新概念英语语法大全
新概念语法精粹
Guide to New Concept English Grammar
第一章英语动词时态
(Tenses)
英语时态是英语语法中的第一道难关，攻下此难关是作文、阅读、口语之关键。汉语用不同词表达相应时态，而英语用同一词的不同变化形式表达时态。
英语各种时态构成表：以play为例：
现在play
plays is
am playing
are
has
have played
has
have been playing
过去played was
were playing
had played had been playing
将来shall
will play shall
will be playing
shall
will have played
shall
will have been playing
过去将来should
would play
should
would be playing
should
would have played
should
would have been playing
一、一般现在时：
1．构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。
（1）直接加“s”，works，takes
（2）以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”
carry →carries
（3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”
goes dresses watches brushes
2．功能：
（1）表现在的事实、状态或动作：
eg: ?. Birds fly.
?. She loves music.
?. Mary's parents get up very early.
（2）表习惯性动作或职业，常与often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，seldom，occasionally，frequently等时间副词连用。
eg: ?. I always take a walk after supper.
?. She writes to me very often.
?. Two and two makes four.
人非圣贤，熟能无过。
（4
A．在由when，after, before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless，so long as，where，whatever，wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。
（黄金重点，所有考试都不放过它！）
例如：?. I'll tell her when shecomes tomorrow.
?. Even ifit rains this afternoon, I'll meet you.
?. Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed. （不错的句型，背下！！）
）
B
?. The play begins at 6:30 this evening.
?. When does the plane take off?
?. He leaves for that city next week.
?. According to the timetable, the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning.
（按照时刻表，开往上海的特快列车早上7 点出发。）
测试精编
1. The Browns ________ a nice car and Brown's brother ________ a nice jeep.
A. have / have
B. has / has
C. have / has
D. has / have
2. If their house ________ not like ours, what ________ it look like?
A. is / is
B. is / does
C. does / does
D. does / is
3. - ________ you think he will come? - If it ________ tomorrow, he will not come.
A. Do / rains
B. Are / rains
C. Do / will rain
D. Are / will rain
4. The little child ________ not even know that the moon ________ around the earth.
A. do / move
B. do / moves
C. does / moves
D. did / moved
5. Many a student ________ fond of films, but a good student seldom ________ to the cinema
A. are / goes
B. is / goes
C. are / go
D. is / go
二．现在进行时：is / am / are + 现在分词
1
?. The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea?
?. Don't you think you eat too much? You're putting on weight（体重增加）。
?. The workers are building a new bridge across the river.
2
?. He is taking physics this semester（本学期）。
?. Weare preparing for our final examination this week.
3．go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc. 用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。
?. Look! The bus is coming.看！车来了！
?. The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying.
?. Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother.
?. The teacher is constantly (always) criticizing her for being late.（老师一直在批评她迟到。）
5
（此条戒律请背10遍！！！）
believe（相信），doubt（怀疑），see（看见），hear（听见），know（知道），understand （理解），belong （属于），think（认为），consider（认为），feel（觉得），look（看起来），seem（看上去），show（显示），mind （介意），have（有），sound（听起来），taste（尝起来），require（要求），possess（拥有），care（关心），like （喜欢），hate（讨厌），love（喜爱），detest（憎恨），desire（意欲）
【简单记忆】：
●永远不要说I'm believing...或He is seeing a house. 再简单一点说，这些动词后面不要随意加-ing.
●可怕的是：我们在写作及口语中常犯此类大错！
●注意：have a party / think about可以用进行时，因为这里have意为“举行”；think意为“考虑”。
测试精编：
1. How can you ________ If you are not ________ ?
A. listening / hearing
B. hear / listening
C. be listening / heard
D. be hearing / listening to
2.The girl even won't have her lunch before she ________ her homework.
A. will finish
B. is finishing
C. had finished
D. finishes
3. Those who have applied for the post（职位）________ in the office.（此题超前）
A. are being interviewed
B. are interviewing
C. interviewing
D. to be interviewing
4. The old scientist ________ to do more for the country.
A. is wishing
B. has been wishing
C. wishes
D. has been wished
5. If he ________, don't wake him up.
A. still sleeps
B. is still sleeping
C. still has been sleeping
D. will be sleeping still
三．一般过去时。定义动词的过去式：
1
?. We visited the school last spring.
?. I went to school by bike when I was in middle school.
?. China was founded in 1949.
2．在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。（参）
?. She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the next day.
?. They would not leave until she came back.
?. My friend promised to marry me once she made her final decision.
3．一般过去时，现在时和过去时的几组差异：（别以为这很简单，下面的差异你不一定明白。）
●Her brother was a chemist.（已去世）
●Her brother is a chemist.（尚健在）
●It was so nice to see you.（离别时用）
●It is so nice to see you.（见面时用）
●Jane did a lot of work this morning.（已是当天下午或晚上）
●Jane has done a lot of work this morning.（仍是上午）［本句现在完成时，此乃后话！］
测试精编I：（用所给动词的正确进态填空）。
1. Yesterday I ________ (think) that you were not in Beijing.
2. Alice usually ________ (sit) in the front of the classroom, but she ________ (sit) at the back this morning.
3. He ________ (tell) the news to us three days ago.
4. He________ (begin) to teach Chinese in 1990.
5. she would not telephone me if she ________ (have) no time.
测试精编II：
1. They ________ the trip until the rain stopped.
A. continued
B. didn't continue
C. hadn't continued
D. would continue
2. The local peasants gave the soldiers clothes and food without which they ________ of hunger and cold.（without 在这里表条件，你知道吗？）
A. would die
B. will die
C. would be dead
D. would have died
3. It was not until then that I came to know that the earth ________ around the sun.
A. moved
B. has moved
C. will move
D. moves
4. When all those present（到场者）________ he began his lecture.（重点题）
A. sit
B. set
C. seated
D. were seated
5. If I had had time, I would have written to you. But in fact I ________ not.
A. have
B. would have
C. had
D. had had
四．过去进行时：were / was + 现在分词。
1
?. I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening.
?. When I arrived, they were watching TV.
?. They were doing housework this time last week.
2
?. She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping.
?. I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast.
3．过去某时将发生的事。可参考—2（4）
?. They told me that they were leaving for New York.
?. He was going out when I arrived.
测试精编：
1. My brother ________ while he ________ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell / was riding
B. feel / were riding
C. broke / was playing
D. was breaking / played
3. -Myfather will be here tomorrow. -I thought that he ________ today.
A. was corning
B. is coming
C. will come
D. comes
4. Jack was going out of the shop when he collided with an old woman who ________ in.
A. come
B. was coming
C. had been coming
D. had come
5. Michike couldn't come to the telephone when Mr. Smith called her because she ________ in the lab.
A. had been working
B. has been working
C. was working
D. worked
五．现在完成时：have / has + 过去分词
1．常与yet，just，before，recently，lately（最近），ever，never等表时间的副词搭配使用。
●He hasn't seen her lately.
●I haven't finished the book yet.
2．
如：so far（迄今为止），up till now（直到现在），since, for a long time（很长时间），up to present（直到现在），in the past / in the last few years（在过去的几年里），these days（目前）……
?. He has worked here for 15 years.
?. I have studied English since I came here.
?. The foreigner has been away from China for a long time.
?. So far, I haven't received a single letter from my brother.
3．某些非延续性动词（即：动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。
黄金要点：
I．常见的非延续动词：die, arrive（到达），join（加入），leave（离开），go, refuse（拒绝），fail（失败），finish，buy，marry，divorce（离婚），awake（醒），buy，borrow，lend ...（背三遍！）II．这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。
III．但若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。
●She has gone away for a month.（误
●She has been away for a month （正）
●The man has died for two years.（误）
●The man has been dead for two years.（正）
●How long have youbought the book?（误）
●How long have you got the book.（正）
4．注意since的用法：
?. They haven't had any troublesince they came here.
?. It has been ten years since we met last time.
?. He has been heresince 1980.
?. He has been heresince ten years ago.
He has been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。
She has gone. 她已走了。
She is gone. 她缺席了。（or她死了。）
The door has been closed. 门关上了。（动作）
The door is closed. 门是关着的。（状态）
测试精编：
1. The prices ________ going up all the time in the past few years.
A. keep
B. kept
C. have kept
D. are keeping
2. For the whole period of two months, there ________ no rain in this area.
A. is
B. will be
C. has been
D. have been
3. Today is Jane's wedding day. She ________ John.
A. have just married with
B. was just married to
C. has just been married to
D. just has been married to
4. No wonder the flower have withered, they ________ any water for ages.
A. hadn't
B. haven't
C. haven't had
D. hadn't had
5. Nowadays computer ________ a wide application with the development of production and science.
A. found
B. has found
C. finds
D. had found
六．现在完成进行时：have / has + been + 现在分词
1（最好将此定义读5遍）?. I've been waiting for an hour but she hasn't come.
?. He has been running after her for 8 years.（run after: 追求）
2．表某种感情色彩。
?. I've been wanting to see you for so many years.
?. Who's been telling you such nonsense.
释惑要点：现在完成时与现在完成进行时的对比：
现在完成时强调“结果”，而完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。
?. I have thought of it.（我已想到了这一点。）
?. I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想这一点。）
?. Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已将门油漆过了。）
?. Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆门。）
测试精编：
1. They ________ us since five o'clock this morning.
A. are helping
B. have been helping
C. have been helped
D. have helped
2. I ________ the book the whole day, yet I haven't finished it.
A. have been reading
B. have read
C. am reading
D. had been reading
4. Such natural resources as coal and petroleum ________.
A. gradually are exhausted
B. are being gradually exhausted
C. have gradually exhausting
D. have been exhausting gradually
5. It ________ almost every day so far this month.
A. is raining
B. rained
C. rains
D. has been raining
用所给动词正确时态填空。
1. You should go to bed. You ________ (watch) TV for 5 hours.
2. I ________ (write) letters since breakfast.
3. I ________ (write) 3 letters since breakfast.
4. Sorry, but Mr. Smith ________ (leave) for Beijing.
5. I ________ (look) for him everywhere, where can he be?
七．过去完成时：had + 过去分词
1．表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作。“过去的过去”。
●They had got everything ready before I came.
●The play had begunbefore I got to the theater with my boyfriend.
2．过去完成时常用于hardly / scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than等固定句型结构中。（此乃超级重点句型，意为：“一……就”）
●She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.
●No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.
（注意no sooner 在句首时句型倒装。）
3．intend（打算），mean（意味），hope（希望），want（想要），plan（计划）等动词的过去完成时用来表示本打算做而没有做的事。
●I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.
（……原想昨天去看你……）
●They had planed to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because the bad weather.
（……原计划上周举行一场足球赛……）
测试精编：
1. -Let's hurry! The president is coming. -Oh, I was afraid that we ________.
A. already miss him
B. had already missed him
C. will miss him already
D. have already missed him
2. Your letter came just as I ________ my office.
A. was leaving
B. would leave
C. had left
D. left
3. I ________ my keys, I can't remember where I last sawthem.
A. was losing
B. lost
C. had lost
D. have lost
4. Nobody knew where the teacher ________.
A. has gone
B. would have gone
C. had gone
D. would be gone
5. The sportsmen ________ training for 3 hours when the coach told them to break off for rest.
A. have been
B. are
C. had been
D. were
八．一般将来时：shall / will + 动词原形
1．表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
●He will graduate from the college next year.
●We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.
2．将来时的其它结构：（务必背下！）
I. be going to do something. 打算做某事。（美国口语中常读作be gonna）
●I'm going to buy a new coat this fall.
[be going to与will的对比：下列情况须用will ]
●I'll be sixteen years old next year.
●It will be the 20 th of August tomorrow.
●When he comes, I will give him your message.
I. be + to do sth.表示计划安排做某事或用来征求意见。
●Am I to take over his work?
●We are to meet at the gate.
III. be about to do sth. 即将做某事。
●The talk is about to begin.
3．重点补充：
be on the point of doing sth. 正要做某事
set out to do sth. 着手做某事
set about doing sth. 开始做某事
测试精编：
1. - "The meeting is scheduled to begin at 7 o'clock."
- "But ________ a delay."
A. it will be
B. there'd be
C. there will be
D. there is
2. He'll leave for Paris before you ________ next week.
A. will come back
B. will be back
C. come back
D. came back
3. Our next meeting ________ on 1st December.
A. has been held
B. will hold
C. is to be held
D. is holding
4. Where ________ a will, there is a way.
A. there will have
B. has been there
C. there is
D. there has been
5. It ________ be Wednesday tomorrow.
A. is going to
B. will
C. is about to
D. is to
九．过去将来时：should / would + 动词原形
1．表示从过去某个时刻看将要发生的动作或状态。
●He said that they would meet me at the station.
2．此用法常用于间接引语中。
测试精编：
1. On television last night the newscaster announced that the leader ________ on Saturday.
A. is arriving
B. will arrive
C. would be arrived
D. would arrive
2. He told us that he would begin the dictation when we________ ready.
A. will be
B. would be
C. were
D. are
3. My aunt ________ to see us, she would be here soon.
A. is corning
B. was coming
C. came
D. had came
4. They would be given a new house if more ________ the next year.
A. will be built
B. would be built
C. are built
D. were built
十．过去完成进行时：had been + 现在分词
表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。
●She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in.
比较：
?. The girl had cleaned up the room, so it was tidy.
?. The girl had been clearing up the room, so we had to wait outside.
测试精编：
1. It ________ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.
A. was raining
B. would be raining
C. had been raining
D. has rained
2. He told us that he ________ there since 1982.
A. has been living
B. had been living
C. would have lived
D. was living
3. He had been learning English for 3 years before he came here and ________ now.
A. is still learning
B. had been learning
C. was still learning
D. has been learning
4. By the end of last week, he ________ in the company for 10 years.
A. had worked
B. had been working
C. will have worked
D. would have worked
5. Not until then did people know that he ________ important military information to the enemy for a long time.
A. sold
B. would sell
C. had sold
D. had been selling
十一．将来进行时：shall / will be + 现在分词
1．表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作：
?. What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
〖比较：〗
?. Tom won't cut the grass because he is afraid of being tired.（说明意图）
?. Tom won't be cutting the grass.（无意图、仅陈述事实）
2．用将来进行时询问别人的计划、打算比用一般将来时更显礼貌。
?. Will you be having supper with us this evening?
3．将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。
?. She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning.
?. The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.
十二．过去将来进行时：should / would be + 现在分词
表示从过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作。
?. He asked me what I should be doing when he came the next day.
测试精编：
1. Tomorrow, I ________ the book all morning.
A. am reading
B. will be reading
C. will read
D. have read
2. -"Can you attend the meeting tonight?" -"No, ________ the manager about something urgent."
A. I see
B. I'll have seen
C. I'll be seeing
D. I can see
3. Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people ________ long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century?
A. will they live
B. they will be living
C. will live
D. living
4. He told us that he ________ visiting Japan by this time next year.
A. will be
B. would be
C. was
D. is
5. It ________ when you wake up tomorrow morning.
A. is snowing
B. will snow
C. will be snowing
D. snows
十三．将来完成时：shall / will have + 过去分词
表示将来某时之前已经完成的动作。
?. They will have been here for 5 years next Friday.
?. By the end of next term, the students will have finished the book.
十四．过去将来完成时：would / should have + 过去分词
表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前已经完成的动作。
He said that they would have arrived by seven o'clock.
十五．将来完成进行时：shall / will have been + 现在分词
表示某一动作将继续到将来某时，且该动作此时尚未发生。
?. We shall have been staying here for four weeks when Tom arrives.
?. It will have been raining for a week if it does not stop tomorrow.
［注：此句型过于复杂，人们很少运用，了解而已。］
单项自测题（综合训练）
A. it influences farmers
B. that influences farmers
C. farmers that it influences
D. why farmers influence it
3. By tracking the eye of a hurricane, forecasters can determine the speed at which ________.
A. is a storm moving
B. a storm is moving
C. is moving a storm
D. a moving storm
4. During the flood of 1927, the Red Cross, ________ out of emergency headquarters in Mississippi, set up temporary shelters for the homeless.
A. operates
B. is operating
C. has operated
D. operating
5. Of all the economically important plants, palms have been ________.
A. the least studied
B. study the least
C. study less and less
D. to study the less
6. During an eclipse of the sun, ________ in the shadow of the Moon.
A. the Earth lies
B. the Earth when lying
C. that the Earth lies
D. the lying Earth
7. The photo periodic response of algae actually depends on the duration of darkness, ________.
A. the light is not on
B. and not on light
C. but is not on the light
D. is not on light
8. The wallflower ________ because its weak stems often grow on walls and along strong cliffs for support.
A. so called is
B. so is called
C. is so called
D. called is so
9. Because of its importance in modern living, ________ in all parts of the world.
A. algebra is studied in schools and colleges
B. studying algebra in schools and colleges
C. and the study of algebra in schools and colleges
D. in schools and colleges are algebra studies
10. Sociologists have long recognized that social tension ________.
A. elements from group living
B. elements of a normal group life
C. living are a group of elements
D. are normal elements of group life
第二章名词
（Nouns）
（一）名词变复数：
1．规则名词复数形式：
在单数名词后加“s”day →days week →weeks
2．在以o, s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加“es”。
hero →heroes box →boxes class →classes
bush →bushes watch →watches
3．黄金重点：
I．有些以o结尾的外来词或缩略词的复数形式只加“s”。
II．以元音字母加o结尾的单词只加“s”。（不认识的单词，请你查词典，懒惰是学英语的唯一大忌。）
如果以O结尾的名词有生命力，则该词汇一般加-es。
hero，tomato，potato，Negro（黑人）[简记：黑人英雄吃西红柿马铃薯。]
4．以辅音加y结尾的名词变y为i再加“es”
family →families city →cities
5．y前面是元音字母只加“s”
key →keys boy →boys play →plays toy →toys
6．以f、fe结尾的名词，变f / fe为v加es。
calf →calves knife →knives
?当心当心：
I．下列名词直接加“s”。（请大声朗读三遍，然后背下。注意读音！）
roof（房顶），reef（暗礁），chief（首领），cliff（悬崖），grief（悲痛），turf（草皮），belief（信仰），gulf （港湾），dwarf（侏儒），safe（保险箱），sheriff（长官），tariff（关税）
II．scarf（头巾），wharf（码头），staff（全体职员），handkerchief（手帕）和hoof（蹄）既可直接加“s”，又可变f为v加es.
（二）不规则名词复数形式：
1. foot →feet mouse →mice goose →geese child →children ox →oxen louse →lice
woman →women man →men
2．单复数同形：
sheep, deer, fish, means, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, works,
barracks（兵营）bellows（风箱）kennels（狗窝）
3．一些英语外来词的复数形式：
crisis→crises 危机
analysis→analyses 分析
oasis→oases 绿洲
parenthesis→parentheses 括号
axis→axes 轴心
ellipsis→ellipses 日蚀
hypothesis→hypotheses 假定
synopsis→synopses 内容提要
erratum→errata 勘误误表
addendum→addenda 补遗、附录
medium→media 媒体
（以上单词熟悉即可）
（三）．复合名词复数形式：
1．中间没有连字符的合成名词在词尾变复数：
bookshelf→bookshelves handful→handfuls
2．man和woman构成的复合名词，二者均变为复数。
man servant→men servants
woman teacher→women teachers
editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief
4．下列合成名词在后一个词上变化：
sit-in→sit-ins, grown-up→grown-ups
stand-by→stand-bys touch-me-not→touch-me-nots
go-between→go-betweens
（四）．名词所有格
1．在大多数名词末加“'s”
the boy's toy, men's work
2．以s结尾的复数名词直接加“'”
the students' reading room
3．以s结尾的单数名词加“'”
Dickens' novels the actress' performance
4．合成名词在最后一个词上加“s”
her brother-in-law's piano.
Somebody else's books. （重要！）
【金牌重点】：除用于有生命的人外，“'s”格还可用于度量衡、地域、天体及一些习语中：
an hour's drive, a mile's journey
ten pounds' weight. Beijing's weather
the earth's surface
a stone's throw 投石之距离
at one's wits end 智穷计尽
to one's heart's content 尽情地
by a hair's breadth 千钧一发
at a snail's pace 缓慢地
5．双重所有格：
如果被修饰的名词前有不定冠词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词修饰。则要采用双重所有格。
a friend of mine （名词性物主代词）
a child of hers
●a portrait of her mother 她母亲的画像（画中人）
●a portrait of her mother's 她母亲拥有的画像中的一幅（不一定是她母亲的画像）
测试精编：
1. Julie went to the ________ to buy a pair of shoes.
A. shoes store
B. shoe's store
C. shoe store
D. shoes' store
2. As a safety precaution, all city cab drivers carry only enough money to make change for a ________ bill.
A. ten-dollar
B. ten-dollars
C. tens-dollar
D. ten-dollar's
3. Recently, he has lost all his ________ at cards.
A. wage and saving
B. wages and saving
C. wage and savings
D. wages and savings
4. I want ________ .
A. have
B. had
C. do
D. has
第三章形容词、副词比较级和最高级
Comparative degree & Superlative degree:
A．adj / adv + er / est
poor→poorer→poorest fast→faster→fastest B．词尾e + r / st
large→larger→largest fine→finer→finest
C．重读闭音节中短元音+ 辅音词尾→双写辅音词尾+ er / est.
big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest D．辅音+ y→i + er / est
dry→drier→driest angry→angrier→angriest E．多音节形容词及副词：
more + adj / adv most + adj / adv
F．不规则变化：
good / well→better→best bad / ill→worse→worst
many / much→more→most little→less→least
late→later→/ latest
late→latter→last
far→farther→farthest
far→further→furthest
【用法示例】
比较级用于二者相比较，由than构成比较状语从句：
（1）?. He looks stronger than I(do).
?. The climate of Shanghai is hotter than that of Beijing.
?. My Schoolbag is larger than hers.
?. The book is much more interesting than that one.
笔记要点：两个相比较的主语必须相对应。
（2）?. It is getting colder and colder.
?. She is becoming more and more beautiful
. 笔记要点：两个形容词比较级由and连在一起，表示“越来越……”
（3）?. The older we grow, the poorer our memory will be.
?. The earlier we start, the sooner we'll get there.
笔记要点：这种句型结构表示“越……越……”
（4）?. I prefer the cheaper one of the two books.
?. Of the two brothers, he is the cleverer.
笔记要点：二者之比较。而Of the three girls, she is the cleverest.
This is the most difficult book I've read.
(2) He is cleverer than any other boy in the class.（有than时只用比较级）
She is younger than all the other students.
测试精编
1. She is ________ than ________ .
A. busier / us
B. busier / we
C. more busy / us
D. more busy / we
2. Jane is ________ than Betty.
A. less taller
B. less tallest
C. less tall
D. not as tall
3. John's record was not so good as ________ in his team.
A. all the players
B.any player's
C. other players
D. any other player's
4. China is ________ country in the world.
A. the third largest
B. the largest third
C. the third large
D. a third largest
5. Shanghai has a larger population than ________ in china.
A. any city
B. all the cities
C. any other city
D. all other cities
用所给词的比较级、最高级填空：
1. The window is ________ (narrow) of the two.
2. Where is the ________ (near) bus-stop?
3. He is one of ________ (famous) Politicians.
4. Do you have any ________ (far) questions to ask?
5. Tom drives much ________ (careful) than John.
第四章被动语态
(Passive Voice)
1．何时运用被动语态：
（1）强调动作的接受者：America was discovered by Columbus.
（2）不知谁是动作的执行者：You are wanted on the phone.
（3）作客观说明：It is said that the meeting has been put off.（经典句型）
2．主动变被动的基本方法：（说起来容易，掌握起来需要用心！）
（1）主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
（2）谓语动词变为由“be + 过去分词”的形式，配合时态作相应变化。
（3）主动语态主语置于介词by之后，如无必需，则省略。
We keep the piano in the living-room.
→The piano is kept in the living-room.
did→was / were + done
They built the bridge in 1980.
→The bridge was built in 1980.
→The book will be read tomorrow.
have have
has done →has + been + done
We have delivered the newspaper.
→The newspapers have been delivered (by us).
had done →had been done
She had seen the film before she came here.
→The film had been seen before she came here.
shall shall
will have done →will have + been + done
By the end of this term we shall have finished 80 texts.
→By the end of this term 80 texts will have been finished.
am am
is doing →is + being + done
are are
They are drawing the picture.
→The picture is being drawn by them.
was doing →was + being + done
were were
He was reviewing their lessons at this moment yesterday.
→Their lessons were being reviewed at this moment yesterday.
may may
can can
must must
should do →should + be + done
ought to ought to
used to used to
You must write an article on the subject.
→An article must be written on the subject.
测试精编
单项选择：
1. Since the first space mission, many communication satellites ________.
A. was launched
B. are launched
C. have been launched
D. had been launched
2. What kind of advice ________ you?
A. has gave
B. was gave
C. had been given to
D. has given
3. The slave ________ from morning till night.
A. madeto work
B. was made working
C. was made worked
D. was made to work
4. The construction of the laboratory ________ by the end of July.
A. must be completing
B. must complete
C. must have completed
D. must have been completed
5. Your proposal ________ by the committee soon.
A. is discussed
B. has been discussed
C. is going to be discussed
D. will have been discussed
一．不定式
1．定义：具有名词、形容词及副词性质并具有时态、语态变化。
2．形式：（以do
to do to be done
to be doing
to have done to have been done
to have been doing
3．用法：
（1）用作主语：
To speak good English is not easy.
or: It is not easy to speak good English.
（采用形式主语it 以避免头重脚轻）
It took me an hour to do the work.
（2）用作宾语：
She decided to take the examination.
I hope to meet him soon.
（3）宾语补足语：
They expected us to help them.
Hewants his son to study hard.
金牌重点：
不定式作宾补，如谓语动词是感官动词，使役性动词（see, hear, notice, watch, make, have, let...），则不定式符号“to”须省略，但在被动语态中不能省。
I heard them sing in the classroom.
I made her clean the room.
The girl is heard to sing an English song.
（4）用作表语：To teach is to learn.
His job is to sell cars.
（5）用作状语，表示目的，结果。
We come to school to study English.（目的）
= in order to
I hurried to the store, only to find it closed.（结果）
（6）定语：不定式短语作定语须位于名词之后。
He asked for a piece of paper to write it on.
= to write it on the piece of paper.
The poor man has no house to live in.
= to live in the house.
Have you anything to do?
= to do anything
4．不定式的时态意义：
She seems to dance very well.（现在情况）
She seems to be dancing in the dancing hall.（正在进行）
She seems to have danced well.（过去情况）
Has was happy to have been staying with his uncle.（动作持续一段时间）
She expects the police to find her bicycle.
She expects her bicycle to be found by the police.
She felt a bit puzzled as he had asked her such a question.
She felt a bit puzzled to have been asked such a question.
6．不定式否定形式：not to do ...
He got up early in order not to miss the train.
测试精编
1. Did you find out ________ the pie out of oven?
A. to take
B. have taken
C. when to take
D. being taken
2. You would be irritated if you watched the mail ________ on your desk every day.
A. putting up
B. to be put up
C. to pile up
D. pile up
3. We shall set Jim ________ the passage.
A. explaining
B. explained
C. to explain
D. explain
4. In fact, she would rather leave for San Francisco ________ in Los Angeles.
A. tostay
B. than stay
C. than staying
D. than have stayed
5. Madame Curies is believed ________ the radium.
A. discovering
B. having discovered
C. to have discovered
D. to discover
二．动名词：
1．动名词定义：具有名词性质，可在句中担任主语，宾语表语，定语，具有所有格作修饰语。
2．形式：以do为例
doing →being done
having done →having been done
3．用法：
（1）主语：
Saving is easier than doing.
His coming here will be a great help.
It is no use waiting here, he has left.
It is no goodsmoking.
There is no getting along with him.（简直无法和他相处）
……以上例句皆必须要背诵！……
（2）表语：His job is keeping the hall clean as possible.
Seeing is believing.
（3）宾语：
a. 动词宾语：He admitted taking the book.
I do mind your smoking here.
重磅要点，请读20 遍：下列动词须跟动名词作宾语：
admit, appreciate, avoid, complete, delay, deny, enjoy, fancy, finish, mind, practice, resent, risk, suggest, allow, permit...
特注：以allow为例：allow + doing sth（动名词作宾语）。但可以：Allow sb to do sth（不定式作宾补）。
这类动词常见如advise, allow, permit, recommend, etc.
b. 作介词宾语：
He left without saying goodbye to us.
I'm looking forwardto meeting you.（to 在这里是介词）
His leaving is a great loss.
Mother dislikes my (me) working late.
John's having seen her did not make her worried.
注：动名词复合结构多作主语或宾语，作主语是必须是所有格。如上二例，但作宾语时可以用所有格，也可用普通格。（解释得很拗口，请将例句看透即可！）
5．动名词时态：
I am thinking of setting a new dictionary.（以后）
He never talked to me about his having been in Paris.（以前）
6．动名词语态：
He doesn't like being flattered.
I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.
7．动名词与不定式在用法上的几点比较：
（1）在begin，start，continue 等词后用动名词或不定式区别不大。
He began writing / to write in 1980.
（2）下列动词跟不定式或动名词所表示意义差别很大，注意使用。（用心咀嚼！）
He stopped talking. 停止讲话。
He stopped to talk. 停下来开始讲话。
Please remember to post the letter. 记住寄走这封信。
I remember posting the letter. 我记得寄出了这封信。
I forgot to lock the door yesterday. 昨天我忘记锁门了。（未锁）
I forgot telling him the news. 我忘了我曾告诉过他这个消息。（做过的事情忘记了）
测试精编
1.The workers favor ________ funds to build the bridge.
A. to raise
B. raising
C. raised
D. rising
2. No one can avoid ________ by one's surroundings.
A. to be influenced
B. having influenced
C. influencing
D. being influenced
3. She doesn't feel like ________ tonight.
A. dancing
B. to dance
C. dance
D. to be dancing
4. Does Mr Wang object to ________ her the money?
A. that we lend
B. be lent
C. lending
D. lend
5. I can still recall ________ with him many years ago.
A. to stay
B. to staying
C. to have stayed
D. having stayed
三．分词
1．分词的性质：
具有形容词性质，可以在句中担任表语、定语、宾补、状语，现在分词表示主动，且动作在进行：过去分词表示被动，或动作已完成。
2．分词的形式：
例：write (vt) rise (vi)
过去分词
现在时writing being written rising risen /
完成时having written having been written having risen /
a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping
a running dog = a dog which is running
a broken glass = a glass which is broken
a beaten team = a team which is beaten（beaten 是被打败的意思）
This is the problem discussed at the last meeting.
The problem being discussed is very important.
（2）表语：The book is interesting.
He is interested in the book.
The news is exciting.
He feels excited.
（3）宾语补足语：
When I woke up, I found my mother sitting beside me.
I'd like to havethis package weighed.
掌握精髓：动词不定式作宾语表示动作的全过程，而现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示被动概念。
（4）状语：（以下例句值得一背！）
①If you turn to the left, you'll find the station.
→Turning to the left, you'll find the station.
②As I didn't receive her letter, I called her up by telephone.
→Not receiving her letter, I called her up by telephone.
③While I was walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.
→Walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.
④When she was asked it she had any bad habit, she answeredthat she was a heavy smoker.
→Asked if she had any bad habit, she answered that she was a heavy smoker.
你知道吗？注意：在运用此类句型时主语前后要保持一致。
①Whenschool was over, the boys went home.
→Being over, the boys went home. ×
School being over, the boys went home. √
②As my homework has been done, I have nothing else to do.
→My homework having been done, I have nothing else to do.
③Ifweather permits, I'll start tomorrow.
→Weather permitting, I'll start tomorrow.
④I fwe judge from his face, he must be ill.
→Judging from his face, he must be ill.（这里应该是we judging ...，但若主语是we, one, you表示“一般人”，主语可省略）
实际上，这里涉及到独立主格结构问题，以后在作分解！
4．分词的时态：
现在分词一般时表示此动作与主句谓语动词同时发生。
现在分词完成时表示此动作在主句谓语动词之前发生。
Entering the room, hesaw he. （几乎同时）
Not having tried his best, he failed in the exam. （分词动作在前）
5．语态：现在分词一般时被动表动作正在被进行，完成时被动强调分词所表示的动作先被完成。
The ships being loaded and unloaded belong to us.
Having been warned of typhoon, the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor.（渔民先被告知而后驶向港口）
《英语语法大全(完全版)
v1.0可编辑可修改语法 1. 5种类型的谓语 1326 在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，- 谓语。 第一类包含一个不及物动词（IV）: He came My wife cried 第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（TV+ O : Joh n likes me . His un cle wrote letters 第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（They teach me En glish . I bought Mary sugar . 第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（LV+ C）: He is a teacher . She looks sad . 第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（FV+ C+ C）: 5种类型的DV+IO+DC :
v1.0可编辑可修改We made him king . She left the house dirty 1.基本成分 1302 根据其结构，句子可以分为5类： a.主语+ 不及物动词 Joh n came. (S)(IV) b.主语+ 及物动词+宾语 Joh n likes oranges . (S) (TV) (O) c.主语+ 双宾动词+ 间接兵语+直接宾语 Joh n gave Mary books . (S)(DV (10)(DO
d.主语+ 系动词+ 主语补语 Joh n is happy . (S)(LV)(SC e.主语+ 宾补动词+ 宾语+ 宾语补语 Joh n makes Mary angry . (S)(FV) ( O)(OC 主语、不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。在上面的句子中，如把任何一个成分删除，都会成为病句。从上面例句也可看出，完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。 2 ?附属成分 1303 基本成分可以加修饰语：1）定语（即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或 从句）或2）状语（即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句）。下面例句中，修饰语为斜体字，被修饰的词为黑体字： 1）Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby . John likes oranges imported from the U . S..
完整版初中英语语法大全知识点总结
英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. ：who, she, you, it . 主要用来代替名词。如)： 2、代词(pron.3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I'm Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接 宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)
经典英语语法讲解解析
三天搞定英语语法 英语语法分为两个部分。一个部分是词法，即词的构成和词的使用规律。另一个部分是句法，即句子的组成和句子的使用方法。 英语语法的特点可以用三句话来表示：1、每个词都有词性；2、每句话都有动词(实意动词或系动词)；3、每句话都必须符合五个基本句型。 三句话用一句话来说，就是，标出句中每一个单词的词性，找出句中所有动词，并标出其种类和相应的句子成分。理解，掌握，运用好这句话，按照一：词性；二：动词种类；三：动词相对应的句子成分；四：从句；五：非谓语动词方法就能透彻理解英语语法体系。 词的分类 词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功能，可以分成十个大类。 词类词义英语名称缩写形式例词中译 noun n. student 学生 1、名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名 称。 2、代词主要用来代替名词。pronoun pron. you 你 3、形容词表示人或事物的性质或特征。adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4、数词表示数目或事物的顺序。numeral num. three 三 5、动词表示动作或状态。verb v. cut 砍、割 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 6、副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时 间、地点、程度等。 7、冠词用在名词前,帮助说明名词。article art. a 一个 preposition prep. at 在... 8、介词表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句 子成分的关系。 9、连词用来连接词、短语或句子。conjunction conj. and 和 10、感叹词表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。interjection interj. Oh 哦 词性的分类: 修饰: 形容数冠代词名词 （red）（one）（a/the）（my）wood 1.名词 代替: 代词it 形容词the red 数词one
考研英语语法大全———自己总结
考研英语十二大基础语法体系 对于任何英语句子，要分析其结构，这样才能找到英语语言的规律。每种语言都有它的难点，汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言，汉字很难写，而且有四种声调。其实，许多接触过多种外语的人都认为，英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单，是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此，学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。 一、英语动词的时态 （一）英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异： 英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。英语就不同了，book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。 动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。 （二）英语动词的形式： 英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式： (1)动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后， 或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。 (2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。 (3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。 (4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 (5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 动词一般现在时第三人称单数（现单三）的构成，见下表：
即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如：weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept 以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态：一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。 态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）。 比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中，动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中，所以叫现在进行时； 在“They have done their exercises.”这句中，动词由原形do 变成have done的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态，所以叫现在完成时； 在“They always do their exercises.”中，动词用原形do 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此，所以叫一般现在时。 在这三句话中，动词do 虽然用了不同的形态，其意义没有变化，而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。 （三）时态详解 16个时态中，常用的有12个：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。 下面把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。
大学英语语法大全_太经典了
大学英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如： I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间 接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给 我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
初中英语语法大全
初中英语语法大全 最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！太平洋英语，免费体验全部外教一对一课程：https://www.docsj.com/doc/573282661.html, 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级 and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at nigh t I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ? 37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原）将来时 40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于…… 41 be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处 Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的身体有好处
小学英语语法大全(全套十八讲)
小学英语语法大全 第1讲字母 1、英语中共有26个字母。Aa，Ee，Ii，Oo，Uu是元音字母，Yy是半元音字母，其余是辅音字母。英语单词就是由这26个字母组合而成的。Aa和Ii可以独立成词，分别表示“一个（张……）”和“我”的意思，Ii翻译成“我”时要大写。 2、英语字母可以分为印刷体和书写体。在书、报、杂志上见到的一般都是印刷体。在四线三格上书写时应注意书写位置，可以记住以下口诀：大写字母不顶格，小写字母占满格。书写时还要注意字母的笔顺。 3、英语句子的第一个单词的首字母要大写。单词与单词之间在书写时必须保持适当的距离，一般以空出一个小写字母的宽度为宜。句子的末尾要有标点符号。 4、英语中的句号是一个实心圆点(.)，省略号是三个居下的实心圆点（…），英语中没有顿号和书名号，顿号用逗号替代，书名用斜体字表示。 5、英语缩写词 PRC中华人民共和国UN 联合国 WHO 世界卫生组织NBA美国职业篮球联赛KFC 肯德基 IT 信息技术 EQ 情商 CCTV 中国中央电视台kg 千克 a.m. 上午USA 美国 HK 香港 WTO 世界贸易组织 CBA 中国男子篮球联赛 ATM 自动柜员机 ID 身份证 CPU 中央处理器 BBC 英国广播公司 cm 厘米 p.m. 下午 UK 英国 SOS 国际求救信号 UFO 不明飞行物 VIP 贵宾 EMS邮政特快专递 IQ 智商 RMB 人民币 VOA 美国之音 No. 号码 6
第2讲语音 1、音素：语音的最小单位。 2、元音：发音时气流不受阻碍。元音分为单元音和双元音两类。 单元音发音时唇形和舌位不变；双元音发音时由一个元音向另一个 元音滑动，唇形和舌位有一个变化过程，且前重后轻，前长后短。 3、辅音：发音时气流受到阻碍。辅音分为清辅音和浊辅音两类。 清辅音发音时声带不振动；浊辅音发音时声带振动。 4、音标：用来记录音素的符号。为了避免与字母混淆，音标被放在斜括号/ /内。 5、英语中的一个字母或字母组合在不同的单词中发音可能是不一样的，而相同的发音对应的字母或字母组合也可能不完全相同。 6、开音节：以元音字母结尾或以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母再加不发音的e结尾 （r除外）的音节。元音字母在开音节中读长音，即该字母的名称音。 闭音节：以一个或几个辅音字母（r除外）结尾。元音字母在闭音节中读短音。
英语语法大全(完整版)
【学英语必看】 《英语语法手册》 在实用英语备受青睐的现在，大家在学习英语和准备各种考试时，总是把 听说读写放在首位，诚然，学习语言重在实践。但是，请不要忽视语法的作用，特别是在阅读和写作中，他能帮助你分析清楚句子结构，准确抓住句子的要点，更能帮你写出复杂而优美的长句。 以下为你整理《英语语法手册》全集，不需背诵记忆，只要静下心阅读一遍，就能有所收获！ 宝宝更希望你能把他们融在平时的阅读写作里. [英语语法手册]关于词类和句子成分 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类。一个 句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。 学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要 了解它和其他词的关系，及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词，在句子中作主语。 词类(parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类： 1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。 2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。 3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。 4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。
初中英语语法大全(必备)
初中英语语法大全(必备)
英语语法大全： 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do （例如:I like watching monkeys jump） 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同····一道，伴随······（例如: I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树） 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西）（例如: ask you for my book ） 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时（例如：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …………的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾（例如: At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 （例如: I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v.原) = can (+ v.原）能够……（例如: She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么（例如:she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕……（例如: I'm afraid to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么（例如: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视、I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气（例如: Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样（例如: She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to感到羞愧 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害（例如: Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于
英语语法详解全集
英语语法详解全集（1）（1-10）名词、动词…… 英语语法详解全集（1）（1-10）名词、动词…… 一、语法之名词详解 1. 名词 名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示： 1.1 名词复数的规则变化 ___________________________________________________ 情况构成方法读音例词 __________________________________________________ 一般情况加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/; map-maps 2.浊辅音和元音后 bag-bags 读 /z/; car-cars ___________________________________________________ 以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches _______________________________________________________ 以ce,se,ze, (d)ge等结尾 的词加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses _________________________________________________________ 以辅音字母+y 变y 为i
英语语法大全(看这个一辈子够用了,适合打印)
英语语法大全 对于任何英语句子，要分析其结构，这样才能找到英语语言的规律。每种语言都有它的难点，汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言，汉字很难写，而且有四种声调。其实，许多接触过多种外语的人都认为，英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单，是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此，学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。 一、英语动词的时态 （一）英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异： 英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。英语就不同了，book, books 仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。 动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。 （二）英语动词的形式： 英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式： (1)动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后，或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。 (2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。 (3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。 (4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 (5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。
动词一般现在时第三人称单数（现单三）的构成，见下表： 与名词变复数形式相同，读音也相同。 动词过去式和过去分词，大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成，这是规则动词。规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表：
英语语法大全之种时态
英语语法大全之种时态 TPMK standardization office【 TPMK5AB- TPMK08- TPMK2C- TPMK18】
师大附小 英语语法大全小学教育 Jwwang 2017-8-16
目录 一、什么是时态？ (1) 1.1 时间的定义 (1) 1.2 状态的定义 (1) 二、动词的十二类时态 (2) 2.1 一般式 (2) 2.1.1 一般现在时（DO） (2) 2.1.2 一般过去时（DID） (2) 2.1.3 一般将来时（WILL DO） (2) 2.2 进行式 (3) 2.2.1 现在进行时（AM/IS/ARE DOING） (3) 2.2.2 过去进行时（WAS/WERE DOING） (3) 2.2.3 将来进行时（WILL BE DOING） (3) 2.3 完成式 (4) 2.3.1 现在完成时（HAVE/HAS DONE） (4) 2.3.2 过去完成时（HAD DONE） (4) 2.3.3 将来完成时（WILL HAVE DONE） (5) 2.4 完成进行式 (5) 2.4.1 现在完成进行时（HAVE/HAS BEEN DOING） (5) 2.4.2 过去完成进行时（HAD BEEN DOING） (6) 2.4.3 将来完成进行时（WILL HAVE BEEN DOING） (6) 2.5 过去将来时 (7) 2.5.1 一般过去将来时（WOULD DO） (8) 2.5.2 过去将来进行时（WOULD BE DOING） (8) 2.5.3 过去将来完成时（WOULD HAVE DONE） (8) 2.5.4 过去将来完成进行时（WOULD HAVE BEEN DOING） (8)
英语语法大全之16种时态
JWVIP 英语语法大全之16种时态 Jwwang 2017-8-16
目录 一、什么是时态？ (1) 1.1 时间的定义 (1) 1.2 状态的定义 (1) 二、动词的十二类时态 (2) 2.1 一般式 (2) 2.1.1 一般现在时（DO） (2) 2.1.2 一般过去时（DID） (2) 2.1.3 一般将来时（WILL DO） (2) 2.2 进行式 (3) 2.2.1 现在进行时（AM/IS/ARE DOING） (3) 2.2.2 过去进行时（WAS/WERE DOING） (3) 2.2.3 将来进行时（WILL BE DOING） (3) 2.3 完成式 (4) 2.3.1 现在完成时（HAVE/HAS DONE） (4) 2.3.2 过去完成时（HAD DONE） (4) 2.3.3 将来完成时（WILL HAVE DONE） (5) 2.4 完成进行式 (5) 2.4.1 现在完成进行时（HAVE/HAS BEEN DOING） (5) 2.4.2 过去完成进行时（HAD BEEN DOING） (6) 2.4.3 将来完成进行时（WILL HAVE BEEN DOING） (6) 2.5 过去将来时 (7) 2.5.1 一般过去将来时（WOULD DO） (8) 2.5.2 过去将来进行时（WOULD BE DOING） (8) 2.5.3 过去将来完成时（WOULD HAVE DONE） (8) 2.5.4 过去将来完成进行时（WOULD HAVE BEEN DOING） (8)
英语语法大全之16种时态 一、什么是时态？ 时态就是表示一个动作发生的时间和所处的状态。 “时”就是这个动作发生的“时间”；“态”就是这个动作在某个时刻的“状态”。 1.1时间的定义 英语中把时间分为三类：过去（past）、现在（now）和将来（future）。 任何一个动作都必然是发生于过去、现在或将来。例如上图中的动作1发生在过去，动作2发生在现在，动作3发生在将来。 1.2状态的定义 状态指的是在某个时刻这个动作所处于的状态。动词共有四类状态，分别为：一般式、进行式、完成式和进行完成式。 一般式表示经常发生的动作，其动词形式为do。 I often get up at 7. （我经常在七点钟起床。） 进行式表示正在进行的动作，其动词形式为“be动词+ doing”。 She is singing a French song. （她正在唱一首法语歌。） 完成式表示对“之前发生动作”的一个总结，其动词形式为“have + done”： They have found the missing child. （他们找到那个失踪的孩子了。） 完成进行式表示对“正在进行动作”的一个总结，其动词形式为“have + been + doing”： I have been reading books for two hours. （我已经连续读书两个小时了。）
英语语法大全(超全)
多音节词在前面加 most ，女口 "the most difficult 英语的基本 语序为SVO ，且基本上不能任意变换语序，除了在少数诗词以外； 另一方面， 有时英语会使用 OSV 的语序。(注： S : Subject ［主语］; V : phrase ［谓语］;O ： Object ［宾语］) 英语中所有的词可分成十大类，每一类词在句子中都有其特定的位置和作用。这 十大词类是： 一、名 词： 表示人或事物的名称的词。 二、形容词： 表示人或事物的特征的词。 三、副 词： 修饰动词、形容词和 副词的词。 四、代 词： 是代替名词、形容词和 数词的词。 五、数 词： 表示数量和顺序的词。 六、动 词： 表示动作和状态的词。 七、冠 词： 与名词连用，其说明人或事物的作用。 八、介 词： 通常置于名词和代词之前，表示名词和代词与其他词的关系。 九、连 词： 连接词 与词、短语与短语、句子与句子的词。 十、感叹词： 表示说话人感情或语气的词。 英语的时态 英语共有十六个时态、 四个体。(注：四个体为 行。) 英语中的四个体相当于法语、西班牙语以及所有印欧语系 直陈 式，命令式等。 (1) 一般现在时 英语语法大全下载 1、所有格：He is Fred's best friend. (-'s ) 2、 动词现在时的第三人称单数 ：Alfredo works. (-s ) 3、 动词过去式：Fred worked . (-ed )，但亦有不规则变化。 4、 现在分词/进行时态：Fred is 节为辅音结尾的闭音节，则须双写末辅音， 5、 过去分词:The car was stolen working . ( -ing )(［注］如果动词的末音 女口 running ) .(-en )； Fred has talked to the police. (-ed )，但亦有不规则变化。 6、 动名词：Working 7、 名词的复数：Fred has is good for two blue eyes . the soul. (-ing ) (-s )(［注］如果动词的尾字是 s, sh,x,ch ，则需加-es ，女口 dishes 8、 形容词的比较级:Fred 音节在前面"加more ,如"more 9、 形容词的最高级：Fred is smarter than difficult "。 has the fastest Rick. (-er )形容词末尾加 car. ( -est )形容词末尾加 -er ，多 -est , II 。 Verbal 般、进行、完成、完成进 罗曼语族中的式，如:
最完整的初中英语语法大全
英语语法大全 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格 林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每 天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如： My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼 这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
史上最全的英语语法大全(精心整理)
英语语法 1.名词 1.1名词复数的规则变化 1.2其他名词复数的规则变化 1.3名词复数的不规则变化 1.4不可数名词量的表示 1.5定语名词的复数 1.6不同国家的人的单复数 1.7名词的格 2.冠词和数词 2.1不定冠词的用法 2.2定冠词的用法 2.3零冠词的用法 2.4冠词与形容词+名词结构 2.5冠词位置 2.6数词 3.代词 3.1人称代词的用法 3.2人称代词之主、宾格的替换 3.3代词的指代问题 3.4并列人称代词的排列顺序 3.5物主代词 3.6双重所有格 3.7反身代词 3.8相互代词 3.9指示代词 3.10疑问代词 3.11关系代词 3.12every , no, all, both, neither, nor 3.13none, few, some, any, one, ones 3.14代词比较辩异 one，that 和it 3.15one/another/the other 3.16“the”的妙用 3.17anyone/any one；no one/none；every/each 3.18both, either, neither, all, any, none 3.19many, much 3.20few, little, a few, a little 4.形容词和副词 4.1形容词及其用法 4.2以-ly结尾的形容词 4.3用形容词表示类别和整体 4.4多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 4.5副词及其基本用法 4.6兼有两种形式的副词
4.7形容词与副词的比较级 4.8as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 4.9比较级形容词或副词 + than 4.10可修饰比较级的词 4.11many,old 和 far 4.12the + 最高级 + 比较范围 4.13和more有关的词组 5.动词 5.1系动词 5.2什么是助动词 5.3助动词be的用法 5.4助动词have的用法 5.5助动词do的用法 5.6助动词shall和will的用法5.7助动词should和would的用法5.8短语动词 5.9非谓语动词 6.动名词 6.1动名词作主语、宾语和表语6.2Worth的用法 7动词不定式 7.1不定式作宾语 7.2不定式作补语 7.3不定式主语 7.4It's for sb.和 It's of sb. 7.5不定式作表语 7.6不定式作定语 7.7不定式作状语 7.8用作介词的to 7.9省to 的动词不定式 7.10动词不定式的否定式 7.11不定式的特殊句型too…to… 7.12不定式的特殊句型so as to 7.13不定式的特殊句型Why not 7.147不定式的时态和语态 7.15动名词与不定式 8.特殊词精讲 8.1stop doing/to do 8.2forget doing/to do 8.3remember doing/to do 8.4regret doing/to do 8.5cease doing/to do 8.6try doing/to do 8.7go on doing/to do