2021年贵州大学807英美文学与语言学考研精品资料之胡壮麟《语言学教程》考研核心题库之名词解释

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1．Broad and narrow transcription

【答案】the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; while, the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.

2．semantic component

【答案】a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values, e.g. <+human>

3．Phonetics

【答案】The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.

4．ethnic dialect

【答案】Within a society, speech variation may come about because of different ethnic backgrounds . An ethnic language variety is a so-cial dialect of a language, often cutting across regional differences. An eth-nic dialect is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experi-enced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimina-tion or segregation.

5．direct thought

【答案】categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech..

6．Reference

【答案】It is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.

7．Affix

【答案】Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.

8．relational opposites

【答案】converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles, kinship relations, and temporal and spatial relations. There are always two entities involved. One presupposes the other. The shorter, better; words .etc are instances of relational opposites.

9．semantic shift

【答案】Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related, meaning.

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10．computer linguistics

【答案】a branch of applied linguistics, dealing with computer processing of human language.

11．schemata in text

【答案】packets of stored knowledge in language processing.

12．linguistic determinism

【答案】one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, i.e. language determines thought.

13．sense

【答案】the literal meaning of a word or an expression, independent of situational context.

14．Suprasegmental feature

【答案】The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone. 15．constraints on Horn scales

【答案】the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to.

16．diachronic

【答案】study of a language is carried through the course of its history.

17．Suffix

【答案】Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.

18．Call

【答案】computer-assisted language learning(call),refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.

19．Competence

【答案】Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language,

20．Duality

【答案】The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.

21．taboo

【答案】taboo, or rather linguistic taboo, denotes any pro-hibition by the polite society on the use

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