科学论文写作与发表分类句式用语
科学论文写作与发表：分类句式用语
胡庚申申云桢
（清华大学外语系，北京 100084）
一、引言
科学论文的写作在常用句型、用语方面有一定的规律可循。掌握这些基本规律，写作论文时可收到事半功倍的效果。那么，常用的句型、句式怎样分类比较科学?通常用到的句式为哪些类型?各种类型又有哪些基本表达方法? 所有这些问题，都拟在本文内例述和研讨。
为什么要掌握分类句式用语呢？因为，首先，这有利于避免不必要的重复。许多有用的句型，通常出现在科学论文的不同部分，如表示研究目的用语，不仅在论文摘要中用到，而且在引言、讨论、甚至结论等部分都会用到。如果我们在讲述怎样写作各部分时都列举类似的用语，势必造成重复、赘述。现在把它们集中起来分类例述，就能避免不必要的重复。
其次，掌握分类句式用语有利于比较地道、规范的英语表达。把英美人写作论文时的句式用语集中地进行分类选择，有利于广大专业技术人员和研究生们学习、模仿比较地道、规范的英语表达，有利于节约时间，避免费力耗时地造出“蹩脚的”、甚至“中国式”的英语表达。
第三，掌握分类句式用语有利于写作中的多样化表达。把表达相同或相似概念的不同表达方式集中分类，便于写作中选择、比较，有利于交替使用不同的句型，避免句式单调、用词单一，实现表达多样。
再则，掌握分类句式用语也符合科学论文的写作规律。因为常用的句型是写作中客观存在的，它们的使用已基本上格式化了，而且使用的频率又很高，所以对常用的句式用语进行科学的分类，是一件有实用意义的工作。
至于怎样分类，这主要是从两个方面考虑。
一是从逻辑思维角度考虑。人们总是首先提出问题，然后分析和解决问题，最后得出结果或结论。这可以看作是解决问题的一种“模式”。这种“模式”，也可作为我们分类选择句式用语时的指导思想。
二是从写作程式角度考虑。任何一篇科学论文的写作，大都要：①指出其研究的目的，②限定其讨论的范围，③说明其理论的依据，④描述其实验的步骤，⑤介绍其工作的方法，⑥展示其研究的结果，⑦作出科学的评价等。这种基本“程式”，正是我们分类选择句式用语的实践依据。
鉴于上述，我们在本文内对科学论文写作中常用的句式用语进行了分类，并选择了240余条例句供参考。
俗语说：“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟”。我们深信，掌握英语科学论文写作中常用的句式用语，无疑会有助于科学论文的写作。
二、“指出目的”的句式用语
1. 主要用场
指出研究目的句型在英语科学论文中反复出现，这类句型用语比较集中地使用在论文的摘要、引言、讨论、结论等部分。
指出研究目的的常用表达有：“本文的主要目的……”，“该项工作主要是关于……”，“该项工作的主要目的是……”，“该项研究的主要目的是……”，“该项实验主要是为了……”等等。
2. 常用句式
（1）本文的主要目的是……
①The purpose of this paper is…
②The primary goal of this research is…
③The intention of this paper is to survey…
④The overa11 objective of this study is…
⑤ In this paper,…was provided (given，i11ustrated)
⑥Our goal has been to provide…
⑦ In this paper，we aim at…
⑧The emphasis of this study lies in…
（2）该项工作是关于……
①The present work is concerned with the processes underlying…
②The above work deals with the mechanism involved in…
③Our work at present is devoted to the changes occurring in…
④The work we have done bears on the effects produced by…
⑤The work we are doing is closely related to the deliberations described in ．
⑥Compared with the current research，the previous work was in connection with the
investigation made by…
⑦The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of the following…
⑧The authors are now initiating some experimental investigation to establish…
⑨Our studies were performed to determine the amount of…
⑩The problem we have outlined deals largely with the study of…
（3）该项工作的主要目的是…
①The chief aim of the present work is to investigate the features of …
②The main purpose of our recent work was to examine the properties of…
③The major object of their further work will be research into the nature of…
④Our work in this direction has been intended to provide some information about…
⑤The work which is being done now is designed to find some solution to the problem
of…
⑥Work of this kind has been started in order to assess the role of …
⑦Previous work in this area was initiated in the hope of obtaining data in…
⑧We did this work hoping to establish…
⑨The authors undertook the work with a view to show…
⑩By doing this work we expect(ed) to demonstrate…
⑾Doing this joint work, we intend(ed) to show…
⑿The primary objective of our work was to define the reasons for redundant protection systems and give examples of systems used in …
⒀With research of many years, the author’s endeavour is to explain why in…
⒁The above-mentioned work has been performed with a view of …
（4）该项研究的主要目的是 …
①The chief aim of the present study is to find out…
②The primary object of this fundamental research will be to reveal the cause of …
③The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of…
④ The study of …was made in order to clarify…
⑤The above study has been carried out to determine…
⑥ Their(pioneer)studies were intended to elucidate…
⑦Those earlier investigations are in hopes of providing evidence for…
⑧ We performed this present study in the hope that we might bring to light some
facts about…
⑨The authors attempted their studies in order that they might…
⑩We undertook the above study to the end that we might…
⑾They initiated the present study so that they might…
⑿Carrying out this study we hope to find out…
⒀Performing these studies the author intended to reveal…
⒁With recent research, the author intends to outline the framework of…
（5）该项实验主要是为了
①We made these experiments in order to show a correlation between…
② The author attempted the set of experiment with a view to demonstrate certain phenomena…
③ Experiments on…were made in order to measure the amount of…
④ Experiments involving…have been carried out to determine…
⑤Experiments using this technique are (not )under way test(check) …
⑥ Experiments on…are made to answer the question whether…
⑦The experiment being made by our research group is aimed at obtaining the result of…
⑧We have designed such an experiment for the purpose of …
三、“限定范围”的句式用语
1. 主要用场
限定主题范围的句式用语，在英文科学论文中常出现在“引言”和“讨论”中。限定主题范围时的常用表达有：“该问题是关于……的研究”，“该问题在……范围之内（外）”，“该问题涉及到……范围”，“该问题可进一步推广到……范围”等等。
2. 常用句式
（1）该问题是关于……的研究
①This problem is concerned (chiefly)with the study of…
②The problem of …deals (largely)with the determination of …
③The problem they have advanced bears on the elucidation of …
④The problem to be discussed in this paper is related closely with…
⑤ The problem described previously was directed to the example of…, which differs
from…
⑥The problem under investigation involves some significant agreements and disagreements
in…
（2）这是研究……的问题
①The problem concerned with the nature of…
②The problem relating to the influence of…
③The problem which deals with the role of…
④The problem which bears on the effect of…
⑤The problem in connection with…
⑥The problem as mentioned previously in…
（3）该问题在……范围之内（外）
①The problem is within the scope of …
②Our problem lies beyond the range of …
③The problem you have just outlined seems to be outside of the province of…
④The problem the authors have raised goes off the limits of…
⑤The problem I have referred to falls within the field of…
⑥The problem under discussion is not within the scope of…
（4）该项研究涉及到……范围
①Studies of these effects cover(ed)various aspects of……
② Investigations on…involve(d) also specific situations.
③Our studies with this technique are confined to one particular aspect.
④More recent studies by this worker were chiefly concerned with the influence of…
⑤The research on the conventional techniques explains well the phenomenon of
⑥The new findings from the experiment agree to the result obtained in…
（5）该研究进一步推广到……范围
①The authors have extended their studies to some other related species.
②We hope to expand our investigations to include other materials.
③The research we have done deserves further studies.
④The investigation carried out by the experts suggests an increase of the application in …
⑤The approach under study predicates a wider range of application.
四、“说明理论”的句式用语
1. 主要用场
说明有理论根据的句式用语，在英语科学论文中常出现在引言、实验描述及讨论等部分。说明理论根据时常用表达如下：“该理论是……提出来的”，“该理论的内容（特点）是……”；“根据该理论，可以得出……”，“该理论认为……”，“应用该理论能（或不能）说明……”等等。
2. 常用句式
（1）该理论是……提出来的
①The theory of…was created 50 years ago
②The alternative theory was constructed in 50’s.
③The theory of…was developed in the 1930’s…
④The theory of…was elaborated in the early 70’s.
⑤The theory of…was formulated as early as 1900.
⑥The theory of…was advanced as long ago as the 1860’s.
⑦The theory of…was put forward as far back as 1897.
⑧The theory of…was proposed last year.
⑨The theory of…was suggested the year before last year.
（2）该理论的内容（特点）是……
①Underlying this theory is the idea that…
②The underlying concept of this theory is…
③The underlying principle of the theory is as follows…
④This is an alternative theory that…
⑤This is a similar theory to the effect that …
⑥This is a working theory which is based on the idea that…
⑦ A basic feature of this theory is …
⑧The fundamental feature of this theory is as follows.
⑨The theory is characterized by…
⑩…prove to be the outstanding features of the theory.
（3）根据该理论，可得出……
①According to B’s theory both processes occur simultaneously.
②As follows from the theory by N, such situations lead to…
③As can be seen from the theory and theory advanced by…such interactions are the basis
of…
④In the light of the theory ,we have developed a variation method to handle such problems.
⑤ Based on the theory, the author has obtained sufficient information from recent
experiments with…
（4）该理论认为…
①The kinetic theory holds that…
②This newly-developed theory maintains that…
③The theory advanced by…claims that…
④The theory of …predicts that…
⑤The principal concept of the theory lies in…
⑥ The investigating theory…
（5）应用该理论（不）能说明……
①We can interpret these findings in terms of the above theory.
②We cannot explain these phenomena using the above theory.
③We can hardly explain these findings applying this theory.
④These findings can be interpreted in terms of the above theory.
⑤Such phenomena cannot be explained on the basis of this theory.
⑥The theory can (not) apply to other cases of…
⑦The theory developed by…is valid (invalid)for other species.
⑧X’s theory proved to be true for all steps of…
⑨The above theory has been verified by many other authors.
⑩This very peculiar theory can be applied to a wider range of experiments in …
五、“描述实验”的句式用语
1. 主要用场
描述实验过程的句式用语，顾名思义常用在与实验有关的段落之中。描述实验情况时的常用表达为“该项实验具体包括……”，“到……，从未有过该项实验研究”，“进行该项实验，以便检验……”，“该项实验证实（未能证实），……”等等。
2. 常用句式
（1）某项实验（所用设备）包括……
①The experiment consisted of three steps, which are described in Table 3.
②The test equipment which was used consisted of five force-measuring transducers and two recording instruments furnished by…
③ Included in the experiment were a high- pressure vessel assembly, 2 UA –3 uranium
analyzers, and a complete 100*50*50 cm soil bin.
④ All high-pressure hydrogen creep rupture tests were carried out in specially designed high pressure equipment rated at…
⑤ The winch is composed of the following main parts: a welded frame, a safety-brake clutch, a chain drum and a worn reducing gear.
（2）到……，从未有过某方面的实验
①An experiment of the kind has not been made.
②The kind of experiment you have in mind has never been carried out until now.
③The kind of experiment you mentioned would not be undertaken in the near future.
④So far we have not performed any experiment of this kind.
⑤Until now the authors have not attempted any field experiments of…
⑥Researches on the mobility of ions in neutral gases began more than 75 years ago, but
very accurate data obtained through actual experiments have not appeared as yet.
⑦…However, no direct experimental measurements of this have been reported.
（3）进行该项实验，以检验……
①We (have)carried out several sets of experiments to test the validity of…
②They undertook many experiments to support the hypothesis which…
③We initiated experiments to prove…
④They have undertaken special experiments to disprove…
⑤A number of experiments were performed to check…
⑥Many studies have to be attempted to verify…
⑦More than one set of experiments must be initiated to substantiate…
（4）某项实验证实（未能证实）……
①Experiments by M and his associates (have) showed…
②Recent experiments in this area (have) suggested that…
③The present series of experiments (have) indicate(d) that…
④The experiments reported here (have) demonstrate (d)
⑤These experiments involving…confirm(ed) our evidence that…
⑥Our experiments with…failed to prove…
⑦ These highly-technical experiments support(ed) our assumption that…
⑧Our initial experiment confirms that the choice of concept is correct.
⑨ The above-mentioned experiment has proved the newly –developed technique is very reliable.
⑩This conclusion is also supported by the experiment as has been described previously.
六、“介绍方法”的句式用语
1. 主要用场
介绍研究（实验）方法的句式用语，在英语科学论文中常见于摘要（资料型摘要）、引言、实验描述及建议等部分，介绍研究方法时的常用表达如：“该方法首先由……发明（使用）”，“该方法与其他方法有……差别”，“应用该方法可以进行……工作”，“该方法称为……”，“使用该方法已获得……”等。
2. 常用句式
（1）该方法首先由……发明（利用）
①The method of …was first developed by N.
②The method of …was first applied by B.
③The method of …was first used by A in the early XXth century.
④The method of …was first brought into used by C.
⑤The method of …came into use as long ago as 1920.
⑥The original proposal of this method was first made and published in 1963.
⑦The method of making a frequency standard was not invented till the existence of…
（2）该方法与其他方法有……差别
①The method of …does not differ at all the routine one
②The method of we use differs greatly from the one used earlier.
③The method they developed is somewhat different from the conventional one.
④The new technique is quite different from the old one.
⑤The newly-elaborated technique has something (nothing, little) in common with the one
previously used.
⑥The method of deriving a program described here differs from previous practice in that…（3）应用该方法可以进行……工作
①The method allows us to demonstrate…
②This technique enables us to observe…
③The above procedure makes it possible to defect…
④This method is capable of providing…
⑤By the method we are able to investigate the insight of…
⑥We have adopted the integrated filtering cell approach to miniaturize the prototype.
⑦The method proves to be useful in…
⑧The interpretation effects were successfully evaluated by employing AIA.
（4）该方法可称为（描述为）…
①The method used is known as…
②The technique we applied is referred to as…
③The procedure the followed can be briefly described as …
④The approach adopted extensively is called…
5. Since the method was first put in use, we might as well name it as…
（5）用该方法已获得……
①We have obtained this information from recent experiments with…
②Detailed information has been acquisited by the authors using X-ray analysis.
③The researches have recorded valuable data using the newly-developed method.
④The experts in the research center are satisfactory with the experimental results achieved
by the application of…
七、“展示结果”的句式用语
1. 主要用场
展示研究结果的句式用语，在英语科学论文中常见于摘要、实验结果、结果与讨论及结论等部分。展示研究结果时常用的表达有：“该项研究结果说明了……”，“根据该项研究结果可以得出……”，“该项工作提供了……结果”，“该项实验取得了……结果”，“……概括了该项结果”等。
2. 常用句式
（1）该项研究说明（指出、揭示）了……
①The studies we have performed show(ed) that these particles are responsible for …
②These pioneer studies that the authors attempted have indicated marked variations in…
③We carried out several studies which have demonstrated that the substance acts on …
④The research we have done suggests an increase in…
⑤The investigation carried out by…has revealed no resistance of…
⑥Our research has supported the assumption that…
⑦Their studies have confirmed the opinion that…
⑧This research bore out the idea that…
⑨Laboratory studies of…did not furnish any information about…
⑩Our research carried out to the same effect failed to reveal any variations in…
⑾Recent research into the nature of…fails to support the theory that…
⑿Most recent studies showed no changes in…
⒀Further research reveals no evidence of…
⒁All our preliminary results throw light on the nature of…
（2）根据该项实验结果可得出……
①More recent experiments in this area lead us to conclude that the phenomenon is related
to …
② Most recent experiments to the same effect have led the authors to believe that the
mechanism is out of action.
③Further experiments in this area have enabled these workers to suggest that…
④As a result of our experiments, we concluded that…
⑤From our experiments, the authors came to realize that…
⑥From these experiments one can conclude that…
（3）该项工作提供了（没有得出）……结果
①This fruitful work gives explanation of…
②Their fundamental work provides some knowledge of …
③The author’s pioneer work has contributed to our present understanding of…
④This joint work of many years has led to further progress in…
⑤Our integrated work of the past few years adds to our current concept of…
⑥The research work has brought about a discovery of…
⑦The research by workers (has) result(ed) in a solution of…
⑧ Our work on…(has) failed to give…
⑨Their initial work with…did not result in…
⑩This initial work with…did not result in…
⑾Further work in this field failed to contribute to…
⑿These findings of the research has led the author to a conclusion that…
（4）该项实验（研究）取得（没有取得）……结果
①Some results of…are obtained in the experiment with…
② Sufficient result for…has been observed with the new method…
③Further progress can be provided by these experiments…
④No clear advancement has (so far)been see in…
⑤ No direct outcome was then reported in…
⑥No such finding could be available in…
⑦No further result can be found with that technique.
⑧No experimental evidence has come to the studies of…
（5）某数据（图、表）总结（概括）了从……得到的……结果
①Figure 3 shows the results obtained form studies of…
②Table 5 presents the data provided by the experiments on…
③This table summarized the data collect during the experiment of …
④The results reported above have been shown in Figure1.
⑤Our experimental data briefly summarized as follows.
⑥Some of the authors’ findings are listed in tables.
八、“作出评价”的句式用语
1. 主要用场
研究成果评价的句型用语，在英语科学论文中常见于：摘要，讨论及结论等部分。从狭义上讲，研究成果评价是论文作者对自己所做工作的评价，从广义上讲，这种评价不仅限于对个人工作的评价，同时也包括作者对别人的评价，提出自己的观点和见解。作出评价时，肯定和否定是两种最基本的评价。
2. 常用句式和词语
①The author’s work on…has been very successful
②Our work involving studies of…did not prove to be encouraging.
③The new information has been insufficient to indicate that the change is dramatic.
④On of the assets of this technique is that it is very simple.
⑤The theory by…seemed quite competent.
⑥We consider the new idea quite likely a suitable one
⑦The data available in literature are quite important.
⑧The newly-developed method has certain advantages over the existing methods.
⑨The author has satisfactorily come to a conclusion that…
⑩These highly-technical experiments failed to provide any correlation between…
⑾The theory of…did not explain how much modifications arose.
⑿These findings are not consistent with the current theory.
⒀The above hypothesis seems rather interesting.
⒁So far there is not enough convincing evidence showing…
⒂The data obtained appear to be very similar to those reported earlier by…
⒃There may be a different approach to the above findings
⒄Our experimental result does not seem to suggest the following assumptions
利用上述句式，表示肯定评价的形容词，如：good, satisfactory, competent, convincing , adequate, reliable, correct, valid, helpful, fruitful, successful, stimulating, attractive, interesting, promising, exciting, careful;, profound, comprehensive, useful, encouraging, extensive, clear, sufficient, etc.
表示否定评价的形容词，如：deficient, faulty, inadequate, incomplete, unconvincing, unsatisfactory, meaningless, unreliable, incorrect, wrong, invalid, confusing, inexplicit, contradictory, controversial, divergent, puzzling, conflicting, ambiguous, insufficient, etc.
英语科学论文的写作句型用词方面有一定的规律可循。为了避免不必要的重复，有利于比较地道，规范的英语表达，有助于写作中的多样表述，并遵循科学论文的写作规律，本文对常用句式用语进行分类选择。根据表达科学研究成果的一般逻辑思维顺序和科学论文的结
构程式，写作英语科学论文时常用句型用语可作如下分类：①指出研究目的，常用句型用语54条；②限定主题范围，常用句型用语30条；③说明理论依据，常用句型用语36条；④描述实验过程，常用句型用语30条；⑤介绍工作方法，常用句型用语 32条；⑥展示研究结果，常用句型用语46条；⑦作出科学评价，常用句型17条及48个表示肯定或否定的形容词。实践表明，集中掌握这些常用的型用语，对于写好英语科学论文大有裨益。
SCI科技论文写作常用句型大全
S C I科技论文写作常用 句型大全 Company Document number：WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998
一．好的论文题目是成功的一半 好的论文，每一个部分都需要精雕细琢。我们先来看看Science, Nature 子刊上用的都是些什么题目，到底这些题目暗含哪些玄机以下是从2016年发表的论文中随机挑选的一些题目，我将其做了一下简单的分类： 1. Water splitting–biosynthetic system with CO2reduction efficiencies exceeding photosynthesis. (Science, 2016, 352, 1210) 类似: Scalable water splitting on particulate photocatalyst sheets with a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency exceeding1%(Nature Materials 2016,15,611-615) 这种题目适合哪类文章适合于那种性能极其显着的文章（可以创纪录的文章），比如说Nocera et al. 的Science, 2016, 352, 1210，直接与光合作用进行对比，给人的震撼是非常强的。这种对比效果能够一下子抓住人们的眼球，吸引着读者进行阅读。 要点：使用这样的题目首先你的实验结果得够牛，你对于实验结果要足够自信，对于背景知识的了解得要足够深。因为取这样的题目意味着你要真正达到了某一个高度。如果明明有很多大海在那里，你个小池塘和小水坑进行比较，那么会闹笑话的。。。
《德语写作2》课程教学大纲
《德语写作2》课程教学大纲 课程编号：1233045 课程名称：德语写作2 总学时数：30 实验或上机学时：0 先修课：德语写作1 后续课：德语应用文写作（论文写作） 一、说明部分 1.课程性质 本课程是德语专业二年级学生的专业基础课。 2.教学目标和意义 本课程旨在系统培养学生的书面交际能力。具体地说，通过学习本课程可以了解中、德两种文字在语篇方面的差异，学会书写规范的德语文章，掌握良好的（尤其是语篇层次上的）写作风格。 本课程是德语写作的第二阶段，继续训练德语写作技巧，提高学生的分析评判能力和独立写作能力，写出符合德语规范的文章，更好地完成书面交际任务、并能卓有成效地完成全国德语基础阶段统测的写作任务。本课程的主要学习语篇有：图表阐释、内容提要和议论文等。讲解并练习各种文体的写作，掌握常用文体的写作方法和技能；培养学生运用德语写作的积极性，使他们利用写作开展真实的交际活动。 3.教学内容及教学要求 教学内容：图表阐释、内容提要和议论文等 教学要求：课前预习，课堂积极参与，课后保质保量完成写作任务，对完成并批阅后的作文按照要求进行修改加工。 能写一般的说明文和议论文；能就某个题材以读书报告或课程论文的形 式进行描写或论述。在一小时内完成约400词的文章，要求结构合理， 条理分明，语言通顺连贯，基本无重大语言错误及表达错误。 4.教学重点、难点 内容提要、及其同故事梗概的差异、图表阐释、议事论理 5.教学方法与手段 课堂讲解、讨论、练习、错误分析、典型错误课堂集体修订 6.教材与主要参考书 教材：[1] 倪仁福. 德语写作教程（第二册）. 南京：南京大学出版社. 1995年 12月 [2] 倪仁福. 德语写作教程（第三册）. 南京：南京大学出版社. 2001年 1月
科技论文写作排版+高级写作词汇+中科院大牛看文献和整理文献的方法
第一次写正规论文的同学务必分享： ①毕业论文8小时完稿速成大法 https://www.docsj.com/doc/363644170.html,/fn85hB ②三步教你论文自动生成目录 https://www.docsj.com/doc/363644170.html,/q80tpm ③排版自动排版，加注释 https://www.docsj.com/doc/363644170.html,/rDgT9i ④如何快速将毕业论文的数字和字母都改成Time New Roman格式https://www.docsj.com/doc/363644170.html,/2ngIsC 中科院大牛博士们教你如何读文献 这篇文章的指导实在是大有裨益啊！分享给大家读一下！ 1.如何进行文献检索我是学自然科学的，平时确实需要不少外文文献，对于自然科学来讲英文文献检索首推Elsevier，Springer等。虽然这些数据库里面文献已经不算少了。但是有时还会碰到查不到的文献，而这些文献的数据库我们所在研究所或大学又没有买，怎么办？我基本通过以下向个途径来得到文献。 1．首先在Google 学术搜索里进行搜索，里面一般会搜出来你要找的文献，在Google学术搜索里通常情况会出现“每组几个”等字样,然后进入后，分别点击，里面的其中一个就有可能会下到全文，当然这只是碰运气，不是万能的，因为我常常碰到这种情况，所以也算是得到全文文献的一条途径吧。可以试一下。同时我发现, 从Google学术搜索中,还可以得到一些信息,Google学术搜索中会显示出你搜索文章的引用次数,不过这个引用次数不准确,但是从侧面反应了这篇文章的质量,经典文章的引用次数绝对很高的.同时如果你用作者进行搜索时,会按引用次
数出现他写的全部的文章,就知道作者的哪些文章比较经典,在没有太多时间的情况下就可只看经典的. 2．如果上面的方法找不到全文，就把文章作者的名字或者文章的title在Google 里搜索（不是Google 学术搜索），用作者的名字来搜索,是因为我发现很多国外作者都喜欢把文章的全文（PDF）直接挂在网上，一般情况下他们会把自己的文章挂在自己的个人主页（home page）上，这样可能也是为了让别的研究者更加了解自己的学术领域。这样你就有可能下到你想要的文献的全文了。甚至可以下到那个作者相近的内容的其它文章。如果文献是由多个作者写的，第一作者查不到个人主页，就接上面的方法查第二作者，以此类推。用文章的title来搜索,是因为在国外有的网站上,例如有的国外大学的图书馆可能会把本校一年或近几年的学术成果的Publication的PDF全文献挂在网上,或者在这个大学的ftp上也有可能会有这样类似的全文.这样就可能会免费下到你想要的全文了. 3．如果上面两个方法都没有查到你要的文献，那你就直接写邮件向作者要。一般情况下作者都喜欢把自己的文献给别人，因为他把这些文献给别人，也相当于在传播他自己的学术思想。下面是本人向老外作者要文献的一个常用的模板： Dear Professor ××× I am in ××× Institute of ×××, Chinese Academy of Sciences.I am writing to request your assistance. I search one of your papers:……………（你的文献题目）,but I cannot read full-text content, would you mind
英文科技论文写作常用句式
在这篇文章中，我们说明（介绍）了一种……方法 In this work ,we address the problem of +doing sth In this paper , we propose the ... 在这一章节，我们介绍…… In this section , we present ... We demonstrate out algorithm on two tasks : A被认为是B A can be regarded as B 为了这个目的，我们提出了A To this end ,we propose A. 在样本的……和……上都很有效 make effective use of both ...and ...among samples. 当应用到……中的时候When applied to... 通过将……和……结合起来，…… By combining ...and ... , .... A是B中的一个基本问题之一A is one of the fundamental problems in B 目的在于…… Its goal is to do ... We aim at doing... Our target is ... Our basic notion is to do... 为了达到……的目的To achieve ... To achieve this , 因为……，做什么是困难的 As .... , it is very difficult to do .... As..., ir is usually hard to ... Due to ... e.g.:As the variance of object shape and color within an object class can be large,it is very difficult to obtain class-specific features that can describe the object class accurately. 就这点而言，…… In this regard, ... 一方面来说，……，另一方面来说，……On the one hand , ... , on the other hand , ... 1
科技论文写作入门、备战问辩、大赛有关问题
“科技论文写作入门”摘编（仅供内部参考） 张孙玮等编著化学工业出版社 2005.7 一．基本要求：（四性） 1.创新性：至少在前人工作基础上有所进展（需增添若干新的信 息）。 2.科学性：数据真实、逻辑严密、立论有充分依据。 3.学术性：名词术语及叙述方式符合专业标准。 4.实践性：实验方法与内容具有可操作性和可重复性。 二．写作过程： 1.素材准备：包括背景资料和前人工作的收集和整理 2.构思：包括明确主题、理清思路、筛选素材、构筑论文框架等。 3.起草：在构思成熟、提纲拟定后，开始论文起草。此时当反复 推敲、紧扣主题、突出重点、论点鲜明、论述有据、全文贯通、结构完整、语言简练、表述准确。 4.修改：纠正文中毛病、使之正确规范，立论更加准确、观点更 加鲜明、文字更加简练、表达更加生动。用A4纸打印，每页 40字X30行=1200字，最好控制在6000字以内（如果太长， 反而可能模糊主题的论述）。 5.定稿。 三．基本格式 1.标题：可先拟定一试用标题，论文写成后再反复推敲，力争做
到与内容相符，言简意赅，最好不超过20个字。切忌大题小做与使用生僻的专业术语。 2.作者：姓名（所在学校及邮编），多名作者的排序应避免论文 发表后可能引起的纠纷。 3.指导：某某教授（所在单位），某某老师（所在单位）。 4.摘要：其内容是标题的扩充与全文的高度概括，扼要介绍论文 的研究目的、方法、结果（主要数据）与结论等，字数宜控制在正文字数的3～5%之间，用第三人称的语气叙述，切忌自我拔高评价。 5.关键词：特指从论文标题、正文和摘要中精选出来，用以提示 论文主题内容、具有实质意义和未经加工的自然语言词汇。可参照各个学科的“主题词表”。一般选3～5个。 6.正文：包括前言、实验方法、结果、讨论、结论等。 〃前言的作用在扼要介绍论文的背景与命题，要解决什么问题，主要的科研思路，工作有何意义等。前言宜短，最好不超过300个字，切忌将正文交待的内容提前在此叙述。 〃实验方法部分交待所用实验材料和方法，实验分组与数据处理等。常规方法一般不必详述，可用“参见引文[X]”的方式表示，如有所改进则应加以说明，这部分内容能反映论文工作的科学性和先进性，以及实验结果的可信度。 〃实验结果部分应体现作者的设计思想，对实验数据要精心整理与规范化处理，并善用图表与照片，做到科学、准确、直观地
Summary的写作技巧和常见句型
S u m m a r y 的写作技巧和常见句型 、概括原文 一）阅读 1. 读懂文章读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 2. 拆分文章按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。尽量简短，精 炼。 段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。 3. 概括主旨写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。 二）基本结构和技巧 1.重新拟定标题给summary 起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。 2. 阐述观点 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是接着写出要阐述的main ideas （主要观点）和supporting points （对主要观点的the author .. ）。
支持）。 3. 词汇运用 注意概述的cohere nee （连贯性），运用好tran siti on words （过渡 词） , like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc. 4. 删除细节 只保留主要观点。 5. 选择一至两个有代表性的例子 原文中可能包括5 个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 6. 把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。 He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor. 可以概括为：“ He was in finan cial difficulties. His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion- like. ” 可以概括为：” He was very brave in battle. He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor. 可以概括为：“ He was in finan cial difficulties. 6）你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago. ” 可以概括为：” Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays,
科技论文写作心得体会
科技论文写作心得体会 科技论文它是科学技术人员在科学实验（或试验）的基础上，对自然科学或工程技术领域里的现象（或问题）进行科学分析、综合和阐述，从而揭示现象（或问题）的本质与规律的科技论文。按照写作目的不同，科技论文可分学术论文和学位论文两类，学术论文是为了在学术会议或学术刊物上发表；学位论文是为了申请相应学位，以表达作者的研究成果，体现作者的科研能力。撰写一篇好的科技论文，在写科技论文之前我们应该做好前期准备工作。 科技论文写作包括论文的前期准备工作和论文的撰写。读者在研读一篇文献时首先关注的是文献的摘要，因此摘要在论文写作中占了很重要的作用，很多学者在任何撰写论文摘要方面作了很多工作【1,2】。一篇论文的引言起着引导读者阅读和理解全文的作用，如何撰写引言也是科技论文的重要组成部分【3】。 科技论文写作的前期准备工作一般包括以下步骤：调研,选题,查资料,制定研究方案,论证,开始实施。 首先对拟开展研究的领域进行全面的调查：了解目前国内外的研究现状；已经解决了哪些问题，还有哪些问题没有解决；我们可以解决哪些问题，有无价值，等等。 然后在调研的基础上正确选题，选题时我们要考虑如下原则：要注重创新性，社会效益，前沿性，可操作性，要尽可能选择自己熟悉或者感兴趣的题目，要避免与他人重复，同时要考虑自己的人力、财力和物力。 确定选题后，要进一步查阅资料，分析实验或者理论方法，学习相关知识，借鉴别人的思想和方法，形成自己的思想方法并列出具有可操作性的详细研究计划。查找资料时已知作者、杂志名称、卷（年份）、页码，可以从杂志中查找想查阅的文章。也可从杂志作者索引或者主题中查找，通常学术杂志在每一期都按主题和作者列出目录；在年终一期按主题或者作者列出总的目录，可以从中查找相关文献。 科技论文是我们的科学技术研究成果的书面表达形式。其结构包括:1论文标题，2作者及其单位，3内容摘要，4关键词或分类代码，5正文(a引言,b实验描述或者理论描述,c结果与讨论,d结论),6 参考文献. 标题应该尽可能具体一些，题目的大小要根据论文的内容而定，覆盖主要内
英语学术论文写作常用句型
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
德语论文选题
毕业论文（设计） 题目 学院学院 专业 学生姓名 学号年级级指导教师 教务处制表 二〇一三年三月二十日
德语论文选题 本团队专业从事论文写作与论文发表服务，擅长案例分析、仿真编程、数据统计、图表绘制以及相关理论分析等。 德语论文选题： 企业道德责任的哲学分析 论长篇小说《迷惘》中的死亡主题 马勒《亡儿之歌》演唱艺术研究 新颖词汇学习中语义和语音加工的fMRI研究 普通话儿童习得附加焦点助词也的实验研究 英语商业广告语篇的评价分析 现代汉语常用性别词及其习得研究 德国大学生汉、英语学习观念比较研究 汉德语音对比基础上的初级汉语语音教学研究 在希伯来与德意志之间 大学英语视听说的移情实证研究 象征作为象征体验的产物 新加坡语言政策研究及对中国语言政策的意义 语料库驱动的空间量度形容词对比研究 从《象棋的故事》和《看不见的珍藏》论斯蒂芬茨威格作品中游戏中的怪僻者形象 留德中国学生的文化适应策略与结果研究 《中国英语课标》与《美国外语学习标准》的比较研究
论轻歌剧《蝙蝠》中阿黛莉音乐形象的塑造 语境与对等翻译 在传统与现代之间 俄罗斯翻译理论史及其影响研究 汉语真词、假词和非词听觉加工差异的ERP研究 论媒介书面性的网络语言的构想口语性 从施洛塞尔看维也纳学派的历史和传承 释意理论在文学翻译中的适用性 从篇章和语用角度分析德语和汉语的广告语篇 黑色太阳散发的耀眼光芒 论网络聊天室英语的语域特征 活动平台与固定平台全膝关节置换术疗效Meta分析 瑞士多语制政策形成的历史探析 论里尔克的存在主义诗学 An ERP Study on Syntactic Processing and Semantic Processing in Late Proficient Chinese-English Bilinguals' Comprehension of English Sentences 论《围城》英译本中文化负载词的翻译方法 生态隐喻的认知和功能视角 《尼伯龙根之歌》的母题解读 《迷惘》的象征性研究 从篇章语言学角度看德汉熟语在政治评论中的功能 黑塞作品中的漫游主题 施尼茨勒作品中的世纪末的精神病态 余华小说德文译本的功能等效问题之探讨 评价理论下的应用文研究 德国职业学校教师资格制度研究 基于语料库的莎士比亚戏剧汉译本逻辑关系显化研究 多语种同义词组的自动建立研究 社会科学和自然科学学术模糊限制语应用对比研究
牛人整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语
英文论文写作常用词汇和短语 这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，希望大家也能用得上： 差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance. 存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalence In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs. 发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation 改变change, alteration, 高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced 各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumors 关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated, 广泛的in an extensive survey 进行conducte， perform, carry out, 降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous and weaker
SCI 论文写作从摘要到结论的常用模板句式
Abstract 一、在摘要中直接提出论文主题的句型和句式 1、In this paper, we present a … approach to … 本文提出了一种针对…的…方法。 2、In this paper, we describe improved … models for … 本文介绍几种针对…的改进的…模型。 3、We propose a new … model and … algorithm that enables us to … 我们提出一种新的…模型和…算法，它让我们能够… 4、We present a … model that enables … 我们提出了一种…模型，它使我们能够… 5、This paper demonstrates the ability of … to perform robust and accurate … 本文证明了…进行…可靠准确的…的能力。 6、In this paper we report results of a … approach to … 本文报导了…的…方法的实验结果。 7、This paper demonstrates that … can effectively … with very high accuracy. 本文证明，…能够有效地准确地… 8、The purpose/goal/intention/objective/object/emphasis/aim of this paper is … 本文的目的是… 9、The primary/chief/overall/main object of this study is to survey … 本研究的首要目标是考察… 10、The chief aim of this paper/research/study/experiment/the present work is … 本文的主要目标是… 11、 The emphasis of this study lies in … 我们的研究重点是… 12、The work presented in this paper focuses on … 本文所述工作重点放在… 13、Our goal has been to provide …
德语专业四级议
怎样写议论文？ PGG议论文写作的主要命题形式是简单议论文和正反议论文，驳论文也属于PGG的写作范畴。下面分别对这些文体作一些解释： 简单议论文(Einfache Er?rterung)：按照命题指定的观点展开议论，使之（或自己的） 观点得以成立，并具有一定的说服力，我们称此种议论为简单议论。这是一种立论的写作方式。简单议论文的命题方式很容易辨认，如： Warum studiere ich Germanistik? (PGG-Aufgabe 1995) Umweltschutz ist auch eine Aufgabe eines jeden Einzeln.Welche M?glichkeiten sehen Sie für sich selbst,am Umweltschutz mitzuwirken? 正反议论文(Er?rterung in Pro- und Contra)：顾名思义，就是“正方”观点和“反方观点”两者之间的辩论。这是一种典型的德国式议论方式。文章首先呈现一方的论点，论据和论证情况，而后呈现另一方的论点，论据和论证情况。作者并不直接参与任何一方，而只在结尾 部分表达出自己的观点。 驳论文(Antithetische Problemer?rterung)：即通过论证的方式反驳一个论点，以达到确立作者论点的目的。驳论文和正反议论文在语篇结构和论证方式等方面有许多相同之处。因此，驳论文的写作命题与正反议论文类似。如： Sinn und Unsinn des Autofahrens in China.Er?rten Sie Für und Wider zur Anschaffung eines Privatautos.( PGG-Aufgabe 1995) Vor- und Nachteile des Telefons im Studentenzimmer.( PGG-Aufgabe 1998) r Jugendliche? Vorbild oder Starkult fü 从历年PGG考试的情况来看，撰写议论文的学习难点主要集中在审题，语篇特征，论 证方法和语言手段等方面。以下就文章结构和论证方法作一些说明。 议论文的基本结构：德语议论文一般可分为三段：开端，主体部分和结尾。简单议论文的“开端”要表明作者的观点或理由，并为下面的论述作简单的铺垫。“主体部分”要提出若干 论点或理由，并对此进行逐一论述。“结尾”部分用简短的语言归纳议论结果。正反议论文和 驳论文在“开端”部分要提出所争论的问题，并为下面的辩论作简单铺垫。“主体部分”分上下两部分，分别就正反两种观点进行针锋相对的论证。“结尾”部分表达出或进一步强调作者的 观点。 议论文的论证方法：议论文的写作关键是论证部分。为了支持自己的论点，不但要提出论据，而且要有科学的，严谨的论证过程，要符合逻辑，以理服人。一般要求至少提出三个 论据，以提高论证的说服力。若只有一个论据，文章就显得单薄，论述就显得乏力。此外， 还应举例说明，要以事实证明，这样可以使论证生动有力。文章的“结尾”要归纳论述结果， 或进一步强调作者的观点，与文章“开端”形成呼应之势。而且PGG在命题时也往往会对论 证方法作一些相关的提示，以帮助考生正确审题。 简单议论文的论证方式比较简单，只要求在“主体部分”提出若干论据或理由，并逐一展
长期整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语
长期整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语 这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，希望大家也能用得上： 差别 gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance. 存在，出现 occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数 the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法 approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率 Incidence, frequency, prevalence In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs. 发现，阐明，报道，证实 verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation
学术论文常用词汇
学术论文常用词汇 学术论文的语言表达 一、时态 时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把握总体的 规则已在前边讲过需要重申的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃详见学术论文的写作最常见的描述一般现象的时态是一般现在时有时也用一般过去时或一般将来时 需要注意的语法 In recent years 作时间状语时通常要用完成时 In recent years, Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature. 二、数词 数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上 的问题视为语法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可 以下是需要注意的语法 不规则变化的单复数 单数复数 criterion criteria 依据 phenomenon phenomena 现象 medium media 介质 radius radii 半径 index indices 指数 appendix appendices 附录 stimulus stimuli 刺激 basis bases 基础 2 synthesis syntheses 合成 matrix matrices 基体 Novel biomaterials with improved, specific biological action are being developed using polymers that are responsive to environmental stimuli. 一些数有特殊性的名词 data, kinetics 通常作复数名词 research, work: 不可数名词 The data in Table 1 are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures. The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding bulk polymerization. Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelope glycoprotein. Most research on poly(ortho esters) has focused on the synthesis of polymers. 一些结构的数<主谓的统一> one of 复数名词单数
英文文章写作常用开头句式
1) When asked about…, the vast /overwhelming majority of/ most/many/ quite a few people say/ think/ believe/ answer that…, but… 当被问及……时，多数（大多数、许多）人认为（回答）……，但是…… 2)Nowadays, it is commonly/ widely/ generally believed/ thought/ held that…, but I wonder/ doubt that… 如今，人们普遍认为……，但是我怀疑…… 3) When it comes to……, some think/ hold/ believe… 当提及……时，有人认为…… 4) Depending on personal experience, personality type and emotional concern, we find that some people hold the idea of…, whild others prefer… 基于个人经历、个性类型和情感关注的不同，我们发现有人持……的观点，而另外一些人则更喜欢…… 5) It has become apparent to us that… 对我们来说，……已经变得很明显。 6) There is a public/ general debate/ controversy/ discussion today/ nowadays on/ over/ as to the problem/ issue of… 如今，有一场关于……问题的公开的（普遍的）讨论（争论）。 7) With the rapid growth of…, … have/ has become increasingly important in our daily life.https://www.docsj.com/doc/363644170.html, 随着……的快速增长，……在日常生活中已经变得越来越重要。 8) Recently the issue/ problem/ question/ of… ha s been brought into focus/ brought to public attention/ in the limelight/ posed among the general public. 近来，……的问题已经成为人们关注的焦点。 9) N ow there is a growing awareness/ recognition of the necessity to… 如今，人们愈发意识到……的重要性。 10) Nothing/ Few things/ No idea is/ are more/ as foolish/ dangerous/ undesirable/ basic/ essential than/ as… which is widely/ commonly/ generally held by… 普遍认为，没什么能比……更愚蠢（危险、不合时宜、基本、有必要）/没有什么
英语专业本科毕业论文写作规范
四川外国语大学成都学院外语专业本科毕业论文写作规范 本科毕业论文是实现本科培养目标的重要教学环节。毕业论文的写作是对学生综合素质的检验，它既是检测学生综合运用所学的基础理论、专业知识和基本技能进行科学研究、理论思考与实践设计能力的重要手段，也是对他们进行初步的科研训练，掌握基本的科研方法，培养学生观察问题、分析问题和解决问题能力的重要过程。本科毕业论文是学院教学档案的重要组成部分，为了进一步做好本科生毕业论文工作，加强本科毕业论文的规范管理，结合我院实际，特制定本写作规范。 一、毕业论文总要求 本科毕业论文要求学生在掌握本专业的基础理论、专门知识和基本技能的基础上，通过查阅相关资料，有条理、有逻辑地观察问题、分析问题和解决问题。论文要求观点鲜明、论据充分、论证有力、逻辑性强、条理清楚、文字正确通顺、格式规范。同时，论文鼓励学生进行思维与观念上的创新，培养学生的创新能力，鼓励学生发表新见解；论文应该科学合理地利用资料，严禁抄袭或剽窃他人的作品（具体要求见《四川外语学院成都学院本科生毕业论文撰写条例（暂行）》）。 二、毕业论文打印格式 （一）纸型：A4纸型，除封面外，全部双面打印。 （二）页码：页码从正文第二页开始打印（首页不显示），放在页面的底端，采用“页面底端居中”的格式。 （三）字体：用汉语撰写的论文统一采用“宋体”，用英语、法语、俄语、德语、西班牙语撰写的论文采用“时代新罗马（Times New Roman）” 字体，用日语撰写的论文采用“明朝体”。 （四）字号：论文正文的字号用“小四”，章节标题用“四号”加粗。（五）页边距：采用Windows XP默认页边距：上2.54厘米，下2.54厘米，左3.17厘米，右3.17厘米。 （六）装订线：左边1厘米。 （七）行数：每页44行。 （八）页眉页脚：页眉1.5厘米，页脚1.75厘米。 （九）行距：论文全文采用1.5倍行距。 （十）对齐方式：论文正文采用“两端对齐”的方式，标题或副标题采用“居中”的方式。 三、论文组成部分 本科生的毕业论文应该包括以下部分，字数在3000-4000之间： 第一部分：论文封面页（Cover Page） 第二部分：论文题目页（Title Page） 第三部分：论文目录页（Outline Page） 第四部分：论文正文（Body） 第五部分：论文尾注（Endnotes）