妇科英文名词解释

妇科名词解释

1.宫颈原位癌（intraepithelial carcinoma或carcinoma in situ）Carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the cervix is terms used to describe the completely haphazard (杂乱无章的) replacement of the stratified（分层的）epithelium（上皮）by abnormal cells showing the characteristic loss of polarit nuclear atypism(非典型) and changes in nuclear cytoplasmic(细胞浆的) ratio of neoplastic(新生的) cells. The abnormal cells do not penetrate the basement membrance(膜). The process limited to the epithelium.

2.宫颈原位癌累及腺体(carcinoma in situ with glandular involvement). In intraepithelial carcinoma. these tumors frequently extend up into the cervical canal and replace the columnar cells lining the cervical glands, put the basement membrane of the glands remains intact（完整的）and uninvaded, The terms“carcinoma in situ with glandular in volvement”is used to describe this condition.

3.宫颈早期浸润癌(early invasive carcinoma)或镜下浸润癌(microinvasive carcinoma)

Microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix is established only by histologic（组织学）study, since there is no grossly(肉眼地)visible or obvious malignant tumor in the cervix. In some cases the lesion （损伤）is largely carcinoma in situ, but penetration of the basement membrane by a small cluster of cells or spray of cells for a depth of less than 5mm below the basement membrane may occur. There is no evidence of lymphatic（淋巴管）or blood vessel invasion and confluence(融合)of the spray-like arrangement of cancer cells.

4.宫颈浸润癌(invasive carcinoma of cervix)Invasive carcinoma of the cervix is defined as penetration of the basement membrane by camcer cells with or without blood vessel or lymphatic invasion. The depth of penetration is usually greater than 5mm below the basement membrane.

5.肌壁间肌瘤（intramural myoma）或(interstitial myoma)The myoma lies within the uterine wall and surrounded by myometrium（子宫肌层）. It comprises approximately 70% of all uterine myoma.

6.浆膜下肌瘤（subserous myoma或subperitoneal myoma) The myoma lies just at the serosal（浆膜的）surface of the uterus and bulges（隆

起）outward from the myometrium.

7.子宫颈上皮内瘤变(Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN) A general term for the growth of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix. Numbers from 1 to 3 may be used to describe how much of the cervix contains abnormal cells.

8.继发闭经（secondary amenorrhea）Secondary amenorrhea in the absence of menses far 6 months in a woman in whom.. normal menstrucation has been established or for 3 normal intervals in a woman will oligomenorrhea.

9.不孕症（infertility）A couple is said to be infertile if pregnancy does not result after 2 years of normal sexal activity without coutraceptives.

10.阔韧带肌瘤(intraligamentous myoma)The tumor that grow laterally between the leaves of the broad ligament(阔韧带) are called intraligamentous myoma.

11..粘膜下肌瘤(submucous myoma)The myoma lies beneath the endometrium（子宫内膜）and protrudes（伸出）into the uterine cavity.

12.肌瘤红色变性(red degeneration)This type of degeneration occurs during pregnancy. Thrombosis（血栓形成）renous（静脉的）congestion （淤血）and interstitial（间质的）hemorrhage（出血）are responsible for the color of a myoma undergoing red degeneration. The process is usually accomparied by extreme pain.

13.腹膜粘液瘤(myxoma peritonei)In mucinous cystadenoma（粘液性囊腺瘤）a rare complication which sometimes develops if rupture of the cyst, the epithelium（上皮）cells may seed onto the peritoneum（腹膜）and produce a pseudomyxoma peritonei(腹膜假粘液瘤).The shape resembles the metastasis(转移) of ovarian carcinoma.

14.皮样囊肿(dermoid cyst)The mature teratoma(畸胎瘤), which belongs to benign（良性的）ovarian tumor, is also called dermoid cyst.

15.梅格斯综合征（Meig’s Syndrome）Ovarian fibromas（卵巢纤维瘤）in conjunction with ascites(腹水) and light hydrothorax（胸腔积水）constitute the Meig’s Syndrome. The right pleural effusion（胸r 膜渗漏）results from the permeation（渗透）of serous fruid（浆液的）through the diaphragmation（隔膜的）lymphatics（淋巴管）.

16.库肯勃氏瘤(krukenberg’s tumor)The term krukenberg’s tu mor should be reserved for those metastatic（转移的）ovarian tumors with

the characteristic histologic picture of mucin-laden, singnet-ring cells infiltrating（渗入）a hyperplastic（增生的）ovarian stroma（基质）of spindle-shapped（梭形的）cells. It is ususlly from carcinoma of the stomach. They are usually bilateral（双侧的）of moderate size, and curiously the normal shape of the ovary is retained.

17.葡萄胎(hydatidiform mole) Trophoblastic cells（滋养细胞）have different degree of proliferation（增生）。There is significant cystic degeneration（变性、退化）of villous（绒毛的）stroma. Various size of vesiculae（水泡）are formed. Connected with small pedicle（蒂的）and looks like a cluster of grapes, so it is called hydatidiform mole.

18.侵蚀性葡萄胎（invasive mole）Trophoblastic cells proliferate more market than the cell of hydatidiform mole, the villous stroma also form grape-like vesiculae due to cystic degeneration of stroma. It’s invasive ability is strong and can invade into the myometrium（肌层）and metastasize（转移）to remote places.

19.功血(dysfunctional uterine bleeding ,DUB) D ysfunctional

uterine bleeding may be defined as occurence of irregular and excessive uterine bleeding, patients hare no organic disorders. Uterine bleeding is caused by dysfunction of hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis(下丘脑—主体—卵巢轴)..

20.卵巢早衰（premature ovarian failure）Amenorrhea(闭经) occurs before the age of forty.

综合征(sheehan’s syndrome)

This syndrome is due to atrophy（萎缩）of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland,caused by ischemic（缺血的）necrosis（坏死）followed severe postpartum hemorrhage（产后出血）or shock. Amenorrhea occurs with atrophy of genitalia（生殖器）,Sterility（不育）, loss of libido （性欲）and often the feature of hypothyroidism（甲状腺机能减退） such as loss of hair, dry wrinkled skin, apathy and constantly feeling cold.综合征(Asherman’s Syndrome)

The syndrome refer to amenorrhea that follows distruction or elimination of the endometrium（子宫肌层）. It is usually the result of overzealous curettage（刮除术）postpartum or for therapeutic（治疗性的）abortion. The result is intrauterine scarification, which may be seen as a pattern of multiple synechiae on hysterography.

23.子宫内膜异位症(endometriosis) Endometriosis is the presence of

functional endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity.

24.子宫腺肌病(adenomyosis) Adenomyosis means islands of endometrial tissue located deep in the myometrium（子宫肌层）.

25.子宫腺肌瘤(adenomyoma) If the endometrial implants in the myometrium and is localized as a circumscribled（局部的）mass, it is called adenomyoma on section you can see a whorled（漩涡的）grayish white mass very similar to that of a fibroid（子宫肌瘤）, but no capsule （包膜）is present.

26.人流综合征（artificial abortion syndrome）The major symptoms are brachycardia（心动过缓），arrhythmia（心律失常、心律不齐），hypotension （低血压），pale-faced, profuse sweating and syncope(晕厥)even convulsion(惊厥、抽搐).

内科学名词解释

内科学名词解释 1.肺源性呼吸困难：是指呼吸系统疾病引起病人自觉空气不足，呼吸费力，并伴有呼吸频率、深度和节律的改变。 2.三凹征：胸骨上凹、锁骨上凹和肋间隙。 3.咯血：指喉以下呼吸道或肺组织的出血经口咯出，可以从痰中带血到大量咯血。 4.体位引流：是利用重力作用使肺、支气管分泌物排出体外，又称重力引流。 5.急性上呼吸道感染：是鼻腔、咽、喉部急性炎症的总称，是呼吸道最常见的传染病。 6.急性气管、支气管炎：是由感染、物理、化学因素刺激或过敏反应等引起的气管、支气管黏膜的急性炎症。 7.慢性支气管炎：是指气管、支气管黏膜极其周围组织的慢性非特异性炎症。以慢性反复发作的咳嗽、咳痰或伴有喘息为临床特征。 8.慢性阻塞性肺气肿：是指终末细支气管远端（呼吸细支气管、肺泡管、肺泡囊、肺泡）的气道弹性减退、过度膨胀、冲气和肺容积增大，或同时伴有肺泡壁破坏的病理状态，是肺气肿中最常见的一种类型。 9.缩唇呼吸：用鼻吸气用口呼气，呼气时口唇缩拢似吹口哨状，持续慢慢呼气，同时收缩腹部。 10.慢性肺源性心脏病：是由于肺、胸廓或肺动脉血管慢性病变所致的肺循环阻力增加，肺动脉高压，进而使右心肥大、扩大、甚至发生右心衰竭的心脏病。 11.支气管哮喘：是一种慢性气道炎症性疾病，以嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞反应为主的气道变应性炎症和气道高反应性为特征。 12.支气管扩张症：是由于支气管极其周围肺组织的慢性炎症和阻塞，导致支气管管腔扩张和变形的慢性支气管化脓性疾病。临床表现为慢性咳嗽伴大量脓痰和反复咯血。 13.肺炎：指肺实质的炎症。 14.肺炎球菌肺炎：指又肺炎球菌索引起的肺实质的炎症。 15.肺炎支原体肺炎：是由肺炎支原体引起的呼吸道和肺组织的炎症。 16.军团菌肺炎：事由革兰染色阴性嗜肺军团杆菌引起的一种以肺炎为主的全身性疾病。 17.病毒性肺炎：是由于上呼吸道病毒感染向下蔓延，侵犯肺实质而引起的肺部炎症。 18.肺脓肿：是由于多种病原体引起的肺部化脓性感染，早期为肺组织的感染性炎症，继而坏死、液化、外周有肉芽组织包围形成脓肿。临床特征为高热、咳嗽、咳大量脓臭痰。 19.肺结核是由结核杆菌侵入人体引起的肺部慢性感染性疾病。 20.原发性支气管肺癌：是最常见的肺部原发性恶性肿瘤，起源于支气管黏膜及腺体。 21.气胸：任何原因使空气进入胸膜腔造成胸腔积气和肺萎陷。 22.人工气胸：用人工方法将滤过的空气注入胸膜腔所引起的气胸。 23.外伤性气胸：由胸外伤等引起的气胸。 24.自发性气胸：在没有外伤或认为的因素下，因肺部疾病使肺组织和脏层胸膜自发破裂，空气进入胸膜腔所致的气胸。 25.呼吸衰竭：指各种原因引起的肺通气和或换气功能障碍，不能进行有效的气体交换，造成机体缺氧伴或不伴二氧化碳潴留，因而产生一系列病理生理改变的临床综合症。 26.I型呼吸衰竭：即有缺氧不伴有二氧化碳滞留或二氧化碳降低。 27.II型呼吸衰竭：即有缺氧又有二氧化碳滞留。 28.ARDS：是指病人原心肺功能正常，由于肺内、外致病因素（如严重感染、休克、创伤、大手术、DIC）而引起肺微血管和肺泡上皮损伤为主的肺部炎症综合症。 29.机械通气：是借助呼吸机建立气道口与肺炮间的压力差，给呼吸功能不全的病人以呼吸支持，即利用机械装置来代替、控制或改变自主呼吸运动的一种通气方式，30.心力衰竭（心功能不全）：是指在静脉回流正常的情况下，由于原发的心脏损害导致心排血量减少，不能满足机体代谢需要的一种综合症。临床上以肺循环和或体循环淤血及组织血液灌注量不足为主要特征。 31.急性心功能不全：指由于某种原因使心排血量在短时间内急剧下降，甚至丧失排血功能，导致组织器官供血不足和急性淤血的综合症。 32.心律失常：是指心脏冲动的频率、节律、起源部位、传导速度与激动次序的异常。 33.窦速：

大学英语语言学期末考试名词解释和论述答案

名词解释 https://www.docsj.com/doc/7312212133.html,petence and Performance: The distinction is discussed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s. Competence----the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance----the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard. ) 2.Sociolinguistics: is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.( It is a field of study that assumes that human society is made up of many related patterns and behaviors, some of which are linguistic.) https://www.docsj.com/doc/7312212133.html,nguage Acquisition: refers to t he child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community. (Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s devel opment of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.) 4.the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf (and also a belief held by some scholars). It states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language. (2) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts, i.e. linguistic determinism and relativism. Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. Or put it more bluntly, language determines thought, i.e. the notion of linguistic determinism. Because languages differ in many ways, Whorf also believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, i.e. relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of linguistic relativism. 5.Phrase structure rule: The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule, such as: NP →(Det) + N +(PP)……e.g. those people, the fish on the plate, pretty girls. VP →(Qual) + V + (NP)……e.g. always play games, finish assignments. AP →(Deg) + A + (PP)……very handsome, very pessimistic, familiar with, very close to PP →(Deg) + P + (NP)……on the shelf, in the boat, quite near the station.

高考英语作文万能短语

高考英语作文万能短语 1first, second, third……首先，第二，第三….. 2firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally首先，第二，第三，最后 3to begin with, then, furthermore, finally首先，然后，其次，最后 4to start with, next, in addition, finally首先，然后，其次，最后 5first of all, besides, last but not least首先，其次，最后 6most important of all, moreover, finally最重要的，其次，最后 7on the one hand, on the other hand 适用于两点的情况一方面，另一方面 8for one thing, for another 适用于两点的情况一方面，另一方面 英语作文：短语优先原则 写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处： 其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单,必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。 其二、凑字数，用短语是一个办法! 比如：I cannot bear it.我无法忍受它了。可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.我无法忍受它了。I want it.我想要它。 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.我想要它。 It’s important.这个很重要。 可以用短语表达: It’s of great importance.这个很重要。 英语作文：过渡语原则 并列用语： as well as也 not only…but also不仅……还 including,包括 英语作文：对比用语 on one hand 一方面

中医妇科学名词解释

中医妇科学名词解释 1. 生理白带：是指健康女性从阴道排出的阴液，无色透明如蛋清样，或黏而不稠如糊状， 其量适中，无腥臭味，称生理性带下，俗称白带。 2. 初潮：第一次月经来潮称月经初潮，月经初潮多在13-14 岁，即“二七”之年。 3. 月经周期：月经有月节律的周期性，出血的第一天为月经周期的开始，两次月经第一天 的间隔时间称为一个月经周期，一般21-35 天，平均28 天 4. 月经先期：月经周期提前七天以上，甚至10 余日一行，连续两个周期以上者称为月经 先期，亦称“经期超前”、“经行先期”“经早”“经水不及期”等 5. 月经后期：月经周期延后七天以上，甚至3-5 个月一行者，称为月经后期，亦称“经行 后期”“月经延后”“月经落后”“经迟”等 6. 妊娠病：妊娠期间发生与妊娠有关的疾病，称妊娠病，又称“胎前病” 7. 带下病：是指带下量明显增多或减少，色、质、气味发生异常或伴有全身或局部症状者 8. 胞阻：妊娠期因胞脉阻滞或失养，发生小腹疼痛者，称为“妊娠腹痛”，亦名“胞阻”， 也有称“痛胎”“胎痛”“妊娠小腹痛” 9. 恶阻：妊娠早期出现恶心呕吐，头晕倦怠，甚至食入即吐者，称为“恶阻”，亦称之为 “子病”“病儿”“阻病”。 10. 子满：妊娠5-6 月后出现腹大异常，胸膈满闷，甚则遍身俱肿，喘息不得卧者，称“子 满”，又称“胎水肿满”。本病最早见于隋代《诸病源候论》，与西医“羊水过多”相似。 11. 巨大儿：新生儿的出生体重等于或大于4kg，就可以称为巨大儿。 12. 胎萎不长：妊娠4-5 个月后，江苏代孕孕妇腹形与宫体增大明显小于正常妊娠月份，胎 儿存活而生长迟缓者，称为“胎萎不长”，亦称“妊娠胎萎燥”“妊娠胎不长”。 13. 胎漏：妊娠期间阴道有少量出血，时出时止，或淋漓不断，而无腰痛、腹痛、小腹下坠 者，称为“胎漏”，亦称“胞漏”“漏胎” 14. 胎动不安：妊娠期间出现腰酸、腹痛、小腹下坠，伙伴有少量阴道出血者，称为“胎动 不安”。 15. 足月产：孕妇在妊娠38-42 周内分娩，称为足月产。 16. 过期产：孕妇在妊娠42 周以上尚未临产者称为过期妊娠，超过42 周再分娩的，称为过 期产。 17. 早产：孕妇在妊娠28-37 周内分娩，称为早产。 18. 产后腹痛：是产妇在产褥期内，发生于分娩或产褥有关的小腹疼痛，称为产后腹痛，其 中因瘀血引起者，称为“儿枕痛”。本病以新产后多见。 19. 产后三病：病痉、病郁冒、大便难 20. 产后三冲：冲心、冲肺、冲胃 21. 产褥期：产褥期是指胎儿、胎盘娩出后的产妇身体、生殖器官和心理方面调适复原的一 段时间，需6～8 周，也就是42～56 天。 22. 滑胎：凡堕胎或小产连续发生3 次或三次以上者，称为“滑胎”，亦称“数堕胎”“屡孕 屡堕”，临证中，本病以连续性、自然性和应期而下为特点。西医学称为“习惯性流产”。 23. 痛经：妇女正值经期或经行前后，出现周期性小腹疼痛，或痛引腰骶，甚至剧痛晕厥者， 称为“痛经”，又称“经行腹痛” 24. 缺乳：产后哺乳期内，产妇乳汁甚少或全无者，称“缺乳”，又称“产后乳汁不行” 1. 月经的生理：①月经初潮年龄多在13-14 岁，早至11-12 岁，迟至16 岁②一般每月月经量约为30-50ml 为适中，超过80ml 为月经过多。经色暗红，经质不稀不稠，不凝固， 无血块，无特殊臭气。③绝经年龄一般为45 到55 岁。 2. 天癸与月经的关系：①天癸，男女皆有②天癸来源于先天，为先天之阴精，藏之于肾③ 受后天水谷精气的滋养而逐渐趋于成熟泌至，此后又随肾气的虚衰而竭止。④天癸至，

内科学名词解释

内科学名词解释 阿司匹林哮喘：无论既往是否有哮喘病史，当口服阿司匹林后数分钟内或数小时内出现诱发的哮喘发作，称阿司匹林哮喘。 气道高反应性：指气管、支气管树对多种抗原或非抗原（物理或者化学的刺激）的过度反应，主要表现为支气管平滑肌痉挛、收缩增强、气道粘膜腺体分泌增多。 右中叶综合症：因局部支气管或者肺部炎症或者淋巴结肿大压迫右中叶支气管，使管腔狭窄，引起的中叶体积缩小，不张，慢性炎症导致的临床症状 类癌综合症：在肺部肿瘤中，可见到因分泌5-羟色胺过多而引起的哮喘样支气管痉挛，阵发性心动过速，皮肤潮红，水样腹泻等症状，以燕麦细胞癌和腺癌多见 弥漫性泛支气管炎：指两肺终末细支气管及肺呼吸性细支气管呈弥漫性慢性炎症。大环内酯类对其有效。 Pancoast综合症：Pancoast综合症指由于位于肺尖和肺上沟的肺肿瘤导致臂从神经和颈交感神经受累，临床上以Horner综合症及肩部和上肢的疼痛等为表现 睡眠呼吸暂停综合症：指平均每晚7小时睡眠中呼吸暂停反复发作次数在30次以上，或呼吸紊乱指数大于5次以上。 呼吸暂停：睡眠中口鼻气流停止超过10s 呼吸紊乱指数：平均每小时睡眠中，呼吸暂停＋低通气指数大于5次 低通气：呼吸气流降低幅度超过气流的50％以上，并伴有4％以上的血氧饱和度下降。 Picknickian syn：肥胖，嗜睡，周期性呼吸三联症。 盘状肺不张：指亚段以上的肺不张，多位于膈顶上方，约2－6cm长，扁平条状阴影，外端达胸膜表面，不穿过叶间裂 干性支气管扩张：以反复咯血为主要症状，而无咳嗽，咳脓痰表现的支气管扩张 Kartagener syndrome:指具有内脏转位（右位心），支气管扩张，副鼻窦炎三联症的先天性疾病。 支气管哮喘：指由嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞和T细胞等多种细胞参与的气道慢性炎症。这种炎症使易感者对各种激发因子具有气道高反应性，引起气道痉挛，表现为反复发作的呼气性呼吸困难，出现广泛多变的可逆性气流受限，大多可自行或经治疗后缓解。

英文写作名词解释

What is a summary? A summary is a short piece of writing that gives the main facts or ideas of a story or article,etc. The qualities of a good summary? It should be objective,that is,the writer does not include any ideas of his/her own. It should be complete ,that is,the writer does not leave out important facts or ideas. It should be balanced,in other words,the writer gives equal attention to each main idea. The goal of a summary? It is to give readers an objective,complete,accurate and balanced view of something(an article,a story ,a novel,a play,etc) Paragraph unity A unified paragraph contains only sentences that explain or support the general statement made in the topic sentence.Any sentence that does not relate to (=is not connected in some way)the main idea will not develop it. How to achieve paragraph unity? Begin with a discussable point and express it in a topic sentence. Stick to this single point throughout,that is,all other sentence should be about this point. Prove or develop the point;don 't merely repeat it. Link your sentence to make your ideas easy to follow. How to outline (=to give the main facts about something) a story? Divide the story into smaller parts. Summarize each part in one sentence. Number your sentence summaries to make them an outline of the story. What is a narrative paragraph? A narrative paragraph is one that briefly describes an incident or a personal experience. Requirements that a good narrative paragraph should meet? Though its length is limited,it is complete,that is,it has a beginning,middle and end. It includes as little conversation as possible. Its sentences are connected by suitable linking words or expressions. Here are some common time linking words/expressions. Afterward later when shortly afterward soon while the next day/night then Paragraph coherence(Coherence is connection ) A coherent paragraph is one in which every sentence after the first is connected to the one before it,to the topic sentence ,or to both ,and readers can readily follow the writer 's train of thought(= a related series of thoughts) An incoherence paragraph is one in which the sentences are badly connected or not connected at all,and the readers are likely to lose their way. How to achieve paragraph coherence? Arrange sentence in a clear order. Use correct pronouns Use correct linking words and expressions. What is exposition?

英语写作必背短语

1、具有别人不可比拟的优势have an incomparable advantage over others 2、承担责任assume one’s responsibility Parents should assume their responsibility to educate their kids. 3、基础知识rudimentary /fundamental knowledge 4、缺乏自信lack of confidence 5、适应adapt oneself to I try to adapt myself to the new environment. 6、头脑简单simple-minded without the proper education, children will become simple-minded 7、拥有明显优势possess an apparent advantage over 8、智慧ability and wisdom 9、摆脱get rid of 10、充分准备full preparation passing the ielts requires your full preparation. 11、感情交流emotional contact 12、过去的辉煌和成绩past glory and achievement 13、积极参加active participation 14、交际能力social skill 15、教学设施teaching facilities 16、老师和校方领导school teacher and administrator 17、强烈的失落感 a strong sense of loss 18、使熟悉acquaint oneself with acquaint myself with the oversea academic circumstances 19、消除孤独感和不适应感remove loneliness and disorientation 20、校方school authorities 21、校园活动campus activity 22、昂贵的学费costly tuition fee 23、毕生的记忆lifelong memories Studying under Mr.zhang’s instruction will always be my 24、辨明是非distinguish right from wrong 25、成就感a sense of achievement 26、抵挡住诱惑resist the temptation 27、独立思考和学习independent thinking and learning 28、高素质、有经验的老师highly qualified, well-experienced teaching staff 29、极大的财富an immense asset 30、尖端科学advanced science 31、经济负担financial burden/ strain 32、开阔视野widen one’s horizon/broaden one’s mind 33、跨文化交际cross-cultural communication 34、扩大知识面broaden one’s scope of knowledge 35、全身心投入be immersed in I might as well be immersed in learning another tongue. 36、人才短缺shortage of talent 37、人际交往能力interpersonal skill 38、伤感情的emotionally damaging 39、适应性强的be more adaptable 41、脱颖而出stand out from the crowd The new policy will enable those who stand out from the crowd to receive better education. 42、一流的设备first-rate facilities 43、易受到社会恶习腐蚀be vulnerable to social evils 44、语言障碍language barrier

中医妇科名词解释

天葵：男女皆有，是肾精肾气充盛到一定程度时体内出现的具有促进人体生长、发育和生殖的一种精微物质。天葵来源于先天，为先天之阴精,藏之于肾，受后天水谷精气的滋养而逐渐趋于成熟泌至,此后又随肾气的盛衰而竭止. 妊娠恶阻：妊娠早期出现恶心呕吐，头晕厌食，恶闻食味，甚则食入即吐者，称妊娠恶阻。亦称子病、病儿、阻病。特点：妊娠6—12周多见, 呕吐,进食减少或不能进食。西医学的妊娠剧吐课参照本病辩证病因病机:冲气上逆，胃失和降。脾胃虚弱、肝胃不和 崩漏：是指经血非时暴下不止，或淋漓不尽，前者为“崩中”，后者为“漏下”. 由于崩与漏二者常相互转化，故概称崩漏.是月经周期，经期,经量严重紊乱的月经病。出血量多，来势汹涌—崩；出血量少，淋漓日久—漏，病因为虚，热，瘀。 继发性闭经：正常月经发生后出现月经停止6个月以上，或根据自身月经周期计算停经3个周期以上者。西医认为闭经是妇科疾病中的常见症状，并非一种独立疾病。病因病机：气血虚弱,肾气亏虚，阴虚血燥，气滞血瘀，痰湿阻滞所致 胎漏：妊娠期阴道少量出血，时下时止，或淋漓不断，但无腰腹疼痛、下坠感.西医称之为“先兆流产”病因病机：冲任损伤、胎元不固。肾虚、血热、气血虚弱、血瘀 妊娠腹痛：因胞脉阻滞失养，发生小腹疼痛者，称为“妊娠腹痛"，亦名“胞阻"。也有称“痛胎”“胎痛”“妊娠小腹痛”.属西医学先兆流产的症状之一。 子晕:妊娠期出现以头晕目眩,状若眩冒为主证，甚或眩晕欲厥，称为“妊娠眩晕”，也称“子晕”。妊娠眩晕往往是妊娠痫证的先兆，本病以眩晕为主证，实质因孕而虚,属本虚标实证,病因：肝火上升，内风扰动或痰涎上涌所致 原发性闭经：年满16岁，月经从未来潮者.西医认为闭经是妇科疾病中的常见症状,并非一种独立疾病。病因病机：气血虚弱，肾气亏虚，阴虚血燥，气滞血瘀，痰湿阻滞所致 痛经:是指妇女在经行前后或经行期间出现周期性下腹疼痛，或痛引腰骶，伴恶心呕吐、腰酸及其他不适，甚者可致昏厥者。经前或经后第一、第二天，小腹轻微胀痛，不影响工作、生活者不属病态。不通则痛，不容则通。特点:1.发生在经期或经行前后数天内；2.小腹疼痛，可伴腰痛、腰骶坠痛等3。周期性发作,经后自然缓解. 胎动不安:妊娠期腰痛、腹痛，胎动下坠,或伴少量阴道出血。西医称之为“先兆流产"病因病机:冲任损伤、胎元不固。肾虚、血热、气血虚弱、血瘀 产褥:指产妇分娩后，除乳腺外，全身各器官恢复或接近至孕前状态的一段时期,称产后，也称“产褥期"，一般约需6周。 滑胎:凡堕胎或小产连续发生3次或3次以上者，称为滑胎，又称数堕胎、屡孕屡堕.西医学称为“习惯性流产" 主要机理：母体冲任损伤；胎元不健。病因：肾虚，脾肾虚弱、气血虚弱、血热、血瘀 妊娠痫证：妊娠晚期或临产时或新产后，突然发生眩晕倒仆，昏不知人,双目上视，牙关紧闭，四肢抽搐，全身强直，须臾醒，醒复发,甚或昏迷不醒者,称为:子痫，也称“子冒”、“妊娠痫证” .属西医的“妊娠期高血压”，其中妊娠高血压、子痫前期、子痫，以往统称为妊娠期高血压综合症.病因病机：肝风内动,痰火上扰 徵瘕：妇女下腹结块，伴有或胀、或痛、或满、或异常出血者，称为癥瘕. 癥：有形可征，固定不移,推揉不散，痛有定处，病属血分。 瘕:假聚成形，聚散无常，推之可移,痛无定处，病属气分。 西医子宫肌瘤或卵巢肿瘤、盆腔炎症包块、子宫内膜异位症结节包块、结核性包块及陈旧性宫外孕血肿等可按本病论治。 绝经前后诸证：妇女在绝经期前后，出现烘热面赤,进而汗出、精神倦怠，烦躁易怒、头晕目眩、耳鸣心悸、失眠健忘、腰酸背痛、手足心热，或伴有月经紊乱等与绝经有关的症状,称为“绝经期前后诸症"，又称“经断前后诸症”。西医学“围绝经期综合症"原称为“更年

内科学名词解释和简答题

内科学复习资料一、名解 呼吸系统 1.医院获得性肺炎（HAP ）：是指患者入院时不存在，也不处于潜伏期，而于入院48小时后 在医院（包括老年护理院、康复院）内发生的肺炎。 2.社区获得性肺炎（CAP）：是指医院外罹患的感染性肺实质炎症，包括具有明确潜伏期的病原体感染而在入院后平均潜伏期内发病的肺炎。 3.原发综合征：指原发灶、引流淋巴管炎、肿大的肺门淋巴结统称为原发综合征。 4.Koch 现象：机体对结核菌再感染与初感染所表现出不同反应的现象，称为Koch 现象。 5.肺性脑病：由于呼吸功能衰竭所致缺氧、二氧化碳储留而引起的精神障碍、神经系统的综合征。但必须除外脑动脉硬化、严重电解质紊乱、单纯性的碱中毒、感染中毒性脑病。 6.LTOT ：即长期家庭氧疗。对COPD 慢性呼吸衰竭者可提高生活质量和生存率。目的是使 患者在海平面，静息状态下，达到P a O2大于或等于60mmHg和或S a O2升至90%以上。 7.肺心病：是指由支气管-肺组织、胸廓或血管病变致肺血管阻力增加，产生肺动脉高压，继而右心结构和功能改变的疾病。分为急性和慢性。 8.慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD ）：是一组气流受限为特征的肺部疾病，气流受阻不完全可逆，呈进行性发展，但是可以预防和治疗的疾病。 9.慢性支气管炎（chronic bronchitis ）：是气管、支气管黏膜及其周围组织的慢性非特异性炎症。诊断依据：咳嗽、咳痰，或伴有喘息，每年发病持续 3 个月，并连续2 年或2 年以上， 并排除其他慢性气管疾病。 10.慢性肺源性心脏病：简称慢性肺心病，是由肺组织、肺血管或胸廓的慢性病变引起肺组织结构和（或）功能异常，产生肺血管阻力增加，肺动脉压力增高，使右心室扩张或（和）肥厚，伴或不伴右心功能衰竭的心脏病，并排除先天性心脏病和左心病变引起者。 11.呼吸道高反应性（AHR ）：指气道对各种刺激因子出现的过强或过早的敏感性增高反应称为AHR ，其气道炎症是其产生吸道高反应性的基础。 12.支气管哮喘：简称哮喘，是由多种细胞和细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病。这种慢性 炎症导致气道高反应性相关，为可逆性气流受限。 13肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）:是指来自静脉系统或右心的血栓阻塞肺动脉或其分支所致的疾病，以肺循环和呼吸功能为其主要临床表现和病理生理特征。 14.肺栓塞（PE）：是以各种栓子阻塞肺动脉系统为其发病原因的一组疾病或临床综合症的总称。

中医妇科学考核试卷及答案(1)

职称聘用考核（妇科） 姓名：_________得分_________ 一、名词解释(每题2分，共10分) 1．妊娠恶阻 2．闭经 3．妊娠痫证 4．脏躁 5．痛经 二填空（每题2分，共20分） 1.＿＿＿＿＿＿＿是女子青春期发育成熟的主要标志。 2．《达生篇》中提出的六字真言是＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。 3．月经先期伴月经过多，若未能及时治疗，可进一步发展为＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。 4．正常的带下对阴道有＿＿＿＿＿＿＿的作用。 5．＿＿＿＿＿＿＿是肾中产生的一种促进人体生长、发育和生殖的物质。 6．胎儿及其附属物自母体娩出的过程称为＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。 7．妇科常用的内治法有＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、。 8．闭经分为＿＿＿和＿＿＿。 9．痛经的机理主要是“＿＿＿＿＿＿＿”、“＿＿＿＿＿＿＿”。 10．妊娠病的治疗原则是＿＿＿＿＿＿＿与＿＿＿＿＿＿＿并举。 二、简答题（每题5分，共10分） 1.月经的产生机理

2．产后病的诊断，除运用四诊八纲外，还须注意什么？ 三、病例分析（20分） 宋某，女，40岁，农民，1997年4月就诊。白带量多，伴周身乏力半年。半年多来，白带量多，色白，质稀薄，无特出殊气味，伴身疲倦怠，周身乏力，四肢不温，纳少便溏，时感两足跗肿，面色萎黄，舌质淡胖，苔白腻，脉缓弱。妇科检查：外阴、阴道无异常，宫颈光滑，宫体后位，大小正常，活动有压痛，双侧附件略增厚。白带常规检查：无异常发现。（要求：诊断（病名、证型）治法、方药） 四、单选题（每题1分，共40分） 1．《内经》中记载的第一首妇科方剂是： A胶艾汤 B温经汤 C圣俞汤 D四乌贼骨——芦茹丸 2．健康女子月经初潮的年龄一般是： A10岁 B19岁 C20岁 D14岁 3．产后第一周恶露应为： A红色恶露 B白色恶露 C酱色恶露 D粉红色恶露 4．产后三冲：

内科学复习名词解释汇总(完美打印版)讲课稿

内科学复习名词解释汇总(完美打印版)

1、呼吸膜：呼吸膜指肺泡与血液间气体分子交换所通过的结 构，又称为气-血屏障，依次由下列结构组成：①肺泡表面的液体层；②Ⅰ型肺泡上皮细胞及其基膜；③薄层结缔组织；④毛细血管基膜与内皮。 2、肺牵张反射：由肺扩张或肺缩小引起的吸气抑制或兴奋的反 射为黑-伯反射（Hering-Breuer reflex）或称肺牵张反射。它有两种成分：肺扩张反射和肺缩小反射。 3、氧离曲线：氧离曲线或氧合血红蛋白解离曲线是表示PO2与 Hb氧结合量或Hb氧饱和度关系的曲线。该曲线即表示不同PO2时，O2与Hb的结合情况。曲线呈“S”形，因Hb变构效应所致。曲线的“S”形具有重要的生理意义。4、肺性脑病：是由于慢性肺胸疾患伴有呼吸衰竭，出现低氧血 症、高碳酸血症而引起的精神障碍、神经症状的一组综合 征。 5、慢性支气管炎：是指气管、支气管黏膜及其周围组织的慢性 非特异性炎症。临床上以咳嗽、咳痰或伴有喘息及反复发作的慢性过程为特征。 6、阻塞性肺气肿：阻塞性肺气肿(obstructive pulmonary emphysema，简称肺气肿)是由于吸烟、感染、大气污染等有害因素的刺激，引起终末细支气管远端(呼吸细支气管、肺泡管、肺泡囊和肺泡)的气道弹性减退、过度膨胀、充气和肺容量增大，并伴有气道壁的破坏。 7、慢性肺源性心脏病：慢性肺源性心脏病(chronic pulmonary heart discase)是由肺组织、肺动脉血管或胸廓的慢性病变引 仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢2

起肺组织结构和功能异常，产生肺血管阻力增加，肺动脉压力增高，使右心扩张、肥大，伴或不伴右心衰竭的心脏病。 8、支气管哮喘：是气道的一种慢性变态反应性炎症性疾病。它 是由肥大细胞、嗜酸细胞、淋巴细胞等多种炎症细胞介导的气道炎症。它的存在引起气道高反应性（AHR）和广泛的、可逆性气流阻塞。 9、呼吸衰竭：是各种原因引起的肺通气和(或)换气功能严重障 碍，以致在静息状态下亦不能维持足够的气体交换，导致缺氧伴(或不伴)二氧化碳潴留，从而引起一系列生理功能和代谢紊乱的临床综合征。 10、Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭：缺氧而无CO2潴留(PaO2<60 mmHg， PaCO2降低或正常)。见于换气功能障碍(通气／血流比例失 调、弥散功能损害和肺动静脉样分流)的病例，如ARDS 等。 11、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭：缺O2伴CO2潴留(PaO2<60 mmHg， PaCO2>50 mmHg)，系肺泡通气不足所致。单纯通气不足，缺O2和CO2潴留的程度是平行的，若伴换气功能损害，则缺O2更为严重。如慢性阻塞性肺疾病。 12、急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）：ARDS是在严重感染、 创伤、休克等打击后出现的以肺实质细胞损伤为主要表现的临床综合征。临床特点：严重低氧血症、呼吸频速、X线胸片示双肺斑片状阴影。病理生理特点：肺内分流增加、肺顺应性下降。病理特点：肺毛细血管内皮细胞和肺泡上皮细胞损伤导致的广泛肺水肿、微小肺不张等。 仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢3

(完整版)英美文学名词解释最全版

01. Humanism(人文主义) 1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 02. Renaissance(文艺复兴) 1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. 2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation. 3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist. 03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌) 1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. 2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. 3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life. 04. Classicism(古典主义) Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes. 05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动) 1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century. 2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century. 3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. 4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education. 5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc. 06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义) 1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.