机械毕业设计英文外文翻译590专用车辆的特点 - 副本

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专用车辆的特点

随着汽车工业和市场的发展，社会对汽车运输的效率和经济性以及各种功能的要求也越来越高，从而使汽车运输工具向专业化发展成为必然规律。从某种意义上说，汽车基本型仅能满足“量”的要求，完成一般的汽车运输，只有专业车辆才能更有效地发挥汽车运输的经济效益和专用功能，从而满足“质”的要求。

汽车运输专用车辆能保持运输货物的物理状态和质量，采用普通型运输，是有些货物在运输过程中可能会发生腐烂变质，在长途运输中，如肉类、蛋类若没有冷冻保鲜专业设备，尤其是在炎热的夏天肯定会变质。如活鱼苗若没有防震、保湿、充氧气等专用功能，在长途运输中会死亡。有些货物在运输过程中容易流式损坏，如水泥、玻璃、谷物、蔬菜等。据我国经委运输研究报告，一些地区的水果、肉、鱼、鲜蛋不能及时外运，造成腐烂变质，年亏损达10亿元之多，而另一些地区却严重脱销。

汽车运输专用车辆能提高运输生产率，降低运输成本，减少劳动消耗、缩短装卸时间、实现最佳经济效益。例如自卸汽车减少了装卸劳动力，液罐运输车自行装卸油液，洒水车具有自动加水、喷洒道路冲洗水沟的功能，混凝土搅拌车具有拌搅水泥石沙和将混凝土运输到建筑工地的功能。普通型汽车是不可能完成这些功能的。

汽车运输专用车辆具有专门的防护设备对于一些易燃、易爆、易腐蚀、有毒等化学物质必须使用专用车辆来运输，普通型汽车是难以胜任这些物质的运输工作。

除公路运输外，对石油勘探、市政工程、环保卫生、消防、机场、医疗、建筑等野需要专用汽车运输。由于专用车辆具有一些普通型汽车不能比拟的功能，近年来，世界各国都大力发展专用汽车，致力于专用车辆的研究，以扩大汽车的使用范围。根据统计资料介绍，美国专用汽车的产量占汽车产量的58%，9t～11.8t 的中性汽车的保有量中，专用汽车占2/3以上。日本专用车辆的保有量占中型货车的50%以上。德国对专用车辆的需求量越来越大，不仅生产有工业、农业、林业、食品、市政等专用车辆，还生产有住宅式汽车、野外生活豪华型专用客车。目前，专用车占整个货车保有量的70%以上。

综上所述，专用车辆是汽车运输发展的产物，与普通汽车相比具有能充分发挥汽车运输效率，降低运输成本、缩短装卸货物时间、减少劳动消耗和货物损失，特别是能保持货物的质量和使用价值，有利于各种类货物运输的优点。

我国专用车辆起步较晚，生产始于60年代初期，是在军用改装汽车哦基础上逐步发展起来的。70年代一些生产专用车辆的厂家根据国民经济的不同需要形成了自己的产品特色，如汉阳特种汽车厂生产半挂车、武汉专用车辆厂生产粉罐式汽车、镇江冷藏汽车厂生产冷藏保温车、兰州专用汽车厂生产厢式汽车、青岛

专用汽车厂生产自卸汽车等等。80年代，专用车辆获得迅速发展，年生产能力达10多万辆。特别国内各大汽车集团公司，如第一汽车集团公司、东风汽车公司、重汽车集团公司等都把专用车辆的开发放到了重要地位，为专用车辆的发展起到了重要作用。从此，专用车辆已从形成行业阶段向逐步成熟阶段迈进。目前，专用车辆已经成为国民经济中不可缺少的交通运输和工程作业的重要装备，专用车辆覆盖面越来越广泛。近几年来一些专用车辆厂家在立足国内市场的基础上，已开始涉足国际市场，尤其是我国中位的专用车辆以其具有的可靠性，性能适中，价格低在第三世界国家中具有竞争能力。综上所述，我国专用车辆有着广阔的发展前景。据发展预测，到2000年国内需要的专用车辆产品基本能生产自给，而且逐步扩大专用车辆的出口量。

根据汽车发展的客观目标以及目前专用车辆的生产现状，在今后一个相当时期内，开发多品种、高技术、提高专用性能、扩大服务领域是专用车辆发展的总趋势。近期内我国专用车辆发展重点主要归纳为以下几方面。

1.高等级公路专用车辆

高等级公路的发展给汽车运输带来广阔的发展前景。为了有效地发挥高等级公路的效益和功能，高等级公路专用车辆的发展主要考虑两个方面。一方面是运输的专用车辆朝着大型化、专用化方向发展，如集装箱运输车、大型厢式汽车、大型罐式汽车、大型冷藏汽车、轿车运输车等。另一方面是高等级公路服务用车

辆。为了保障高等级公路全天畅通无阻，必须配备相应的各种高等级公路管理专用车，如巡逻车、救护车、交通监理车、抢险车等。为了对高等级公路进行养护和维修，要进行路面清扫、洒水、除草、除雪、修补路面、绿化以及交通工程设施的维护和抢修等都需要开发相应的专用车辆。

2．油田用专用车辆

根据国家有关部门的要求，油田用运载工具的开发列入国家重大装备开发研制项目。近期主要为满足新疆沙漠油田各种作业用的专用车辆，如油田固井车、压裂车、修井车、测井车等，将同步开发对目前已有的产品进一步改善提高。

3．机场专用车辆

目前，机场各种用途的专用车辆主要依赖进口。随着我国各主要大、中城市正在兴建现代化机场，急需与相配套的各种机场专用车辆，比如大型飞机加油车、飞机牵引车、电源车、跑道清扫车、升降平台车、货物运输车、旅客运输车。

The characteristics of professional vehicles

With the auto industry and the development of the market and society on the auto transport efficiency and economy as well as various functional requirements are also getting higher and higher, so that the development of specialized car carriers to become essential law. In a certain sense, can only meet the basic vehicle of "quantity" requirements, the completion of the general motor transport, vehicles can only professional play a more effective vehicle for economic and transport functions, thereby satisfying the "quality" requirements.

Motor transport vehicles for the transport of goods to maintain the physical condition and quality, general-use transport, some of the goods during transport corrupts may occur in the long-distance transportation, such as meat, eggs, if not frozen fresh professional equipment, especially in the hot summer will certainly degenerate. If not live fish such as earthquakes, moisture, oxygen filling, and other special features, will be in the long-distance transportation of death. Some of the goods during transport easy-flow damage, such as cement, glass, cereals, vegetables and so on. According to China's Economic Commission, Transport Study report, in some areas of fruits, meat, fish, eggs or timely Sinotrans, causing rot

metamorphism, the loss of as much as 1 billion yuan, and other areas are seriously out of stock.

Motor Transport improve transport vehicles for productivity, and lower transport costs, reduce labor and reduces the turnaround time to achieve best value for money. For example, to reduce the Dump Truck handling labor, their own handling of a tank transporter of oil, with Automatic Sprinkler water, sprinkler irrigation ditch the function of roads, concrete mixers has stirred mixed sand and cement concrete transported to the construction sites will be the function of . Ordinary car it is impossible to accomplish these functions.

Motor Transport specialized vehicles with specialized protective equipment for a number of flammable, explosive, corrosive, toxic chemical substances, such as vehicles to be used for transport, ordinary car it is difficult competence of the transport of these substances. In addition to road transport, oil exploration, municipal engineering, environmental health, fire, airport, medical, construction and other wild need special motor transport. As for vehicles with ordinary cars can not compare to function, in recent years, countries in the world have vigorously develop specialized vehicles, special vehicles to the research, to expand the use of the car. According to statistics, the United States dedicated automotive

vehicle production accounted for 58%, 9 t ~ 11.8t neutral in the total number of motor vehicles, specialized vehicles account for more than 2 / 3. Japan accounted for vehicles MGV retained more than 50 per cent.

Germany to the growing demand for the vehicles, not only are industrial production, agriculture, forestry, food, municipal, and other special vehicles, and domestic car production, and the wild life of luxury private bus. At present, the Special Purpose Vehicle for the entire tenure of the vehicle more than 70 percent

To sum up, and special motor transport vehicles are a product of the development, as compared with ordinary cars can give full play to motor transport efficiency and reduce the cost of transportation, loading and unloading of cargoes to shorten the time and reduce the loss of goods and labor consumption, particularly to maintain the quality of the goods and the value, to the carriage of goods of various types of benefits.

My special vehicles late start, production began in the early 1960s, is in the military based on the modified car Oh gradually develop.

1970s some of the production vehicle manufacturers for the different needs of the national economy in accordance with the formation of its own products, such as automobile production

plants Hanyang special semi-trailer, Wuhan special vehicles plant powder tank cars, automobile plant in Zhenjiang frozen refrigerated and insulated car, Lanzhou Special Purpose Vehicle production plants Van automobiles, automobile plant in Qingdao for the production dump truck, and so on. In the 1980s, there was a rapid development of specialized vehicles, the annual production capacity of over 10 million units. Special major domestic car company, such as the First Automobile Group, Dongfeng Motor Corporation, theFAW Group Corporation, and other heavy vehicles regard for the development has been put on an important position for the development of private vehicles has played an important role. Since then, the formation of special vehicles from the industry to phase gradually into the mature stage. At present, special vehicles have become indispensable to the national economy transport and works of important equipment, special vehicles more extensive coverage. In recent years a number of special vehicles manufacturers based on the domestic market on the basis of already begun to set foot in the international market, especially in China-dedicated vehicles with its reliability, performance, moderate, low price in the third world countries is competitive. To sum up, China's special vehicles have broad prospects for future development. According to forecast, in

2000, the need for vehicles capable of producing basic subsistence products, and gradually expand the volume of exports for vehicles.

According to automobile and the development of objective criteria for the current production status of vehicles in the future a considerable period of time, the development of more varieties, high-tech, special improve performance, and expand service areas for vehicles is the general trend of development. China's development of vehicles for the near future are summarized in the following key areas.

1. Dedicated highway vehicles

Highway to the development of motor transport brought broad prospects for development. In order to effectively play the highway efficiency and performance, high-grade highways vehicles for the development of two major considerations. On the one hand, the transport of special vehicles in the large, dedicated the direction of development, such as vehicles, containers, large vans cars, large tank vehicles, large refrigerated vehicles, such as car transporters. On the other hand highway service vehicles. In order to protect the day uninterrupted highway, must be equipped with the corresponding variety of management for highway vehicles such as cars, ambulances, traffic Commissioner cars, and rescue vehicles. In order to carry out the conservation and highway maintenance, it is

necessary to carry out road cleaning, watering, weeding, snow, road repair, green and traffic engineering facilities maintenance and repair, and so needs to develop the corresponding specialized vehicles.

2. Oilfield with special vehicles

According to the requirements of relevant departments, the development of the means of delivery of oil to major equipment included in the national development research project. To meet the recent major Xinjiang desert oilfield operations by the various special vehicles, such as cars oilfield cementing, fracturing cars, workover rig trucks, logging trucks, will be the simultaneous development of the current product has been further improved improve.

3. vehicles for airport

Currently, the airport uses for the vehicles mainly rely on imports. As China's major big cities in the construction of modern airports, and the urgent need of accessories of all kinds of vehicles for the airport, such as large aircraft refueling vehicles, aircraft towing, power cars, trucks sweeping the runway, take-off and landing platform cars, goods vehicles, passenger vehicles, etc.

冲压模具技术外文翻译(含外文文献)

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机械毕业设计英文外文翻译460数字控制 (2)

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机械专业毕业论文外文翻译

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机械图纸中英文翻译汇总

近几年，我厂和英国、西班牙的几个公司有业务往来，外商传真发来的图纸都是英文标注，平时阅看有一定的困难。下面把我们积累的几点看英文图纸的经验与同行们交流。 1标题栏 英文工程图纸的右下边是标题栏（相当于我们的标题栏和部分技术要求），其中有图纸名称（TILE）、设计者（DRAWN）、审查者（CHECKED）、材料（MATERIAL）、日期（DATE）、比例（SCALE）、热处理（HEAT TREATMENT）和其它一些要求，如： 1)TOLERANCES UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIAL 未注公差。 2)DIMS IN mm UNLESS STATED 如不做特殊要求以毫米为单位。 3)ANGULAR TOLERANCE±1°角度公差±1°。 4)DIMS TOLERANCE±0.1未注尺寸公差±0.1。 5)SURFACE FINISH 3.2 UNLESS STATED未注粗糙度3.2。 2常见尺寸的标注及要求 2.1孔（HOLE）如： （1）毛坯孔：3"DIAO+1CORE 芯子3"0+1; （2）加工孔：1"DIA1"; （3）锪孔：锪孔(注C＇BORE=COUNTER BORE锪底面孔); （4）铰孔：1"/4 DIA REAM铰孔1"/4; （5）螺纹孔的标注一般要表示出螺纹的直径，每英寸牙数（螺矩）、螺纹种类、精度等级、钻深、攻深，方向等。如： 例1.6 HOLES EQUI-SPACED ON 5"DIA (6孔均布在5圆周上（EQUI-SPACED=EQUALLY SPACED均布） DRILL 1"DIATHRO＇ 钻1"通孔（THRO＇=THROUGH通） C/SINK22×6DEEP 沉孔22×6 例2.TAP7"/8-14UNF-3BTHRO＇ 攻统一标准细牙螺纹，每英寸14牙，精度等级3B级 （注UNF=UNIFIED FINE THREAD美国标准细牙螺纹） 1"DRILL 1"/4-20 UNC-3 THD7"/8 DEEP 4HOLES NOT BREAK THRO钻 1"孔，攻1"/4美国粗牙螺纹，每英寸20牙，攻深7"/8,4孔不准钻通（UNC=UCIFIED COARSE THREAD 美国标准粗牙螺纹）

机械毕业设计外文翻译---装载机发展概况

外文资料翻译 学生姓名： 专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化04级2班指导教师： 2008年6月

装载机发展概况 Abstract This paper have discussed s.s. ZL-50 type fork-lift truck mainly overall fictitious prototype design as well as some kinds of typical schoolwork operating modes imitate and emulate , include equipment and the overall parts needed build mould. In this design course, have applied ADAMS software and the software of PRO/ENGINEER. ADAMS software is used in the emulation of some kinds of schoolwork operating modes, and the software of PRO/ENGINEER is used to build mould mainly. Through the simulated emulation for some kinds of overall schoolwork operating modes, can see relatively distinctly the overall possible condition in actual schoolwork course that met , can in time modify , have reduced actual design time , have raised production efficiency. The innovation of this design Zhi is in in, imitate and have emulated fork-lift truck the 3 kinds of typical schoolwork operating mode in actual schoolwork, is effect again have imitated in actual schoolwork the hydraulic impact of use, so when being helpful to solve actual loading, the actual problem of meeting the stock that is hard to uninstall can so raise production efficiency. Key words: Fork-lift truck 、fictitious prototype , build mould, emulation, optimization、production efficiency Loader Development China's modern 20 wheel loaders began in the mid-1960s of the Z435. The aircraft as a whole rack, rear axle steering. After years of hard work, the attraction was the world's most advanced technology wheel loader on the basis of the successful development of the power of 162 KW of shovel-fit wheel loaders, stereotypes for Z450 (later ZL50), and in 1971 December 18, formally appraised by experts. Thus the birth of China's first articulated wheel loader, thus creating our industry loader formation and development history. Z450-type loader with hydraulic mechanical transmission, power shift, Shuangqiaoshan drive, hydraulic manipulation, articulated power steering, gas oil Afterburner brake wheel loaders, and other modern, the basic structure of the world's advanced level for the time . Basically represent the first generation of wheeled loading the basic structure. The aircraft in the overall performance of dynamic, and insertion force a rise of power and flexibility, manipulation of light, the higher operating efficiency of a series of advantages. 1978, Heavenly Creations by the Department in accordance with the requirements of machinery, worked out to LIUGONG Z450-based type of wheel loaders series of standards. The development of standards, with reservations Z