跨文化交际
机密（Confidential）编号（No.）：13-14-1-019503A
试题（Test）
课程名称（Subject）：跨文化交际考核类别（Type of test）：考查
课程类别(Type of course) : 专业必修课考试形式(Test type) : 论文
使用范围（Target group）：2011级英语专业1-13班; 旅游英语1班
Writing a paper on one of the following topics:
1.A Study on Comparison between Chinese Values and American Values
2.The Analysis of Culture Differences between Chinese and Western Friendship
3.The Analysis of Culture Differences between Chinese and Western Marriage
4. A Study on Comparison between Chinese and Western Nonverbal Communication
5. A Brief Study on Cultural Dimensions in Intercultural Communication
6.An Analysis in Business Etiquette between China and America
7.The Analysis of Culture Differences Reflected from a Film
8.A Comparison of Associative Meanings between English and Chinese Words
9.A General Study on Superstitions in the West
10. A Contrastive Study on English-Chinese Social Customs
Requirements:
1. You are required to choose one from the above topics. Please pay attention to that you must
show the knowledge you learned.
2. Your paper should have a complete organization, including a title, a clear and logical
argument, analysis and a conclusion.
3. You are required to write at least 3000words.
4. The format of your paper should be standard.
格式要求：
页面设置：A4，上、下边距均为2.5厘米；左边距2.5厘米，右边距2厘米。
行间距：1.25倍行距。左侧装订。
正文字体和字号：标题字体Times New Roman、四号字、加粗；
正文均用Times New Roman小四号字体，除特殊需要外，不加粗。
装订顺序：按照“封面、题签、正文”顺序装订，正文要有页码。
The Analysis of Culture Differences between Chinese and Western Marriage Abstract: Chinese marriages are based on family conditions，while Western marriages are based on the same hobby. Their different survival environment affects the people’s characters and influence people’s thoughts of their respective marriages. Men and women in the economy of different status determine their positions in the family, which determines the differences in their marriage. Social value is the mainstream of different thoughts, and it indirectly affects the public’s view of marriage. Religious beliefs also play an important role in marriage customs and marriages maintaining. Marriage values are the essence of the spirit of national culture. This article analyses the differences between Chinese and Western marriage values according to the purpose, tolerance levels, standard of choosing a spouse, relationship between husband and wife, the effect of educational traditions influences of economical factors in marriage, wedding ceremony. With the profound understanding of Chinese and Western marriage cultures, we can avoid the mistakes of cross-cultural communication.
Key words: marriage values differences
The differences between marriage countries in values, makes the ways of thinking or behavior of people are different in every country. In cross-cultural communication, these differences are easy to cause the misunderstandings between the two sides. Values are the differences in cross-cultural communication. This article will analyze the differences between Chinese and Western values, With the profound understanding of Chinese and Western cultures，we can avoid the mistakes of cross-cultural communication.
The mentioned marriage has been described:" to the Chinese people, marriage is more like a commercial activity, so called marriage; and to the Western people, marriage is more like a house, to turn the world upside down together, not happy is a casual shoot two." Chinese marriage features: before the reform and opening up, low quality, high stability,60% marriage was" patchy"; after sexual confusion of ideas, divorce tide flood, is of low quality, low stability. While Westerns believe in neither strict Dan Ou system, is not fully open relationship, but for love, special hobby and multiple relationships inclusive. After investigation, Chinese standards are: appearance, age, family condition; and Western mate conditions are: respect, trust, interest.
As for family conditions, from mate choice, Chinese regard marriage often become trading, while Westerns regarding marriages as buying and selling. In China marriage, people always is a man marries a wife, but very few people can speak a woman marry husband. So marriage more like a business, since it is a business that can not do without money. Now no man of the house in some female eyes wasn't the man. In some woman heart, a house worth one hundred prince charming, marriage is the best business investment opportunities, TV drama" Dwelling Narrowness" reveals the harsh reality. The famous thinker Engels pointedly, married for money is tantamount to long-term prostitution. Marriage of Western is the sale of two words upside down, called the buying and selling, men and women is seller and buyer. Woman looking for a man, first of all have to sell themselves, regardless of is the smart brain, outstanding talent, a beautiful face, beautiful figure or common interest, these are capital, if a man buying it, that is the marriage of the deposit. In the material on this Western is attitude, not afraid of marriage nothing, as long as a couple can share sb.’s joys and sorrows, there's bread, cars, houses will also have some.
Married in China’s various customs procedures, pay attention to the so-called "ostentation" after the reform and opening up, more luxurious wedding, wedding companies, wedding photo studio like bamboo shoots after a spring rain like smoke. To some extent, Chinese wedding is in the show, with luxury outside proclaim seemingly strong love, and true love seems to no longer sacred first, marriage has become familiar. Videos related to online dating from the fashionable; from extramarital affairs to keep a mistress, the divorce rate with the GDP rising, marriage is more of a formality. The Western romantic wedding is simple, not too much attention to form. Wedding to at the end of the party, the bride and the groom is the first dance, to celebrate their new life begin.
Marriage, Chinese is to treat their children as parents between adhesive, maintain the bond of marriage Chinese understanding of marriage for life, a man marries a woman besides the physiological needs, mainly to produce heirs, and preferably be said of a couple. China many people think, love, family and children is the most important factor to maintain the marriage. Tianjin Federation of a sample survey,81.7% of people have children as important factors to maintain the marriage. Western marriage to maintain is built on mutual attraction, respects. The United States a nation-wide survey, children to parents is the most important source of personal accomplishment, but a successful marriage is more important. Westerns for their children has shown great enthusiasm, but they apparently did not put the children as parents between adhesive. The non-profit Pugh Research Center found in marriage, success factors, loyal and happy relationship, to share the housework, high income and good housing conditions as well as the common religious belief and the common hobbies all rows in the child before. To them, the marriage with the other parts of life, only individual satisfaction problem." When asked what is the purpose of marriage, there are three fourths of Westerns say, it is the adults "common happiness and sense of achievement", rather than" procreation and child rearing". Obviously, the Western marriage more humane.
The different purpose on getting married
The Chinese Marriage Purpose
The traditional Chinese marriage is designed for families rather than love. And Chinese traditional purpose on marriage is to make both the families become stronger. Of course, in today's Chinese society, this kind of traditional purpose on marriage is greatly influenced by the west. However, in China, such a highly traditional society, and making love become the main purpose of marriage is still not a simple matter.
The Western Marriage Purpose
The pursuit of true love is the most important marriage purpose for westerners. They long to find their own lifelong companion to meet their physiology and psychological needs. Western people emphasize people’s independence and they are always self-centered. In their view: a marriage without love is immoral and of low quality.
Tolerance Levels
Marriage is not an end of one’s life but a new life just starts, is not a death of one’s single life but a life, which need to continue. With those many problems in marriage, people would take different ways to solve it. The holy Bible says, “Love is patient, love is kind.”
Better Ability of Tolerance in Chinese Marriage
Chinese women are the most patience women in the world. The thinking of “Marriage woman likes the water which is puling out.” They think after marriage they already an individ ual;
and need to solve her problem by her self. Chinese people have better tolerance is also because they love to pin their desire to achieve in the next generationgaiag. Having this hope, to bear an unhappy relationship in a marriage, is not a big deal any more.
Less Marriage Tolerance in Western
In Western’s character, equality plays a significant role. The realization of being equality is deep in every Western’s heart. Compared with Chine se people, they have less ability to tolerate the partner. They never oppress their affection. They know it very clear that as an individual, they have rights to gain equality, even in spiritual or marital. They think more highly of the romance in marriage, they have higher expectation of the quality of their life. They would not to bear in marriage.
The different standard of choosing a spouse
The Chinese Standard of Choosing a Spouse
For Chinese, the first factor to consider is the family’s background. Second, the two families should be on the equal social status. And the financial condition should be well. Then, the education background is taken into consideration. The last factor to think is the person’s appearance and figures.
The Western Standard of Choosing a Spouse
For westerners, the most important factor is the two person’s feelings. If they feel nice with each other, they may combine with each other. The rest conditions such as the family background or education background, they may not take into account.
The Effect of Educational Traditions
The differences of cultural traditions are the roots of the differences of educational traditions, which make the differences of cultural traditions exist and strengthen. Our traditional culture has considered the Confucianism as the leading place since Chun-Chill. Tone in with people and society’s relationship has already dominated the execution of education. The educational tradition created by it has been controlling people’s thought. However, the western educational traditions pay more attention to people’s development and ability’s cultivation. This characteristic also has a long historical process. Special education on the history of Chinese parents, with the noble spirit of molding people with outstanding works to inspire people, and Chinese history and culture deeply influenced by the tradition of every family. In the United States the family and moral education, religion played a role should not be underestimated. In modern society, parents still hope that God has always been common iIn fact, there are also many similarities between Chinese and western educations. As a tradition, there is no one better or worse. Which was born in a given cultural background and it were the products of certain cultures. Only in the original soil that can judge its degree of suitability. The educational traditions of the soil mostly are complemented in many aspects, and borrow ideas form each other to perfect continually.
Influences of Economical Factors in Marriage
Research strongly and consistently indicates that marriage is a wealth building institution. Married people typically earn and save more than their unmarried counterparts. And it is not just the joining of resources and energies that create this financial benefit, but the permanence of marriage itself. The wealth accumulation in cohabiting situations is far below what is typically is in marriage,
With cohabiters more closely resembling the earnings and savings of sings of singles. While
the poverty rate for children linings in married households is about 6 percents, it is 31 percents for children in cohabiting homes, much close to the 45 percents for Children living in single parent families.
Affluent Economy in Western
The major effect of the economy on marriage relates to how many women work outside the home and the necessity f or them to close. Today’s high cost of living in Western forces many wives (even those who prefer not to work outside the home) to work outside the home. The constant message from advertising is that the family needs more material things in order to be happy. And because of the development of their lift, the higher level of their needs, they are aware of being in rich are the way if making marriage better, they make money for a better life. This causes many married couples to seek higher income levels to afford things that are not essential to the family’s needs. Westerns are willing to buy things, especially in the bedroom and the car, eat or drink and, in particular, are a banquet, the more “Jewish” and the Chinese people are more willing to spend money on a banquet area.
Affluent Economy in China
Different from Western, Chinese people’s thinki ng of economy is more negative. It is a tradition that the parents who has a son, need to buy a new apartment for the new couple. It is always the man’s duty to buy a house, which is a great burden to men, and to marry price of the house. Not long ago, people in China used to save money for the marriage. To some degree, people don’t want to get married is also because of the high price of the apartment. Right now with the new policy of the government, more and more Chinese people feel like extent credit to pay for the house. That also encourages the couple to stay in marriage and both work outside. Chinese people usually do budgets are more conservative, while the United States budget is relatively close “to the limit”, and often have the tendency of consumption over budget (with the United States will be a substantial use of credit cards also have relations).
The different relationship between husband and wife
The Chinese Relationship between Husband and Wife
In China, the husband often plays a leading role in the marriage, and his wife is to the subordinate status. This kind of marriage structure is due to the traditional cultural division, which is "Male master outside and women master inside". The husband undertakes the family life's main economic responsibility while the wife’s tasks are managing housework, taking care of their parents, helping the husband and teaching their children. In China, people think that being full-time housewife is universal and the woman is happy, but they always look down upon the man who becomes full-time houseman. The traditional attitude to marriage of China is a harmonious union lasting a hundred years. They pay more attention to responsibility. Baby is the most important factor to keep marriage.
The Western Relationship between Husband and Wife
The westerners believe that the husband and wife should be equal. In their own words: "Husband and wife should be equal partners.” In w estern countries, the husbands and the wives can all find jobs outside and undertake the family life's economic responsibility together. The husbands also do some housework and cooking, sometimes their cooking skill may be better than their wives. They also share the responsibility of taking care of children. They always educate and look after their children together.
The mass-tone attune of the whole wedding is red, and it was the color representing joyous
in the traditional China. This makes the wedding ceremony becomes jubilant. In the traditional Chinese wedding, the bride generally wears red clothes and a red silk in her head. And the bridegroom generally wears a gown jacket. The bridegroom will ride a horse and go to the bride’s home to pick her. Both parents sit facing to the bride and bridegroom. And the whole wedding hosted by MC, under his command, the bride and bridegroom first bow to Heaven and Earth, then their parents, and finally couples to worship and enter the bridal chamber.
The different weeding ceremony
The Chinese weeding ceremony
China is different from the wedding on the West, the entire wedding's main colors are red, this is also the representative of the traditional Chinese festivity colors. This change will enable the wedding jubilation. In the traditional wedding, the bride wearing red Luoyi general, wearing Fengguan, still above a red scarf. While the groom wearing red long gown mandarin jacket, wearing a red cap along. Palanquin bride rode in the red, the groom on horseback in front, with matchmaking, meikand Yingqing teams to the groom's house in Baitang. Parents sitting on the two sides appear, and appear next married bride and groom. Entire wedding presided over by the master of ceremonies, in his command , a bride and groom Baitiande, Xiabai GAO Tang, and then a husband and wife Baidoa, into the bridal chamber. Noisy wedding is the climax of wedding, the bride and groom first to wait for the wedding, the groom and guests on the outstanding hospitality, Jiuzufanbao, in a lot of the groom greeted came to the wedding. Everybody started Noisy wedding, the bride and groom all stirred up trouble in the next game, do all this in a whole wedding laughter ended.
The Western weeding ceremony
Western wedding is a romantic type, the whole wedding from start to finish to the full of romantic. The bride's [braid] dress is generally white; the groom is black dress so that the whole wedding was the solemn seriousness. Marriage to the church to the whole wedding ceremony is the most important link. First, as the wedding march rhythm, the bride pull her father's hands go before the groom by her father she personally delivered the hands of the groom. Pastor will ask the bride and groom on the other side to make a lifetime commitment, this is the climax of the whole wedding. Then they will be priests and the blessing of everyone, exchanged marriage rings and kiss each other. The bride spent the hands of the ball were not ordinary furnishings. At the end of the wedding, the bride would throw the female guests arrived at the scene, who received curd, who is a married person, which makes the entire ceremony be heard laughing in the end.
Conclusion
The reason why Chinese and westerners have different marriage ideas is that they have different customs and faiths. Although there are so many differences between China and west, all of them have their own happiness .And people will bless the new couples all the same.
If the entire community can establish a concept: Love is the foundation of marriage, and marriage should be maintained and developed friendship, family, responsibilities, obligations, good-hearted, such as the Chinese culture of tolerance in good quality, if not love, would also enable the marriage become warm and happy, so that others lamented the marriage was full of romantic love.
Indeed, as the social development and cultural integration of the exchanges and people of the United States recognize the marriage was also a certain subtle changes. However, the
fundamental concepts remain unchanged, because a nation that wishes to live forever, not only have the ability to adapt to the trend of the times and with other ethnic coexistence and common prosperity mind and boldness of vision, but more important is to maintain their own culture and the fundamental, maintain their social characteristics.
The contemporary world is trending towards globalization, and the development of relations between the countries becomes more interlinked, we have more opportunities to communicate with Western society. Such an exchange would be with the rapid development of world economy, culture develops quickly. As marriage is an important port of social life, so we can make the wedding culture as a breakthrough point, and then analyze the different factors and reasons that prevent global tendency.
Marriage cultures in both China and western countries have gone through for a long time. As a most grand thing in people’s life, it has always attracted a high degree of attention. In the Chinese and Western wedding, it is clear that Chinese wedding and western wedding differ from each other in many aspects: custom, ceremony procedures, styles and dress, marriage media and Place.
As to the reasons of the differences between West and East cultures, there are many reasons causing the differences such as religious views, value orientation, and behavior standards and thinking patterns.
But along with development of the globalization, these differences will become the prevention factors that prevent people’s communication and mixture, and to explore the cultural differences is good for the elimination of existing barriers in cross-cultural communication, so we should adopt measures to reduce these obstacles: such as improving teaching methods, emphasizing on students non-verbal communication ability, changing teachers? way of thinking, blending of Chinese and Western Culture and so on. So understanding cultural differences between China and West will help foster cross-cultural communicative competence and then we can better use it to serve the spread of English, to wide communication and to improve teaching services.
Bibliography
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[3]张爱琳. 2011.5. 跨文化交际. 重庆：重庆大学出版社
跨文化交际论文题目
1.英文原声电影赏析与跨文化交际能力的培养 2."跨文化非语言交际语用失误研究 3."公示语翻译中的语用失误探析 4.国内广告语言语用失误研究现状与分析 5."全球化语境下跨文化交际失误语用归因 6."跨文化交际中的语用失误类型及对策研究 7."基于礼貌原则的跨文化语用失误分析 8."跨文化言语交际中的语用负迁移 9."浅析化妆品广告中的语用预设 10."中西方饮食文化的比较研究 11."中美时间观之对比 1 2."浅析汉英问候语中的文化差异 13."英汉词汇的文化内涵差异探析 14."英语身体语的交际功能研究 1 5."浅谈英汉身势语的表意功能之差异 16."目标语文化的理解与跨文化交际 1 7."中西文化差异对中国学生英语学生的影响 18."跨文化交际中的文化误读
9."浅析文化差异对商务谈判的影响 20."英语禁忌语的文化内涵异同研究 21."英语学习中的文化习得 2 2."英汉思维模式的差异对跨文化交际的影响 23."外语学习者的思辨能力与跨文化交际之成效 24."培养英语学习者跨文化交际能力之策略 25."英汉道歉语差异及原因 26."中西跨文化礼貌语差异探析 27."英汉语言中礼貌表达法之比较 28."英汉习惯用语的文化内涵探源 29."英语称赞语及其回应的异同研究 3 0."中美（西）家庭教育理念的差异及其对孩子的影响 31."中国英语学习者跨文化交际中的主要障碍研究 32."试析跨文化交际中角色互动的作用 3 3."本土文化与异国文化的冲突对跨文化交际的影响 34."跨文化交际中的时间观差异 35."论跨文化交际中的中西餐桌礼仪
6."关于提升英语专业学生跨文化交际能力的培养 37."涉外婚姻中的中西文化冲突 38."论跨文化广告传播中食品商标的翻译439."多媒体教学与跨文化交际能力的培养40."中西方儿童文学的差异 4 1."中西体育文化的差异及其受全球化发展的影响 42."中西传统休闲文化及其价值观的对比分析 43."简爱与林黛玉不同命运的文化透析 44."国际商务活动中礼貌原则的应用 4 5."论文化背景知识在外语阅读教学中的作用 46."国际商务交际活动中的非语言交际 47."浅析英汉汽车商标的特点及其翻译 48."英汉隐喻差异的文化阐释 49."文化语境下的英汉植物词 50."文化语境下的英汉动物词 51."从体态语探析中西文化差异 52."浅析英汉颜色词的文化内涵 53."文化视野下英语谚语的比较
跨文化交际
Intercultural communication is a form of global communication. It is used to describe the wide range of communication problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds.As a separate notion, it studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural studies, linguistics psychology and communication studies. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses. There are several cross-cultural service providers around who can assist with the development of intercultural communication skills. Research is a major part of the development of intercultural communication skills. As we all know, there are so many differences between culture of the East and West that I can not list all of their different aspects. I will focus on the differences of diet custom and teaching system. For your better understand , I will set examples of China and America. It is no doubt that it is a tradition to use chopsticks for Chinese. But people in America prefer to forks and knives. This different result is based on different food they are like .Americans choose to eat beefsteak, bread, and salad, while Chinese people choose noodles, pancakes and rice. What is more, the custom of drinking tea in China and drinking coffee in America are stand out particularly .However, there is a trend that the food in both countries has been mixture. For example, the coffee and bread have introduced to China. The famous KFC is very popular at children. The gap of teaching system between China and America is big. Chinese students always complain about their homework. Too much homework has limited the time to exercise and relax. They have to recite many things as to get a high mark. Homework comes the first to them. In my opinion, the study in America is more interesting .Teachers pay attentions t o training students? skills in thinking in realistic life not to emphasis on the importan ce of memories. In a addition, the rate of going to school ,the salary of teaching ,and t he job of graduates are quite different, too. I should say that China government should make great efforts to improve its teaching system. I am also expect to be one day ,the West give more cheers to our country. “Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the me mbers of one category of people from another.” It is inevitable that the cultural difference has impact on business. For example, when a company is having meeting, the word “table” they mention in American Engli sh means to put something on the agenda, but in British English it means to put somet hing off the agenda. This example indicated how the culture affects the business. In Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differe
跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照
跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照
Unit 1 Page 22 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of hi story that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent i nability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideol ogy, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of huma n civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of h umankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to i solationism or even armed conflict. It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it impe rative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understand peop le whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, thr ough increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neigh borhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peace. 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰 和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在 发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充 满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去 理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我 们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的 安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming，our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows：it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what to prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture
新编跨文化交际期末复习资料
1.Iceberg:{Edward. 7. Hall.--
如何培养英语跨文化交际能力
如何培养英语跨文化交际能力 中宁五中张永宏 摘要：本文通过分析我国英语教学现状，探索英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的必要性，具体分析“跨文化交际能力”的三大组成，思考培养英语跨文化交际能力的具体方法。 关键词：跨文化交际语义文化语用文化 多年来，我国的英语教学主要采用传统的教学方法，即传统的听说法“with its end less and mind-numbing repetitive drills”和古老的以教师为中心的语法—翻译法。教师往往只注重学生语言形式的正确与否或使用是否流畅，而较少注重结合语言使用的场合来培养学生综合运用的能力。学生在这种教学模式下，经过十几年的英语学习，即使是有些成绩很好的学生也不能用所学的英语同外国人进行有效地交流。为了改变这种现状，人们必然对英语教学提出新的要求。而跨文化交际能力的培养却能在一定程度上弥补传统教学的这种缺陷。 首先，何为跨文化交际呢？“跨文化交际”的英语名称是“intercultural communication”或“cross-cultural communication”，它既指本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际，也指任何在语言和社会文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。由于不同的民族所处的生态、物质社会及宗教等环境的不同，因而各自的语言环境产生了不同的社会文化、风土人情和语言习惯等诸语境因素，造成人们不同的说话方式或习惯话语。这就可能使交际双方对对方的话语做出不准确地推论，从而产生冲突、误会或交际的故障。 跨文化交际能力就是针对文化冲突提出来的，它是一种在理解、掌握外国文化知识与交际技能的基础上，灵活处理跨文化交际中出现的实际问题的能力。 一、英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的必要性。 1、近年来, 随着改革开放步伐的加快, 对外交往日益频繁, 国与国之间的交流也越来越 广泛, 特别是社会信息化提高, 国际互联网的开通使更多的人足不出户便涉及到跨 文化交际。中国成功地加入WTO后，国际市场对能用英语熟练有效地交际的复合型人才的大量需求给外语教学提出了新的挑战，所以培养跨文化交际能力有其现实意义。 2、培养跨文化交际能力有助于我们要打破以往“就语言教语言”的模式，把交际因素引 进到英语教学中来，在英语教学过程中揭示那些隐伏在语言背后的，易引起误会和冲突的文化因素。掌握语言不只是掌握语法、音位和语义规则，还必须考虑到外国社会文化背景造成的语言之外的规则。 3、培养跨文化交际能力有利于处理好语言和文化的关系。语言和文化是不可分割的，二 者相互依存、相互影响。语言是文化的载体，又是文化的重要组成部分，也是文化的
跨文化交际论文中文
浅谈跨文化交际 【摘要】在中西跨文化交际中，文化冲突的事例屡见不鲜，严重影响了交往的顺利进行，因此我们很有必要找出其深层次的原因，并采取一定的措施来培养跨文化交际的能力，避免文化冲突。 【关键词】跨文化交际、文化差异、文化冲突 随着中国对外开放程度的逐渐深入，西方社会的人和事物越来越多地走进了我们的视野，在这种情况下，跨国域、跨民族、跨文化的经济和社会交往将会与日俱增，这就为我们提供了许多与西方人接触和交往的机会，这对于加深我们的西方社会的理解是一件好事，但这并不是一件简单的事情，因为我们所面对的是来自陌生的文化和国家，思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式与我们迥然不同的人，在与之交往的过程中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象。 一．中西跨文化交际中经常出现的文化冲突 在中西跨文化交际中会出现的文化冲突有很多种，在这里我们不可能一一叙述，只能列出比较常见的几种。 1.隐私方面的冲突 中国人的隐私观念比较薄弱，认为个人要归属于集体，在一起讲究团结友爱，互相关心，故而中国人往往很愿意了解别人的酸甜苦辣，对方也愿意坦诚相告。而西方人则非常注重个人隐私，讲究个人空间，不愿意向别人过多提及自己的事情，更不愿意让别人干预。因此在隐私问题上中西双方经常发生冲突，例如：中国人第一次见面往往会
询问对方的年龄，婚姻状况，儿女，职业，甚至收入，在中国人的眼里这是一种礼貌，但在西方人眼里则认为这些问题侵犯了他们的隐私。 2.时间观方面的冲突 西方人的时间观和金钱观是联系在一起的，时间就是金钱的观念根深蒂固，所以它们非常珍惜时间，在生活中往往对时间都做了精心的安排和计划，并养成了按时赴约的好习惯。在西方，要拜访某人，必须事先通知或约定，并说明拜访的目的、时间和地点，经商定后方可进行。而中国人则属于多向时间习惯的国家，在时间的使用上具有很大的随意性，一般不会像西方人那样严格的按照计划进行，西方人对此往往感到不适应。 3.客套语方面的冲突 中国人注重谦虚，在与人交际时，讲求“卑己尊人”，把这看作一种美德，这是一种富有中国文化特色的礼貌现象。在别人赞扬我们时，我们往往会自贬一番，以表谦虚有礼。西方国家却没有这样的文化习惯，当他们受到赞扬时，总会很高兴地说一声“Thank you”表示接受。由于中西文化差异，我们认为西方人过于自信，毫不谦虚；而当西方人听到中国人这样否定别人对自己的赞扬或者听到他们自己否定自己的成就，甚至把自己贬得一文不值时，会感到非常惊讶，认为中国人不诚实。 4.餐饮习俗方面的冲突 中华民族素有热情好客的优良传统。在交际场合和酒席上，热情的
《跨文化交际》_名词解释
1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations. 经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。 2.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society. 宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。 3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities. 熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。 4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures 微观文化：文化中的文化 5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。 Chapter 1 6.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. 文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。 7.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. 文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。 8.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture. 亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。 9.Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems. 亚群体:与主流文化不一致，并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。 10.Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior. 规则:社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。 11.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty. 规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。 Chapter 2 12.Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. 社会文化适应：人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。 13.Acculturation refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and
跨文化交际期末试题[完整]
考试需知：考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。考试时间为2．5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于完成试卷1。待老师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学生做试卷2，试卷2 为开卷考试。可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带电子词典及手机进考场。 Test Paper 1 Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic view 3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius,
跨文化交际研究现状
跨文化交际研究现状 中国跨文化外语教学的研究有近 60年的历史，近些年来有了更快的发展。如今，外语教学中有关跨文化交际能力的培养已经引起了许多教育家，语言学家的极大关注。外语教学应当结合相关文化来进行，这一点似乎已经成为当今外语教学界的共识。近年来，文化成了热门话题，文章和论著都有不少。无论是讨论教学还是教材，教学大纲还是课程设计，几乎无一不强调外语教学中的文化导入，强调在习得语言的同时习得相关的文化。而我们的英语教学侧重于语言教学，对文化方面涉及不多致使学生一开口常常是“汉语思维，英语形式”。在跨文化交际中，交际双方若不能进入同一文化背景之中，就容易产生不解或误解，导致交际失败。正如托马斯(Thomas)指出:“语法错误从表层上能看出，受话者很容易发现这种错误，这种错误一旦发现，受话者便会认为说话者缺乏足够的语言知识，因此可以谅解。语用失误却不会被像语法错误一样看待。如果一个能说出一口流利英语的人出现语用失误，他可能会被认为缺乏礼貌或不友好，他在交际中的失误便不会被归咎于语言能力的缺乏，而会被归咎于他的粗鲁或敌意。” 跨文化交际能力的培养需要在外语教学中进行文化教学。现在外语教学中对跨文化交际能力的培养以及文化教学很多只停留在文化知识层面，这就要求教师在教学中必须加大文化信息量的导入，引导学生主动发觉文化差异方面的信息。只有这样，教师才能从根本上提高英语教学的质量，学生也才能有掌握实际运用语言的能力。如今跨文化交际能力的培养是勿庸置疑的，关键问题是在于如何培养。高一虹教授指出，新的跨文化交际能力的培养模式应该有以下特点:1.它以文化意识的培养为中心，有对文化多元性的意识和对差异的宽容态度，对异文化共情能力，以及对自身文化价值观念及行为方式的觉察和反省。2 .注重态度和情感层面，也包括认知层面，特别是批判性的反思能力。3. 不限于目的语文化，而是通用于与任何
跨文化交际案例分析答题技巧
汉硕案例分析答题技巧 最近很多人问关于汉语国际教育考试中的案例分析题该怎样答，我根据自己的粗浅经验，现总结如下： 1.答题思路：按照发现问题-- 分析问题-- 解决问题的思路。具体如下：（1）发现问题：也就是提出问题。在所给的案例中，某个出国教汉语的志愿者教师或来中国教外语的外教等，遇到了什么样的困难。遇到的困难可能是课堂教学时的，比如学生上课都不积极回答问题，不愿意参与老师精心设计的课堂活动，或者问老师一些可能涉及到“隐私”的问题；也可以是这位老师在生活上遇到的问题，比如无法与当地人沟通或交流（语言障碍，文化障碍），无法适应当地人的生活，或不理解当地人做某事时为什么会采取那样的方式，等等。注意：遇到的问题可能是多方面的，要从多角度分析，一般情况下，也不只是一个问题，所以，要按条来答。 （2）分析问题：要求你具体分析一下这位老师或某人遇到这种困难是什么原因引起的，主要是文化方面的原因，可能还涉及到一些他所采用的文化策略等。比如，他由于对对方国家文化不了解，对方国家可能很注重“隐私”，而在我们国家这不被看做是“隐私”。同时要求你分析出我们的母语文化具有什么样的特点，最主要的是和对方国家有什么不一样，哪里不一样，因此造成了他在文化方面的不适应，以至于教学和生活中都出现了问题或遇到了困难。关于他所使用的文化策略，主要就是他自身有没有做到尊重当地的文化，有没有试着去融入这种文化，接受这种文化，还是一味的采取排斥策略，认为自己的一切都好，别人的一切都不好。这就是分析问题了。 （3）解决问题：这是最关键的部分了。怎么解决他遇到的问题或困难？你自己提出个对策就行了，当然，要根据一些你所知道的文化常识和应对策略。比如首先尊重当地文化，多和当地人交流，努力让自己适应当地人的文化和生活方式，做到求同存异，等等。这里需要注意的就是，有些文化的知识是很灵活的，比如中国人的谦虚、中庸的思想等等，都是我们日常生活就知道的，就是稍微总结一下，理顺一下，就能答题了。关于这个，如果时间还来得及，就看一下程裕祯的《中国文化要略》，看一下中国文化的特点等，很多东西是很细致的，自己要稍加总结。如果时间不是很充分了，就把刘珣的《对外汉语教育学引论》上的关于“跨文化交际”的那个章节仔细看一下，我觉得应对这道题应该够用了。 2.答题方法：其实思路清晰了就很好弄了，老师会看你的逻辑分析能力。强烈建议大家一定要分条论述，千万别想到哪说到哪，写出一大片，阅卷老师还得自己去给你找点，这样，老师会很疲劳的，老师最不喜欢的就是这种思维混乱的。所以说，大家答题时我觉得可以按两种方法来写： 第一种：按发现问题---分析问题---解决问题来写，一共三条，然后在每条的下边分几个小点，因为发现的问题肯定不止一个，相应的分析问题和解决问题也会不止一条。 第二种：按一共出现了几个问题分条，第一条，问题1：发现问题--分析问题--解决问题；问题2：发现问题--分析问题--解决问题；问题3--以此类推。 总结一下，以上两种方法都各有利弊，因为有时不同的问题是由同一个原因产生的，或者需要同一种解决策略。所以，大家可以根据自己的喜好来选择其中一种。按以上的问题全部分析完以后，最好再来个综述，大致总结一下，字数不用太多，就是有个小结尾。 最后，要跟大家说的是，字数和字迹的问题。这个案例分析要求是1000字以上
跨文化交际
【知识点归纳】 1.重点概念： （1）文化：culture，涉及内容十分广泛，不同研究者有不同定义。 广义文化：指人类社会实践过程中所获得的物质、精神的生产能力和创造的物质、精神财富的总和。 狭义文化：精神生产能力和精神产品，包括一切社会意识形式；自然科学、技术科学、社会意识形式。英国人类学家泰勒1871年在《原始文化》中提到的定义影响很大。 总的来说，文化是人类社会创造的财富，包括食物、器具，也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。总的来说，文化是人类社会创造的财富，包括食物、器具，也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。 其特性是：人类独有；来自后天习得；大部分存在于人的潜意识；是行动的指南；动态，与一定历史时期相联系。 （2）交际：就是人与人之间的往来交际活动，文化在交际中得到发展与传播。跨文化交际中的交际主要指人际间通过语言等交际工具进行的直接或间接的信息交流和沟通活动。 （3）编码与解码 交际是一个编码和解码的过程；编码是把思想、感情、意识等编成语码的过程，解码是对外界接受的符号或信息赋予意义或进行解释的过程。 （4）言语交际与非言语交际言语交际是指使用语言作为交际媒介； 非言语交际是指使用除语言以外的交际工具作为交际媒介，例如：文字、盲文、手语、手势、旗语、号语等。 （5）跨文化交际 广义：具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动。 狭义：在特定的交际情景中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言进行的口语交际。 影响跨文化交际的主要因素：民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段；阶层、职业、年龄、性别等方面。（6）文化模式分为特殊的文化模式和普遍的文化模式两类。 特殊的文化模式是指各民族或国家具有的独特的文化体系。 普遍的文化模式是指一切文化都是由各个不同的部分组成的，这种文化构造适用于任何一个民族的文化。美国人类学家C．威斯勒尔认为，普遍的文化模式包括：①语言；②物质特质；③美术；④神话与科学知识；⑤宗教习惯；⑥家庭与社会体制；⑦财产；⑧政府；⑨战争。 （7）文化深层结构 亦称为“文化潜意识”，相对于文化表层结构而言。指一个民族族体在历史的积淀中形成的固定心态，在一种文化中既不产生律动也不产生突变的心理层次。有些学者认为，西方文化的深层结构是“不断地追求变动，渴望不断地超越”；而中国文化，乃至东方文化则具有静态的目的性，寻求天下太平，维持整个结构的平稳和不变 （8）文化定势 “定势”的概念，最先是由美国政治评论家Lippmann 在1922 年出版的《公
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