研究生英语答案(湖大考试专用)

Unit 1.

When today ' high-school seniors are asked what they plan to do after graduation, most say that they intend to get a bachelor's degree. They have been told that their generation has only “ one way fcygetting at least a bachelor 'degree, in the hope that it will eventually lead to a professional job.

In a recent survey of high-school seniors conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics,85 per cent of the respondents said they planned to get a bachelor's degree. And, although 20 years ago only 45 per cent of high-school graduates went on to college, today 68 percent actually matriculate, with the majority enrolling in four-year or two-year programs designed to allow them transfer to four-year institutions .

According to conventional wisdom, the rapid rise in the number of students attending college is cause for national celebration . But our research suggests that instead , it may be cause for national concern. Why? Because for many young people, the “torueinvaaradigm 例子)is not realistic , given their academic talents and the labor-market projections. Students ranking below the top third of

their high-school graduating class too

often fail to earn as bachelor

purpose of preventing the US from bombing the place.

3. Nobody in the family is more dedicated to operating the real estate

business than Judy.

— .Because of the economic depression, real estate agents are in the dilemma of whether to lower prices or let sales fall off.

5. More often than not, Mr. Smith earns great profits by careful

investment of his capital.

6. John did not make much of a mark in his studies at school, but he

excelled at sports.

7.Ordrly transition of responsibilities is a condition for the long-range

prosperity of a family business.

8. You had better have a clear picture of prospects before formulating a

plan for investment.

9. Although sculpture is a time-consuming art, there are still some

people following it as a profession.

10. The software company is in the midst of being transformed from an

individual proprietorship to a joint venture.

Unit 3 .

automobile move America through work and play. Wheels spin, and people drive off to their jobs. Tires turn, and people shop for the week food at the big supermarket down the highway. Hubcaps whirl, and the whole family spends a day at the lake. Each year more wheels crowd the highways as 10 million new cars roll out of the factories. One out of every six Americans works at assembling cars, driving trucks, building roads, or pumping gas. America without cars ? It ' s unthinkable.

But even though the majority of Americans would find to imagine what life would be like without a car; some have begun to realize that the automobile is a mixed blessing. Traffic accidents are increasing steadily, and large cities are plagued by traffic congestion. Worst of all, perhaps, is the air pollution caused by the internal-combustion engine. Every car engine burns hundreds of gallons of fuel each year and pumps hundreds of pounds of carbon monoxide and other gases into the air. These gases are one source of the smog that hangs over large cities. Some of these gases are poisonous and dangerous to one ' s health, especially for someone wit a weak heart or a respiratory disease.

One answer to the problem of air pollution is to build a car that does not pollute. That ' s what several major automobile manufacturers are trying to do. But building a clean car is easier said than done. So far progress has been slow. Another solution is to eliminate car fume altogether by getting rid of the internal-combustion engine. Inventors are now working on turbine-powered cars, as well as on cars powered by steam and electricity. But most of us won ' t be driving cars run on batteries or boiling water for a while yet. Many auto makers believe that it will take years to develop practical models that are powered by electricity or steam.

Key to the translation from Chinese to English:

1. The automobile was improved very rapidly after it was invented and soon displaced horses.

2. We may have to cut down on the number of privately owned cars and depend more on public mass transit systems because cars pollute and maim or even kill people.

3. While wheels (automobiles) have brought with them better or more convenient transportation, they are guilty of many sins, such as air pollution, traffic accidents and traffic congestion.

4. Americans are noted for their love for cars and great job mobility.

5. If only advances in fuel quality and efficiency and in technology would radically reduce the emissions from automobiles.

6. A highly developed highway network has made possible the easy movement from coast to coast in the United States.

7. The very thought of the speed at which the beautiful avenue was constructed electrified every visitor; the road had only recently been torn

covepyto lay drain-pipes not long ago.

8. Environmentalists have denounced automobiles, believing they are a major factor in the production of dirty air.

9. Many new residential complexes have risen up in the suburbs of

drug treatments for specific illness to improving the overall quality of life . To accomplish that mission, Eisai developed a wide array of new products. And that, in turn, would require broad involvement and commitment. He encouraged innovative activity and created an environment in which employees ' efforts would be accepted and rewarded .Soon there were proposals for 130 additional HHC projects and by the end of 1996, 73 projects were under way . Now, the company has moved from sixth to fifth place in the Japanese domestic pharmaceutical industry, and Eisai customers and competitors view the company as a leader in health care. Key to the translation from Chinese to English:

1. He is an experienced banker and an acknowledged trade expert, not to mention an excellent managing director.

2. Regardless of danger, volunteers from an Italian organization for peace have gone to Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, to form a "body shield" for the transportation.

10. Despite their love for cars, many people lend credence to the extensive use of the public transport system, which can cut down on traffic congestion.

Unit 4 .

Children are now leaving home in late adolescence —an earlier age than in the past. Adolescents are no longer involved in making an economic contributiontcsthe family. In fast, there major economic impact is as consumers. Therefore, the family has little reason to keep the child home as an economic contribution. It is becoming increasingly common for young people to leave home for college or to live with someone else when they become employed. Not only do family have fewer children but they have them in school and out of the home at younger ages than in the past.

's degree if they enroll in college. Th&oday it can be said that wheels run America. The four rubber tires of the cost of such failure ------- i n both dollars and unmet expectations -------- i s

rising and beginning to erode public confidence in our system of higher

education.

Key to the translation from Chinese to English:

1. Today's university students are struggling to establish themselves, but

they still have ambiguous feelings about their future.

2. A man cannot find himself without finding a center beyond hi. So the

idealism of the undergraduate experience must help the student transcend

himself.

3. We eagerly hope that the lessons leaned in the university will reveal

themselves in our performance in the workplace and further education.

4. It cannot go unchallenged to say that the 4-year undergraduate

experience is the only path to success in life.

5. We run the risk of making critical decisions, not on the basis of what we

know, the findings of investigations, and the data of experiments, but on the

basis of blind faith in professed experts.

6. Our task needs a large group of well-informed, caring young people who

can band together, learn from each other, and actively participate in the four

modernizations.

7. If it is to endure, the new school should help the students not only

acquire a sold basic education and become competent in a specific field, but

also be ready to commit themselves to others.

8. It is not too much to say that if undergraduates excessively devote

themselves to examinations, the will push competence and commitment to the

fringes.

9. I didn't even speak to him; much less discuss the reconstruction of your

school with him.

10. Some people think examinations are second to none, but some think

examinations have a lot of disadvantages. Examinations leave us an open

essential question --- what influence do examinations exert on education? Unit

2 .

A small family-owned company, Eisai, was one of the original manufacturers of

vitamin E, and it maintained a strong research commitment to natural

pharmaceuticals. Over the years, it developed drugs for the treatment of

cardiovascular, respiratory, and neurological diseases. The company

experienced steady, modest growth, and in 1992 sales reached 197 billion yen

and profits approached 13 billion yen. Although it was the sixth-largest

Japanese pharmaceutical company, Eisai was a relatively small player in an

industry in which global competition was increasing while growth in the

domestic market was slowing down.

In 1993, Haruo Naito took over as president from his father. Before that, he

had chaired Eisai -ys^ivsirategic planning committee. During that

time, he had become convinced that the company ' focus on the dis

and manufacture of pharmaceuticals was not sustainable for long-term growth

against large, global competitors .Two years after becoming president , Naito

formulated a radical new vision for Eisai that he called Human Health Care . It

extended the company

'focus from manufacturmetropolitan cities because of the availability of convenient public

The most suprising findings with regard to children show a negative

impact on marriage due to children. There has been much evidence that children contribute to greater conflict and uncertainty in a marriage.

Studies show that general life satisfaction is the highest for people when they are young, married, and childless. Other studies show that American couples with children at home tend to have lower marital satisfaction than those without children. For both men and women, reports of happiness and satisfaction drop ----and don ' t rise again until the children are grown and about to leave the nest.

Key to the translation from Chinese to English:

1.Some professional observers believe that young people today are no longer interested in politics and causes, but rather, have become increasingly preoccupied with issues closer to themselves.

2. The higher a woman ' s educational attainment, the more likely she is to go out of the private setting of the nuclear family and to realize herself in

the community.

3. As far as I am concerned, what really lies behind the decision of some married couples not to start a family is that they are so narcissistic and have no margin of love to spare others.

4. The company put on the market a registered invention even without asking the inventor ' s permission, which goes against the patent law.

5. Urged by some other countries, the United Nations has pressured the country to give up developing and using nuclear weapons.

6. According to the rule that every member should remain childless, Mr. And Ms white have no alternative but to withdraw from the Non-Parent Association, for they will attain parenthood soon.

7. He expects to reveal, by presenting a soap opera, the complexity implicit in real life.

8. In virtually every country, drug abuse, alcohol abuse and child abuse loon as most challenging social problems.

9. When interviewed, these elderly people rationalized why they were ambivalent about today ' s young people.

10. Many college students are far more concerned with how to get a highly-paid job on graduation and how to receive a quick promotion in the competitive society.

Unit 5 .

In the world ' s rich countries, when you retire at 65 you can expect to live on average, for another 15 or 20 years. A hundred yesrs ago you would, on average, have been already dead .the late 20th century has brought to many the ultimate gift; the luxury of aging. but like any luxury, aging is

expensive .governments are fretting about the cost already ;but they also know that far worse is to come :over the next 30 or 40 years,the demographic changes of longer lives and fewer births will force most countries to rethink in fundamental ways their arrangements for paying for and looking after older people.

In 1990 18% people in oecd countries were aged over 60. by 2030 that figure will have risen to over 30%. The share of the old ” (thbsldest over 80 ),now around 3%, is set to double .the vast majority of these older people will be consumers,not producers .thanks to state thansfers,being old in developed countries mostly no longer means being poor .the old people will expect decent pensions to live on;they will make heavy demands on medical services ;and some will need expensive nursing care. Yet while their numbers are expanding fast, numbers of people at work --- who will have to foot the bill ---will stay much the same ,so each worker will have to carry a much heavier burden.

Mass survival to a ripe old age will not be confined to rich countries. Most developing countries,whose populations are now much younger than the developed world ' s, are starting to age fast.

Key to the Translation from Chinese into English:

1.Generally, people have become more compassionate and quite a few families have taken in an orphan from the municipal orphanage.

2.It is a demanding task for a workingwoman to look after her parents and her children while holding down a job.

3. At first we were worried about their first stay in a foreign country but things there worked out much better for them.

4. Today's middle-aged people have fewer children than their parents did and the aging population problem may weigh on them in about 40 years.

5.It is hoped that the current reform in education will better set students up to meet the challenges from society.

6. The government intends to transfer some of the health-care burden to the individual family but family members are not always available for the task because they cannot break away from their jobs to look after the sick elderly.

7. There is an increasing demand for beds in the nursing home, and we have to try every possible means to free them up.

8. With the large elderly population in this country, financing of health care and pensions could care the devil out of the government.

9. The young couple has to make some sacrifice to avoid letting their old beloved father down.

10. What they had gone through in looking after their sick old father made them more compassionate, and they made a donation to the nursing home

研究生英语期末考试作文,

long-distance education long-distance education, It is called network education in the file that released by department of education has introduced some , or called contemporary and long-range education network education. It refers to the use of TV and the Internet and other media teaching mode, the remote education is a very popular teaching model, because it broke through the time and space boundaries, accommodation in the school is different from the traditional teaching mode. Using this kind of teaching model of students, do not need to a specific location, anywhere. Students can also through television and radio, Internet, coaching line, a variety of different methods, such as mutual learning. Online learning has superior side, there are also some disadvantages. Learners can not adapt to the network teaching mode. Network education lack of interactivity and authenticity. On the BBS of the remote education, many netizens agree that network education's biggest drawback is the lack of interactivity and authenticity. In network education, between students and students, between students and the teacher only through BBS, E-mail or other network communication tools to communicate, people had built up a relationship is a kind of virtual environment of interpersonal relationships, interpersonal communication gradually from direct to indirect, from the diversification to the simplification, lost the traditional relationship between university students directly group consciousness gradually indifference. Education of students by this way, the collective idea and the spirit of solidarity and collaboration as generally traditional college students, is not conducive to the development of individuals and society.

湖南大学研究生专项奖学金评定办法

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博士研究生： 已修满培养方案规定的毕业所需学分，所修课程考试成绩加权平均分数不低于80分，单科成绩不低于70分，考查成绩良好以上。攻读学位期间在公开发行的学术期刊上以湖南大学名义发表4篇（工科3篇）及其以上（排名前2位）与本专业相关的学术论文，其中至少有2篇本人为第1作者。 攻读学位期间获省（部）级三等奖以上科研奖励（排名前5），或在省（部）级以上科技竞赛中获三等奖以上奖励（排名第1），或有1项以上个人发明专利者（排名第1），所修课程考试成绩加权平均分数不低于75分，单科成绩不低于65分。 所修课程考试成绩加权平均分数的计算办法为： （单门课程成绩×该门课程学分数）累加之和/总学分数（四）在同等条件下符合下列条件之一者优先评选： 1、全国“挑战杯”竞赛获奖者； 2、所发表的学术论文被三大检索收录，或被《新华文摘》、《人大复印资料》、《高校文科学报文摘》等收录者； 3、获校级以上三好学生、优秀研究生、优秀研究生干部、优秀党员或优秀团员、团干等荣誉称号者。 三、评选程序 （一）个人申报 符合申请条件者到各学院研究生教学秘书处领取申请表（研究生院网页下载专区可下载），如实填写申请表（要求打印），并根据《湖南大学研究生专项奖学金评定科研计分办法》（附后）进行自评分，于11月6日以前将申请表和相关证明材料，交各学院研究生秘书审核。 （二）学院初评、推荐

在职研究生考试英语(翻译、作文)

Part VI Translation (10 points) Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on the Answ et Sheet. Being unhappy is like an infectious disease. It causes people to shrink away from the suff erer. He soon finds himself alone and miserable. There is, however, a cure so simple as t o seem, at first glance, ridiculous: if you don't feel happy, pretend to be! It works. Befor e long you will find that instead of pushing people away, you attract them. You discover h ow deeply rewarding it is to be the center of wider and wider circles of good will. Then the make-believe becomes a reality. Being happy, once it is realized as a duty and established as a habit, opens doors into unimaginable gardens filled with grateful friends. Part VII Writing (15 points) Directions: Write a composition of at least 150 words about the topic: The possibility of us ing the mobile phone to study English (or any other subject). You should write according t o the outline given below: 1.我认为手机（不）可以用来学习英语或其他知识。 2.理由是…… 3.结论

考研英语试题及答案.docx

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湖南大学专业硕士毕业基本要求

湖南大学专业硕士学位授予基本要求 一、前言 为明确专业学位硕士的培养要求，保证培养质量，促进专业学位硕士教育的发展，依据《中华人民共和国学位条例》、《教育部关于加强和改进专业学位教育工作的若干意见》、《教育部关于做好全日制硕士专业学位研究生培养工作的若干意见》等文件及各专业学位的设置方案，结合学校实际，制定本要求。 二、培养目标 所培养的硕士研究生应具有科学严谨和求真务实的学习态度和工作作风，掌握本专业（或职业）领域的理论基础和系统的专门知识；具有较强的运用现代科学理论和方法解决本专业（或职业）领域实际问题的能力或从事新材料、新工艺、新技术、新产品、新设备的开发能力；掌握解决本专业（或职业）领域实际问题必要的实验、分析、检测或计算的方法和技术；掌握一门外语技能，能够熟练阅读本专业（或职业）领域的国内外科技资料和文献；掌握和了解本学科领域的现状和发展趋势。 三、能力要求 专业学位硕士通过学习和训练应达到以下要求： 1.熟悉本专业（或职业）领域中相关的文献资料，获得所从事行业领域开展工作所需的背景知识。 2.能够综合运用所学知识，掌握所从事领域相关的先进理论与方法，解决本专业（或职业）领域的实际问题。 3.具备在实践工作中发现和分析问题的能力，综合运用所学知识，对所需解决的问题能提出切实可行的解决方案。 4.了解本专业（或职业）领域的发展前沿，善于发现与学习并掌握新的理论、方法，应用先进思想和经验，具有开拓创新的思维与能力。 5.具有较强的沟通、交流与组织协调能力。 四、学位论文

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