accounting practices. International accounting standards are playing an important role in that process.

华师在线2012年秋高级视听说作业答案(99分)

作业 1.第1题 They come from all over the region where fear and security are part of everyone's daily catechism. A.daily work B.the problems encountered daily C.questions and answers every day D.routine jobs 您的答案:B 题目分数:3.0 此题得分:3.0 2.第2题 The talented singer is endowed with a youthful _______ (powerful and exciting) voice. A.vivid B.vibrating C.vibrant D.violent 您的答案:C 题目分数:2.0 此题得分:2.0 3.第3题 Though he failed twice, he was still ________ (be given the right to) a third chance. A.entitled to B.engaged with C.presented with D.introduced to 您的答案:A 题目分数:2.0 此题得分:2.0 4.第4题 Grandparents are actually ________ (looking after sb. too kindly) their grandchild while they intervening in the parents’ punishment of the child. A.pampering

专业英语作业

学期作业题目:我的历史观 学院历史学院课程名称专业英语学号20090867 姓名许静指导教师孙艳萍 2010 年8 月20 日

我的历史观 1、我的历史观本身就是一小段历史,但是这段历史并非属于我自己,他主要是其他人的历史,这是因为,作为一名学者,其毕生的工作就是要将自己的那桶水填入那条浩瀚的知识海洋中去,而这条河就是靠无数桶诸如此类的水养育的。如果我个人的历史观赋予启发性,或确实易懂,我的这种历史观必然在它的起源,发展以及社会和个人背景来呈现。 2、人类思想凝视宇宙的视角多种多样,为什么我是一名历史学家而不是哲学家或者是物理学家?同样的原因可以用来解释为什么我喝茶或咖啡不加糖。两种习惯由我母亲的影响下在我年少不更的孩童时代已经形成了。因为我母亲在我之前就是一名历史学家,所以我是一名历史学家,然而同时我一时是我与母亲不属于同样的学派,为什么我没有完全追随我的母亲呢? 3、首先,我和我母亲不是一代人。因此当1914年历史将我们这一代人的脖子掐住之时,我的思想尚未僵固定型。其次由于与母亲所受的教育相比,我所受的教育更为保守。我母亲属于英国在现代西方是英国第一代接受大学教育的妇女。她在西方现代史方面是当代新教育的第一代人。以英国民族为主要的指导方针。在那个时期她的儿子进入了老式英国公立学校开始受教育,不管在那里还是在伦敦和牛津,几乎完全是希腊拉丁古典学。 4对于任何一位将要从事历史研究的人来说----特别是对于出生在这些时代的人来说,在我看来,古典教育能使人受益匪浅,作为思想训练的场所,希腊罗马世界的历史有着它显著的优点的。首先,希腊罗马史不以清晰地呈现在我们脑海里,而且我们不以从整体上来看待,因为这段历史已经终结了。与之相对比的是我们自己西方世界的历史,是我们仍然没有终结的戏剧,我们不知道喜剧的的结局。作为我们的临时演员在她那拥挤骚动的舞台上,我们甚至不能从自己的角度观看到当前的全貌。 5其次,希腊罗马这个领域没有大量的信息所阻碍或遮挡。因此我们能够看到这片森林----这是因为从希腊罗马社会消亡到我们这个社会出现之前的这一段空档期里,树木是出奇的稀疏,另外现存的便于管理的大量资料没有被地方性公国的公文在数量上没有超过西方世界的这样的资料。在前原子弹时代的数个世纪里,已成吨的大量现存的研究希腊罗马历史的资料不仅在数量上便于管理而且在质量上也是精选的。这些材料在性质上也是十分均衡的。在这里,雕像、诗歌和哲学著作的价值要远远高于哪些法律文书和条约文本。这也在受过希腊罗马史教育的历史学家心中滋生出一种意识;这是由于艺术家和文学家的作品比商人、士兵、政治家的事迹要更能经受住时间的考验,诗人和哲学家要胜过历史学家;然而先知家和圣人又比前面所有人更胜一筹。借助荷马和修昔底德的美妙词句,阿伽门农和伯里克利的灵魂依然出没于这个世界。虽然说荷马和修昔底德的著作如今已不再有人阅读,但可以有把握的语言对我们来说几乎难以置信的久远的那个年代人的心目中,基督,佛陀和苏格拉底必将依旧栩栩如生。 6、第三,或许希腊罗马历史最大的优点在于它的事业是全球性的而不是地方性的,可能雅典使斯巴达和罗马的萨莫奈黯然失色,然而雅典在其鼎盛时期成为全希腊的楷模。同时罗马在她的晚期,希腊罗马世界进入了单一的帝国。纵观希腊罗马史,统一都是主旋律。当我一直听这部伟大的交响乐时,我就不再害怕被本国的地方史那单一、古怪的音乐所迷惑。从前母亲成宿的分期给我讲述本国史时,我母亲那一代人教授历史的助教和教师不仅在英国本土而且在数个西方国家他们都大力提倡对民族史的研究。并错误地认为这与他们国民的生活更为密切。因此在某种意义上来说与其它地方史和时代历史相比本国的地方史是更易被他们所了解的历史。尽管事实上耶稣的巴勒斯坦和柏拉图的希腊比阿尔弗烈德大帝或者伊莉莎白女王时期的英国,维多利亚时代的英国人的生活影响更为强大。 7、然而尽管这样英国历史特殊推崇----这与尊者彼得英国历史之父的精神大相径庭,

2014年秋季华师在线心理学在线作业满分答案

作业 1.第1题 “远亲不如近邻”反映了()因素对人际吸引的影响。 A.互补性 B.相似性 C.接近性 D.个性 您的答案:C 题目分数:1.0 此题得分:1.0 2.第2题 某些灵长类动物和3岁前的儿童主要具有的思维类型是() A.形象思维 B.直观动作思维 C.抽象思维 D.分析思维 您的答案:B 题目分数:1.0 此题得分:1.0 3.第3题

按智力三元理论的观点,组成智力统合体的三种智力成分分别是组合性智力、经验性智力和() A.情境性智力 B.理论性智力 C.晶体智力 D.流体智力 您的答案:A 题目分数:1.0 此题得分:1.0 4.第4题 “一目十行”反映的是注意的哪个品质?() A.注意的广度 B.注意的稳定性 C.注意的分配 D.注意的转移 您的答案:A 题目分数:1.0 此题得分:1.0 5.第5题 一般来说,焦虑程度与学习效率之间呈()关系。 A.“倒U型”

B.“U型” C.直线 D.不确定 您的答案:A 题目分数:1.0 此题得分:1.0 6.第6题 “一心二用”反映的是注意的哪个品质?() A.注意的广度 B.注意的稳定性 C.注意的分配 D.注意的转移 您的答案:C 题目分数:1.0 此题得分:1.0 7.第7题 刚从暗处走到亮处,两眼什么也看不到,经过几秒钟后才恢复正常。这属于(。 )A.感觉的适应 B.感觉的对比 C.感觉的相互作用

D.感觉的补偿 您的答案:A 题目分数:1.0 此题得分:1.0 8.第8题 饥觉、渴觉、内脏的痛觉等属于()。 A.内部感觉 B.本体感觉 C.外部感觉 D.动觉 您的答案:A 题目分数:1.0 此题得分:1.0 9.第9题 下列哪种效应属于最近的印象对人的认知具有强烈的影响?( A.首因效应 B.近因效应 C.晕轮效应 D.标签作用 您的答案:B 题目分数:1.0

2018年春福师高级英语(一)在线作业一及满分答案【最新版】

福师《高级英语(一)》在线作业一 试卷总分:100 测试时间:-- 一、单选题(共 50 道试题,共 100 分。) V 1. When there’s a doubt, the chairman’s decision is ________. A. right B. definite C. fixed D. final 满分:2 分 2. He is vain and seldom _______ his mistakes. A. confesses B. admits C. realizes D. recognized 满分:2 分 3. I expect all the letters __________ promptly. A. being typed B. to be typed C. having been typed D. to have been typed

满分:2 分 4. If you have any problems during your study here, please do not _______ to call me for help. A. hesitate B. despair C. urge D. request 满分:2 分 5. When he opened the door, he used too much force and _______ the key. A. trailed B. varied C. twisted D. wicked 满分:2 分 6. Students with _______ problems may apply for student loans. A. economic B. financial C. male D. economical 满分:2 分 7. The skyscraper stands out ( ) the blue sky.

秋华师大学英语在线作业答案

秋华师大学英语在线作 业答案 Company number【1089WT-1898YT-1W8CB-9UUT-92108】

奥鹏17春16秋华师《大学英语(1)》在线作业100分满分答案(红色部分为答案) 一、单选题(共 50 道试题,共 100 分。) 1. John: Paul, this is Mr Smith, my landlord. Paul: I'm pleased to meet you. Mr Smith: ( ). A. Good morning, Paul. B. Very pleased to meet you, too. C. I'm fine, too. 满分:2分得分:2分 2. One of these books easy for you to read; the others all very difficult. A. are, is B. is, are C. were, was D. are, will be 满分:2分得分:2分 3. A:( )like to have a coffee? B:Yes, please. A. Are you B. Would you C. Can you 满分:2分得分:2分

4. – Where to? I'm so thirsty. – ( )? A. Why don't we go now B. Why don't we enjoy some beer at that bar C. Why didn't you look up the map D. Why didn't you tell me about it earlier 满分:2分得分:2分 5. – David, you've been losing your temper over nothing lately. – ( ). A. I haven’t been getting much sleep either B. You’d better not push yourself too hard, or you’ll get sick C. I’m sorry. I shouldn’t have blown up like that D. You’d better do exercises regularly 满分:2分得分:2分 6. we stopped to look at the map. A. Knowing not which road to take B. Not knowing which road to take C. Not know which road to take D. Not to know which road to take 满分:2分得分:2分 7. – I don't like the sports programs on Sundays. – ( ). A. So do I

专业英语结课作业

通信与信息工程学院 专业英语结课作业 班级:电子信息工程1303班姓名: 学号: 指导教师:苏扬 作业时间:2015年12月23日成绩: 评 通信与信息工程学院 二〇一五年

翻译原文: Passage B DBMS and Data Independence, Integrity, ecurity You know that a database is a collection of logically related data elements that may be structured in various ways to meet the multiple processing and retrieval needs of organizations and individuals. There’s nothing new about databases—early ones were chiseled in stone, penned on scrolls, and written on index cards. But now databases are commonly recorded on magnetize-able media, and computer programs are required to perform the necessary storage and retrieval operations. You’ll see in the following pages that complex data relationships and linkages may be found in all but the simplest databases. The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating, accessing, and maintaining database records is called a database management system (DBMS). The programs in a DBMS package establish an interface between the database itself and users of the database.(These users may be applications programmers, managers and others with information needs, and various OS program.) A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements from the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports.These questions might initially be vague and/or poorly defined, but people can “browse”through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “manage”the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers. In a file-oriented system, users needing special information may communicate their needs to a programmer, who, when time permits, will write one or more programs to extract the data and prepare the information. The availability of a DBMS, however, offers users a much faster alternative communications path. Data Independence An important point about database systems is that the database should exist independently of any of the specific applications. Traditional data processing applications are data dependent. COBOL programs contain file descriptions and record descriptions that carefully describe the format and characteristics of the data. Users should be able to change the structure of the database without affecting the applications that use it. For example, suppose that the requirements of your applications change. A simple example would be expanding ZIP codes from five digits to nine digits. In a traditional approach using COBOL programs, each individual COBOL application program that used that particular field would have to be changed, recompiled, and retested. The programs would be unable to recognize or access a file that had been changed and contained a new data description; this, in turn, might cause disruption in processing unless the change were carefully planned. Most database programs provide the ability to change the database structure by simply changing the ZIP code field and the data-entry form. In this case, data

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档