英语句子成分划分详解
英语句子成分划分详解
主语：就是一个句子陈述的对象，或是动作的执行者。它回答的是“谁”“什么”的问题。
如：我看书。谁看书？“我”。“我”就是这句子的主语。主语由名词或相当于名词的词充当。（如动词不定式，动名词，代词都可作主语，主语从句）主语（subject）:句子说明的人或事物。
The sun （rises）in the east. （名词）
He likes （dance）. （代词）
Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)
（See） is believing. （动名词）
To see is to believe. （不定式）
What he needs is a book.（主语从句）
is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）
谓语：说明主语是什么，干什么，怎么样。它回答的是主语“干什么，是什么”的问题。如上句中主语“我”干什么？“看书”。“看书”就是谓语。
一个句子，一般都可分成主、谓两大部分（祈使句是省主语）。再细分又可分成谓语（动词）、宾语，表语，补语（包括宾补和主补），定语，状语，同位语等。如第一例中谓语部分可划分成谓语（看）和宾语（书）。谓语部分中心词一定要是一个动词，要么是行为动词，要么是系动词，不同的动词构成不同的句子类型。句子的各种时态、人称和数的变化都在谓语动词上变。谓语（predicate）:说明主语的动作、状态和特征。
We study English.
He is asleep.
宾语：指谓语动词所涉及的对象，由名、代、数，宾语从句等相当于名词的词句充当，但人称代词要用宾格。如：还说上例。谓语动词是“看”，看什么？看“书”，“书”是动词“看”所涉及的对象，是“看”的宾语。需要说明的是：只有及物动词和介词或相当于及物动词和介词的短语才可带宾语。
宾语：1）动作的承受者-----动宾
I like China.（名词） He hates （she）.（代词） How do you need? We need two.（数词）
We should help the old and the poor.
I enjoy （work）with you. （动名词）
I hope to see you again. （不定式）
Did you write down what he said?（宾语从句）
2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾
Are you afraid of the snake?
Under the snow, there are many rocks.
3）双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）
He gave me a book yesterday.
Give the poor man some money.
表语：是和系动词紧密相连的。在陈述句中系动词后面的就是表语，这就是“主系表”
结构。作表语的也是名词性的词，也可以是从句。
表语（predicative）:系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
He is a teacher. （名词）
Seventy-four! You don’t look it.（代词）
Five and five is ten.（数词）
He is （sleep）. （形容词）
His father is in. （副词）
The picture is the wall. (介词短语)
My watch is gone / missing / （lose）. （形容词化的分词）
To wear a flower is to say“I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring.（不定式） The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell （闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）,remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉）...
It sounds a good idea.
The sound sounds strange.
Her voice sounds sweet.
Tom (look) thin.
The food (smell) delicious.
The food tastes good.
The door remains open.
Now I feel tired. 定语：修饰限定名词、代词的词，说明所修饰词的性质、特征等，
如 a tall boy中，tall修饰boy,tall是boy的定语。可作定语的有形容词、名词、副词、定语从句、分词等。不定代词的定语一律后置。定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。
Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）
He is (we) friend.（代词）
We belong to the (three)world. （数词）
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）
The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
The woman a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)
The boys (play)football are in Class 2. （现在分词）
The trees (plant) last year are growing well now.（过去分词）
I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）
You should do everything I do. （定语从句）
状语：修饰动词、副词、形容词甚至整句，说明谓语动作发生的时间、地点、方式、伴随状况、目的等等。如：他在灯下看书。“在灯下”是状语。
补语：补充说明主语或宾语的成份,补充说明主语的叫主语补足语，补充宾语叫宾语补足语。如：他把我逗笑了。He made me laugh.主语：he;谓语：made;宾语：me;宾语：laugh.补语和它补充说明的成份之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，这可以把它和其它成份区分开。如：上句宾语me和宾补laugh之间，laugh的动作是me来做的。这就是一种逻辑上的主谓关系。把这两部分单拿出来可以成一句完整的话，即I laughed,
宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。
We elected him monitor. （名词）
We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here.（名）
We will make them happy.（形容词）
We found nobody in. (副词)
Please make yourself at home.介词短语）
Don’t let him do that.（省to不定式）
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（带to不定式）Don’t keep the lights (burn).（现在分词）
I’ll have my bike (repaire).（过去分词）
主补：对主语的补充。
He was elected monitor.
She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
语法是句子的框架，学语法应该说是学习语言的一个捷径。相对而言，句子的灵魂是词汇，学习是个长期积累过程，词汇积累更是如此。学习也要讲究方法，活学活用，在运用中记忆，不能死记硬背。另外，语言都有些相通的地方，结合母语对照学习也很有效。
I will go there tomorrow.
The meeting will in the meetingroom.(举行)
The meat went bad （由于）the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English （good）.
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.
I like some of you very much.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
He goes to school by bike.
Though he is young, he can do it well.
简单句的五个基本句型
主语＋不及物动词 She came．/ My head aches.
主语＋及物动词＋宾语 She likes English.
主语＋系动词＋主语补语 She is happy．
主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 She gave John a book．She bought a book for me.
主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾语补语She makes her mother angry．The teacher asked me to read the passage.
（There +be There lies a book on the desk. ）
Exercises
分析下列句子成分
1. Our school is not far from my home.
2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you
3. All of us considered him honest.
4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.
5. He broke a piece of glass.
6. He made it clear that he would leave the city．
7. ---I love you more than her，child．
8. Tees turn green when spring comes.
9. They pushed the door open.
10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.
12.All the students think highly of his teaching .
13. We need a place twice larger than this one.
14. He asked us to sing an English song.
15. Don't get nervous，help yourself to what you like．
16.We will make our school more beautiful.
17. He didn't come．That is why he didn't know．
18. She showed us her many of her pictures.
19. The old man lives a lonely life.
20. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.
21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany．
22. There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him．
23. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month. 24. Go back where you came from.
25. We must do whatever the people want us to do.
26. At last he got home, tired and hungry.
27. Would you please pass me the cup?
28 Mary handed her homework to the teacher.
29. Do you know the latest news about him?
30. I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow.
翻译练习：
主谓结构（主语＋不及物动词）
1你应当努力学习。You should ..
2她昨天回家很晚
She home very yesterday evening.
3那天早上我们谈了很多。That morning we a lot deal.
4会议将持续两个小时。The meeting will two hours.
5在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。
Great changes in my home town in the past ten years. 6这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。
Things of that sort are happening every day.
7 1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。
The May Fourth Movement in Beijing in 1919.
8每天八时开始上课。Classes at eight every day.
3我们大家都认为他是诚实的。All of us him honest.
4他们把门推开了。They the door open.
5他们把小偷释放了。They have set the thief .
6我们要使学校变得更美丽。We will our school more beautiful.
7他请我们参加做游戏。He in the game. 8我要你把真相告诉我。I want you me the .
9卫兵命令我们立即离开。The guards ordered us to leave at once.
10明天我要找人来修理机器。
Tomorrow I’ll have someone the machine.
11每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。
Every morning we him read English aloud.
12痛苦使得他叫喊起来。The pain made him cry out.
13我们不会让她在晚上外出的。We won’t let her at night.
14他每个月理一次发。He has his hair cut .
15我要请人把我的录音机修理一下。I’ll get my recorder mended.
16那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了。
The terrible sound made the children .
17她正在听人家讲故事。She is listening to someone telling stories.
18男孩子们都在看士兵们操练。
T he boys were watching the soldiers drilling.
19我从来没看见这个字这样用过。I have never the word used that way before.
20他感到很难跟你交谈。He felt very to talk with you.
21我想乘船去那里更舒服些。I think it to go there by ship. 22我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。
I consider it possible to the problem in another way.
23学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。
The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.
24我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。
I thought it no use talking with that man
There be句型
1今晚没有会。There isn’t going to be a meeting tonight.
2这个村子过去只有一口井。There only a well in the village.
3这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。
There is (are) a teacher of music and a teacher of art in the school.
4客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。
the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.
5天气预报说下午有大风。
The weatherman says there’ll be a strong wind in the afternoon. 6
6灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。
The light is on. There someone in the office.
7战前这儿一直有家电影院的。
There a cinema here before the war.
8恰好那时房里没人。There happened to be nobody in the room.
9从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。
Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.
10公共汽车来了。There comes the bus.
11就只剩下二十八美元了。There remained just twenty-eight dollars.
12在这个山洞前面长着一棵高大的松树。
In front of the cave, there stands(grows) a tall pine tree.
13铃响了。There goes the bell.
14二月份有二十八天。There are twenty-eight days in February
中考链接
一选择题
( )21 .The car ________ and stopped at the red traffic lights.
A. got on
B. got off
C. slowed down
D. picked up
( )22. You can _______ what is happening in the world by the Internet.
A. touch
B. make
C. hear
D. learn
( )23.--_________ you good luck in the new year. -- The same to you.
A. Hope
B. Went
C. Wish
D. Like
( )24.--_________! The traffic is moving fast! -- Thanks, I will.
A. Stop
B. Look out
C. Watch
D. Don't move
( )25.-- DO you still have a headache, Bill? -- No, it's _________. I'm all right now, mum.
A. dropped
B. run
C. left
D. gone
( )26. He's so careless that he always _______ his school things at home.
A. forgets
B. leaves
C. put
D. buys
( )27. -- What a day! It's mining again. We can't go hiking tomorrow.
-- Don' t worry. It won't __________ long.
A. drop
B. rain
C. go
D. last
( )28. No one except Jack and Tom ________ the meeting.
A. are late '
B. were late for
C. was late for
D. is late
( )29.--How much ____this pair of trousers? - Ten dollars _______ enough.
A. are, is
B. is, are
C. are, are
D. is, is
( )30. Every table and every chair _______ made of wood.
A. is
B. are
C. were
D. be
( )31. _______ of the teachers in our school is 118, _________ of them
are women teachers.
A. The number, first fourth
B. The number, one fourth
C. A number, one second
D. A ,number, three quarters
( )32. Fish and chips _______ the most popular take- away food in England.
A. are
B. is
C. were
D. was
( )33. Neither he nor I _________ from Canada, we are from Australia.
A.is
B. are
C. am
D. be
( )34. There __________ some milk and some bananas on the table.
A. is
B. are
C. have
D. has
( )35. Maths _______ my favourite subject.
A. be
B. is
C. am
D. are
二阅读理解
Linda Evans was my best friend—like the sister I never had. We did e verything together: piano lessons, movies, swimming, horseback riding.
When I was 13, my family moved away. Linda and I kept in touch throug h letters, and we saw each other on special time—like my wedding (婚礼) and Linda’s. Soon we were busy with children and moving to new homes, an d we wrote less often. One day a card that I sent came back, stamped “Ad dress (地址) Unknown. ” I had no idea how to find Linda.
Over the years, I missed Linda very much. I wanted to share (分享) ha ppiness of my children and then grandchildren. And I needed to share my s adness when my brother and then mother died. There was an empty place in my heart that only a friend like Linda could fill.
One day I was reading a newspaper when I noticed a photo of a young w oman who looked very much like Linda and whose last name was Wagman — Li nda’s married name. “There must be thousands of Wagmans,” I thought, b ut J still wrote to her.
She called as soon as she got my letter. “Mrs Tobin!” she said exci tedly, “Linda Evans Wagman is my mother. ”
Minutes later I heard a voice that I knew very much, even after 40 ye ars, laughed and cried and caught up on each other’s lives. Now the empt y place in my heart is filled. And there’s on e thing that Linda and I kn ow for sure: We won’t lose each other again!
根据以上短文内容，然后从每题所给的四个选项中选择最佳选项。
1.The writer went to piano lessons with Linda Evans _______.
A. at the age of 13
B. before she got married
C. after they moved to new homes
D. before the writer’s family moved away
2.They didn’t often write to each other because they _______.
A. got married
B. had little time to do so
C. didn’t like writing letters
D. could see each other on special time
3.There was an empty place in the writer’s heart be cause she ______
A. was in trouble
B. didn’t know Linda’s address
C. received the card that she sent
D. didn’t have a friend like Linda to share her happi ness or sadness
4.The writer was happy when she _______.
A. read the newspaper
B. heard Linda’s voice on the phone
C. met a young woman who looked a lot like Linda
D. wrote to the woman whose last name was Wagman
5.They haven’t kept in touch _______.
A. for about 40 years
B. for about 27 years
C. since they got married
D. since the w riter’s family moved away
You may think there is nothing but sand in the desert of the world, but it is not true. In the desert we can 1._______ stones. We can see hills, too. There is a little rain in the 2.________, but it is not 3. ______ for most plants.
The animals are 4. _______ to the desert people in many ways. The desert people eat the meat and drink the milk of the animals. They use their skins to 5. ________ shoes, water bags and even tents(帐篷). They use the camels(骆驼) for 6. _______ things.
The people of the desert have to keep 7. _______ from places to place. They must always look for grass or desert plants for their animals. They usually live in the tents. When there is mo more food for their animals, they take down their tents, put them on the camels and move to 8. _______ place. The desert people are very 9. _______. No man in the desert would ever refuse to help the people in 10._______ and give them food and water.