新高考英语专题1讲义 阅读理解 第1讲 细节理解 含答案解析

第二部分题型应对策略|精通四种题型解题技巧，有的放矢多拿分

第一讲理解文中具体信息——细节理解题

细节理解题是高考英语阅读理解中非常重要的一种题型。细节理解题题干针对原文的具体叙述进行提问，主要考查考生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节、文章的主要事实或文中个别词句的理解能力，一般包括查找信息题、数字计算题等。

高考全国卷细节理解题题量统计考纲解读

年份

卷别

2019 2018 2017

(1)文章细节对于理解全文内容来说至关重要，同时

也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。

(2)命题人员会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，

以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。

(3)这类试题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答

题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能

答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的60%左右。全国卷Ⅰ 6 7 7

全国卷Ⅱ10 9 5

全国卷Ⅲ10 9 6

【考查特点】

Ⅰ.把握细节理解题常见的命题方式：

(1)特殊疑问句形式：以when，where，what，which，who，how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题。

(2)填空题形式：通常涉及与主题有关的事实和细节。

(3)就文中数字、排序等提问。

Ⅱ.掌握细节细解题的考查角度：

(1)高频考点：直接信息题；综合细节题。

(2)低频考点：数字计算题；正误判断题；细节排序题。

[考向1]直接细节题——精准定位判细节

直接细节题即事实认定类细节题，该题型在原文中可直接找到答案，不要求考生对事实做出解释或者判断，只需要从阅读材料中直接获取信息(有时需要跨段落查找细节信息)。正确选项和原文在表述上没有太大的变化。

常见的设问方式：

◆Which activity will you choose if...?

◆What will you/the students do on Tuesday/on the Capital City Bike Tour?

◆When can you see a play in Hebrew?

◆Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center?

◆At which place can people of different ages enjoy a good laugh?

◆Who will give the talk on the islands in the Thames?

[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅰ·A片段)

Jobs for Youth

If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible(符合条件) for this program, which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.

Who is eligible: Youth 15－18 years old in select communities(社区)．

Summer Company

Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3，000 to start and run their own summer businesses.

Who is eligible: Students aged 15－29, returning to school in the fall.

21．What is special about Summer Company?

A．It requires no training before employment.

B．It provides awards for running new businesses.

C．It allows one to work in the natural environment.

D．It offers more summer job opportunities.

[解题思路]

第一步确定题干中的关键词

Summer Company

第二步根据关键词定位信息句

Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3，000 to start and run their own summer businesses.

第三步比对选项确定答案

Summer Company的特别之处在于“它为经营新业务提供奖励”。

自主解答：B

第一步看题目，从题干中提取关键信息。

第二步采取速读技巧快速定位原文信息，仔细比对选项和文中细节，进而确定答案。

[考向2]综合细节题——推理归纳定选项

综合细节题要求考生在原文中找到有关的信息，但同时需要将选项信息与原文句子进行语义上的转换，例如使用同义词、近义词或反义词表达相同的意思，这需要考生综合考虑，把握出题人的考查意图。

常见的设问方式：

◆Which of the following best describes...?

◆Why was...a success?

◆How does the writer recommend...to readers?

[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅱ·C片段)“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know？”Bechtel said, looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.

29．Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?

A．To meet with her coworkers.

B．To catch up with her work.

C．To have some time on her own.

D．To collect data for her report.

[解题思路]

第一步确定题干中的关键词

prefer to go out，lunch

第二步根据关键词定位信息句

用prefer to go out和lunch寻读，可以定位在第三段，在第三段找到I just wanted some time to myself.

第三步比对选项确定答案

根据信息句可知，Bechtel更喜欢出去吃午饭的原因是想拥有自己的时间。

自主解答：C

第一步看题目，从题干中提取关键信息。

第二步采取速读技巧寻找原文信息，将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，将确定的文章信息进行加工处理，进行进一步的辨别，进而确定答案。

[考向3]数字计算题——“加减乘除”巧破解

数字计算题要求考生在原文中找到相关的数字信息，再对相关的数字和信息进行分析和理解，利用加、减、乘、除等运算方法进行计算，确定答案。

常见的设问方式：

◆How much should a couple with a kid pay a visit...?

◆How long https://www.docsj.com/doc/7211002673.html,st?

◆How much may they pay...?

[典例](2018·全国卷Ⅰ·C片段)At present, the world has about 6，800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively

few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1，000; Africa 2，400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3，200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6，000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.

30．How many languages are spoken by less than 6，000 people at present?

A．About 6，800.B．About 3，400.

C．About 2，400. D．About 1，200.

[解题思路]

第一步确定题干中的关键词

less than 6，000 people at present

第二步根据关键词定位信息句

At present, the world has about 6，800 languages.及The median number(中位数)of speakers is a mere 6，000，which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.

第三步整合推算运用数学公式计算

由原文信息句可知，目前全球不同语言使用人数的中位数仅是6 000，这就意味着世界上有一半语言的使用人数不到6 000；结合At present，the world has about 6，800 languages.可知，目前大约3 400种语言的使用人数不到6 000。

自主解答：B

第一步仔细分析题干，抓牢关键信息。

第二步从文章中找出包含该信息的段落，运用数学公式计算。

对于离散的数字计算题，需要先找到与之相关的事实或数据，然后再进行分析整合。

(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·C)As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.

Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to —regardless of whether someone gets the password right.

It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.

In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.

【解题导语】本文介绍了一种用智能键盘进行身份识别的技术。

28．Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?

A．To reduce pressure on keys.

B．To improve accuracy in typing.

C．To replace the password system.

D．To cut the cost of e-space protection.

D解析：细节理解题。根据第一段的内容，尤其是第二句“At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.”可知，现有的生物识别技术价格昂贵。根据第二段的第一句“Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard.”可知，同样能够保护私人电子空间的智能键盘成本较低，故选D。

29．What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?

A．Computers are much easier to operate.

B．Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.

C．Typing patterns vary from person to person.

D．Data security measures are guaranteed.

C解析：推理判断题。根据第二段的内容可知，智能键盘能够准确地测量人们打字的节奏和力度，而打字模式因人而异，因此，智能键盘通过分析用户的打字模式进行身份识别，故选C。

30．What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?

A．It’ll be environment-friendly.

B．It’ll reach consumers soon.

C．It’ll be made of plastics.

D．It’ll help speed up typing.

B解析：细节理解题。根据第四段的最后一句“The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.”可知，该研究团队希望在不久的将来将智能键盘推向市场，故选B。

31．Where is this text most likely from?

A．A diary.B．A guidebook.

C．A novel. D．A magazine.

D解析：文章出处题。本文是一篇科技类说明文，可能出自杂志。diary“日记”；guidebook“旅行指南”；novel“小说”；magazine“杂志”，故选D。

“两关注”“一防范”巧解细节理解题

1．两关注：关注正确选项的特征：一是同义词替换或释义，即把文中语言(词汇和结构)改头换面，来表达相同的意思；二是对文章信息的综合理解推断归纳。

2．一防范：防范干扰选项的逼真性，稍有不慎就会落入命题人设置的陷阱中。在做间接信息题时，要根据所找信息，分析选项，对比其中所用词汇，避免误选答案。必要时要对原文信息进行归纳，然后比对选项，进而选出正确答案。

A

(2019·河南部分重点中学阶段性测试四)

Great American Song Contest

Contest Rules & Entry：

This annual event is designed for amateur and semi-pro(半职业) songwriters only. Songwriters who earn over $10，000 annually from song publishing royalties(版税) do not have qualifications.

Amateur and semi-pro songwriters from all nations of the world are invited to participate in the Great American Song Contest. Song lyrics(歌词) may be in any language. Please include an English translation.

All participants will be sent an entry confirmation and a judging schedule when their songs are received and processed.

This year’s deadline is March 5. Online submissions must be received by this date. Mailed submissions must be postmarked(盖邮戳) by this date.

An entry fee of $30 is required for each entered song. After the first two entries, the entry fee drops to $25 for each additional song.

If the same song is entered in multiple categories, each requires a separate entry fee.

Prizes & Benefits：

Grand Prize Winner receives $1，000 in cash; each First Prize Winner receives $500 in cash. In addition, all winners receive a free membership to TAXI Independent A&R Company—$300 value!

Unlike those highly competitive “big cash prize”contests, which receive 20，000 to 30，000 entries each year but reward only a few, the Great American Song Contest offers a clear benefit to everyone who enters. Songwriters can get their songs heard and get feedback from knowledgeable music-industry professionals. That’s because the Great American Song Contest offers this opportunity and unique guarantee: All participating songwriters receive written opinions on their songs from experienced music-industry professionals!

【解题导语】本文是一则广告。文章主要介绍Great American Song Contest的规则、参赛费用和奖励。

1．What can we know from the contest rules?

A．Song lyrics must be written in English only.

B．Not all songwriters can take part in the contest.

C．All submissions must be received by the deadline.

D．Not all participants will receive a judging schedule.

B解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“This annual event is designed for amateur and semi-pro(半职业) songwriters only. Songwriters who earn over $10，000 annually from song publishing royalties(版税) do not have qualifications.”可知，只有业余和半职业歌曲作者可以参赛，即并非所有歌曲作者都能参赛。故正确答案为B。

2．How much should a songwriter pay for his three entries?

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