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《曹刿论战》原文、译文对照翻译及相关问题

《曹刿论战》原文、译文对照翻译及相关问题
《曹刿论战》原文、译文对照翻译及相关问题

《曹刿论战》

(1)十年春,齐师伐我。公将战。曹刿请见。

鲁庄公十年的春天,齐国的军队攻打我们鲁国。鲁庄公将要迎战。曹刿请求庄公接见。(2)其乡人曰:“肉食者谋之,又何间焉?”

其:肉食者:谋:之:间:焉:

他的同乡说:“吃肉的大官们谋划这件事,你又何必参与呢?”。

(3)刿曰:“肉食者鄙,未能远谋。”乃入见。

鄙:乃:

曹刿说:“吃肉的大官们目光短浅,不能深谋远虑。”就进宫去见庄公。

(4)问:“何以战?”

以:

曹刿问庄公:“您凭什么条件(跟齐国)作战?”。

(5)公曰:“衣食所安,弗敢专也,必以分人。”

安:专:以:

庄公说:“衣食这类养生的东西,不敢独自享受,一定把它分给别人。”

(6)对曰:“小惠未徧,民弗从也。”

徧,:从:

曹刿回答说:“小恩小惠不能遍及百姓,老百姓是不会跟从您的。”

(7)公曰:“牺牲玉帛(bó),弗敢加也,必以信。”

牺牲:加:以:信:

鲁庄公说:“祭祀用的牲畜、玉帛,从来不敢虚报数量,一定对神诚信。”

(8)对曰:“小信未孚(fú),神弗福也。”

孚:福:

曹刿回答说:“这只是小信用,未能(受到神的充分)信任,神是不会保佑您的。”(9)公曰:“小大之狱,虽不能察,必以情。”

狱:虽:以:情:

庄公说:“大大小小的案件,我虽然不能一一了解清楚,也一定根据实情来处理。”(10)对曰:“忠之属也,可以一战。战则请从。”

忠:属:可以:

曹刿回答说:“这是尽了本职的一类事情。可以凭这个条件打一仗。如果作战,就请允许我跟随您去。”

(11)公与之乘,战于长勺(sháo)。

之:于:

鲁庄公和他同乘一辆战车,在长勺和齐军作战。

鼓:之:

庄公要击鼓进攻。曹刿说:“不可以。”

(13)齐人三鼓。刿曰:“可矣。"

三鼓:

齐军三次击鼓进攻。曹刿说:“可以擂鼓进攻了。”

(14)齐师败绩。公将驰之。刿曰:“未可。”

败绩:驰:之:

其:而:之:遂:逐:

他下车看了看齐军战车的车轮留下的痕迹。又登上车前横木眺望齐军的败退的情况,说:“可以追击了。”于是就追击齐军。

(16)既克,公问其故。

既:克:其:故:

打了胜仗以后,鲁庄公询问那样做的原因。

(17)对曰:“夫(fú)战,勇气也。

曹刿回答说:“打仗,是靠勇气的。

(18)一鼓作气,再而衰,三而竭;彼竭我盈,故克之。

鼓:作:再:而:

竭:盈:故:克:

齐军第一次击鼓时,他们的士兵鼓足了勇气;第二次(击鼓进攻,士兵的勇气)就减弱了;第三次(击鼓进攻,士兵的勇气)就消耗尽了。他们的士气已尽,我们的士气正旺盛,所以能战胜他们。

(19)夫大国,难测也,惧有伏焉。

测:伏:焉:

(像齐国这样的)大国,(它的军事行动)是很难推测的,我恐怕在那里有埋伏。

(20)吾视其辙乱,望其旗靡(mǐ),故逐之。”

靡:故:之:

我看到他们的战车的轮迹很乱,远望到他们的军旗也倒下了,所以下令追逐他们。”

《曹刿论战》问答题

1、“十年春,齐师伐我。”交代了哪些内容?

答:交代战争发生的时间,并交代了交战双方,即进攻者齐国,防御者鲁国。

2、曹刿能冲破阻碍进谏,说明他具有,何种品质?

答:他有强烈的责任感和爱国精神。

3、庄公的两次答话能看出他具有怎样的特点?为什么?

答:两次答话看出鲁庄公具有“鄙”的特点。因为它把战争取胜的希望寄托在对左右侍臣施加小恩小惠上和不存在的神灵身上,百姓不会服从。

4、曹刿在与鲁庄公的对话中表明了什么观点?用自己的话概括

答:取信于民是战争胜利的先决条件。

5、“将鼓“、”将驰“表现了鲁庄公怎样的特点?

答:表现鲁庄公急躁冒进的特点。

6、本文主要通过语言和行动描写塑造了曹刿的形象,请你谈一谈你的认识。

答:曹刿是一位有远谋的军事家。他热爱自己的国家,关系国家大事,有责任心,敢于进谏;面临强敌,从容镇定,有政治远见和卓越的军事才能。

7、鲁庄公是一位昏君么?谈一谈你的看法。

答:鲁庄公是一位平庸的国君,但他和昏庸的国君不同。他把战争胜利的希望寄托在施行小恩小惠上和求神灵保佑上,可见他政治上无能;战争中他急于求战,急躁冒进,战胜后又不知原因,可见他军事上的无知。但他在战前能够在曹刿的启发下终有所悟,能够听进意见;作战中能够听从曹刿的指挥,战后能虚心询问战胜的原因。由此可见,他和一般昏庸的君主是不同的。

8、文中哪些地方表现了曹刿的“远谋”?

答:战争前,曹刿预见到“肉食者鄙,未能远谋”;在与庄公会面时,曹刿分析了庄公的三次答话,两次否定,一次赞许,纵观曹刿所言,皆着眼于民,这是他在政治上的远谋;在作战的过程中,他不急于进攻和追击,表现了他在战略上的远谋。

9、判断“击鼓进军”和“下令追击”的时机充分体现了曹刿的什么军事思想?由此可以看出曹刿是一个怎样的人?

答:作战时,细心观察敌情,正确分析判断,恰当把握有利战机的军事思想。可以由此看出曹刿是一个细心观察,从容镇定,善于把握战机的具有卓越军事才华的人。

10、本文揭示了一个什么道理?

答:只有取信于民,运用正确的战略战术,并掌握有利战机才能取得战争的胜利。

11、用自己的话说说,曹刿为什么在“齐人三鼓”后才让鲁庄公击鼓进军?又为什么“下视其辙,登轼而望之”后才让庄公下令追击?

答:打仗靠的是勇气,第一次击鼓振作士气,第二次士气减弱,第三次士气就枯竭了。敌军的士气已经耗尽而我方的士气正旺盛,所以在此时进军是最佳时机。齐国这样的大国,是很难预测的,害怕她们有埋伏。但曹刿看到他们的战车轮迹混乱,战旗也倒下了,这是溃败逃窜时才有的情况,所以在此时下令追击齐军。12、从全文来看,鲁庄公的“鄙”表现在哪里?

答:(1)政治上不懂得取信于民是战争取胜的关键(战前)

(2)战争进行中表现出来的冒进和鲁莽(战中)

(3)已经打了胜仗还不知道原因是什么(战后)

13、鲁国战胜齐国的根本原因是什么?

答:(1)政治上取信于民,得到老百姓的支持。君民团结,抗击侵略。

(2)军事上后发制人,运用正确的战略战术,在作战时做到抓住战机,知己知彼。

此外,鲁庄公任用贤能,虚心纳谏,也是战争取胜的保证。

15、鲁庄公是一个什么样的人?

答:目光短浅、尽职尽责、虚心纳谏、尊才重贤的人。

16、从文中两次“刿曰:‘未可。’”,可以看出曹刿是一个怎样的人?

答:善于把握战机,小心谨慎,深谋远虑的人。

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《曹刿论战》译文及赏析

《曹刿论战》译文及赏析 导读:【原文】 (1)十年春,齐师伐我(2)。公(3)将战。曹刿(读音gu&igra 一ve;)请见(4)。其乡人曰:“肉食者谋之,又何间(读音ji&agra 一ve;n)(5)焉?”刿曰:“肉食者鄙,未能远谋。”乃(6)入见。问:“何以战(7)?”公曰:“衣食所安(8),弗敢专也(9),必以分人。”对曰:“小惠未遍(11),民弗从也。”公曰:“牺牲玉帛(读音bó),弗敢加也,必以信(12)。”对曰:“小信未孚(读音fú)(13),神弗福也(14)。”公曰:“小大之狱,虽不能察,必以情(15)。”对曰:“忠之属也。可以一战。战则请从。” 公与之乘。战于长勺(16)。公将鼓之(17)。刿曰:“未可。”齐人三鼓。刿曰:“可矣。”齐师败绩。公将驰之(18)。刿曰:“未可。”下视其辙(19);登轼(读音sh&igra一ve;,车前扶手的横木,全车最高处)而望之(20),曰:“可矣。”遂逐齐师。 既克(21),公问其故。对曰:“夫战,勇气也。一鼓作气,再而衰,三而竭。彼竭我盈(22),故克之。夫大国,难测也,惧有伏焉。吾视其辙(读音 zhé)乱,望其旗一靡一(读音mǐ)(23),故逐之。” 【注释】 (1)十年:鲁庄公十年(公元前684年)。 (2)齐师:齐国的军队。齐,在今山东省中部。我,指鲁国。鲁,在今山东西南部。《左传》传为鲁国史官而作,故称鲁国为“我”。

(3)公:鲁庄公。 (4)曹刿(gu&igra一ve;):鲁国人。 (5)肉食者:吃肉的人。这里指居高位、享厚禄的人。 (6)间(ji&agra一ve;n):参与。 (7)鄙 :鄙陋,指目光短浅 (8)乃:于是,就。 (9)何以战:即“以何战”,凭什么作战。以:凭. (10)衣食所安:衣服食物这类养生的东西。 (11)专:个人专有。 (12)遍:遍及,普遍。 (13)牺牲玉帛(bó):古代祭祀用的祭品。牺牲,指猪、牛、羊等。玉帛,玉石、丝织品。 (14)孚(fú):为人所信服。 (15)福:作动词,赐福,保佑。 (16)狱:案件。 (17)长勺:鲁国地名,在今山东曲阜县北。 (18)鼓:作动词,击鼓进军。 (19)驰:驱车(追赶)。 (20)辙(zhé):车轮滚过地面留下的痕迹。 (21)轼:古代车厢前边的横木,供乘车人扶手用。 (22)既克:已经打了胜仗。

土木外文翻译原文和译文

A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated,the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds,which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design,construction and

高二文言文《陈情表》原文及译文

高二文言文《陈情表》原文及译文 【一】 《陈情表》原文: 臣密言:“臣以险衅,夙遭闵凶。生孩六月,慈父见背;行年四岁,舅夺母志。祖母刘,愍臣孤弱,躬亲抚养。臣少多疾病。九岁不行。零丁孤苦,至于成立。既无叔伯,终鲜兄弟。门衰祚薄,晚有儿息。外无期功强近之亲,内无应门五尺之童。茕茕孑立,形影相吊。而刘夙婴疾病,常在床蓐;臣待汤药,未尝废离。 逮奉圣朝,沐浴清化。前太守臣逵,察臣孝廉;后刺史臣荣,举臣秀才。臣以供养无主,辞不赴命。诏书特下,拜臣郎中。寻蒙国恩,除臣*。猥以微贱,当待东宫,非臣陨首所能上报。臣具以表闻,辞不就职。诏书切峻,责臣逋慢。郡县逼迫,催臣上道。州司临门,急于星火。臣欲奉诏奔驰,则以刘病日笃;欲苟顺私情,则告诉不许。臣之进退,实为狼狈。 伏惟圣朝,以孝治天下。凡在故老,犹蒙矜育;况臣孤苦,特为尤甚。且臣少事伪朝,历职郎署,本图宦达,不矜名节。今臣亡国贱俘,至微至陋。过蒙拔擢,宠命优渥,岂敢盘桓,有所希冀?但以刘日薄西山,气息奄奄,人命危浅,朝不虑夕。臣无祖母,无以至今日?祖母无臣,无以终余年。母孙二人,更相为命。是以区区不能废远。 臣密今年四十有四,祖母刘今年九十有六;是以臣尽节于陛下之日长,报刘之日短也。乌鸟私情,愿乞终养!臣之辛苦,非独蜀之人士,及二州牧伯,所见明知;皇天后土,实所共鉴。愿陛下矜愍愚诚,听臣微志。庶刘侥幸,卒保余年。臣生当陨首,死当结草。臣不胜犬马怖惧之情,谨拜表以闻!” 《陈情表》译文: 臣李密言:臣子因命运不好,小时候就遭遇到了不幸,刚出生六个月,我慈爱的父亲就不幸去世了。经过了四年,舅舅又逼迫母亲改了嫁。我的奶奶刘氏,怜悯我从小丧父又多病消瘦,便亲自对我加以抚养。臣子小的时候经常有病,九岁时还不会走路。孤独无*,一直到成家立业。既没有叔叔伯伯,也没有哥哥弟弟,门庭衰微福气少,直到很晚才有了儿子。在外面没有比较亲近的亲戚,在家里又没有照管门户的僮仆。孤孤单单地自己生活,每天只有自己的身体和影子相互安慰。而刘氏很早就疾病缠身,常年卧床不起,我侍奉她吃饭喝药,从来就没有离开过她。

毕业设计外文翻译原文.

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

《曹刿论战》原文、译文对照翻译及相关问题

《曹刿论战》 (1)十年春,齐师伐我。公将战。曹刿请见。 鲁庄公十年的春天,齐国的军队攻打我们鲁国。鲁庄公将要迎战。曹刿请求庄公接见。(2)其乡人曰:“肉食者谋之,又何间焉?” 其:肉食者:谋:之:间:焉: 他的同乡说:“吃肉的大官们谋划这件事,你又何必参与呢?”。 (3)刿曰:“肉食者鄙,未能远谋。”乃入见。 鄙:乃: 曹刿说:“吃肉的大官们目光短浅,不能深谋远虑。”就进宫去见庄公。 (4)问:“何以战?” 以: 曹刿问庄公:“您凭什么条件(跟齐国)作战?”。 (5)公曰:“衣食所安,弗敢专也,必以分人。” 安:专:以: 庄公说:“衣食这类养生的东西,不敢独自享受,一定把它分给别人。” (6)对曰:“小惠未徧,民弗从也。” 徧,:从: 曹刿回答说:“小恩小惠不能遍及百姓,老百姓是不会跟从您的。” (7)公曰:“牺牲玉帛(bó),弗敢加也,必以信。” 牺牲:加:以:信: 鲁庄公说:“祭祀用的牲畜、玉帛,从来不敢虚报数量,一定对神诚信。” (8)对曰:“小信未孚(fú),神弗福也。” 孚:福: 曹刿回答说:“这只是小信用,未能(受到神的充分)信任,神是不会保佑您的。”(9)公曰:“小大之狱,虽不能察,必以情。” 狱:虽:以:情: 庄公说:“大大小小的案件,我虽然不能一一了解清楚,也一定根据实情来处理。”(10)对曰:“忠之属也,可以一战。战则请从。” 忠:属:可以: 曹刿回答说:“这是尽了本职的一类事情。可以凭这个条件打一仗。如果作战,就请允许我跟随您去。” (11)公与之乘,战于长勺(sháo)。

之:于: 鲁庄公和他同乘一辆战车,在长勺和齐军作战。 鼓:之: 庄公要击鼓进攻。曹刿说:“不可以。” (13)齐人三鼓。刿曰:“可矣。" 三鼓: 齐军三次击鼓进攻。曹刿说:“可以擂鼓进攻了。” (14)齐师败绩。公将驰之。刿曰:“未可。” 败绩:驰:之: 其:而:之:遂:逐: 他下车看了看齐军战车的车轮留下的痕迹。又登上车前横木眺望齐军的败退的情况,说:“可以追击了。”于是就追击齐军。 (16)既克,公问其故。 既:克:其:故: 打了胜仗以后,鲁庄公询问那样做的原因。 (17)对曰:“夫(fú)战,勇气也。 曹刿回答说:“打仗,是靠勇气的。 (18)一鼓作气,再而衰,三而竭;彼竭我盈,故克之。 鼓:作:再:而: 竭:盈:故:克: 齐军第一次击鼓时,他们的士兵鼓足了勇气;第二次(击鼓进攻,士兵的勇气)就减弱了;第三次(击鼓进攻,士兵的勇气)就消耗尽了。他们的士气已尽,我们的士气正旺盛,所以能战胜他们。 (19)夫大国,难测也,惧有伏焉。 测:伏:焉: (像齐国这样的)大国,(它的军事行动)是很难推测的,我恐怕在那里有埋伏。 (20)吾视其辙乱,望其旗靡(mǐ),故逐之。” 靡:故:之: 我看到他们的战车的轮迹很乱,远望到他们的军旗也倒下了,所以下令追逐他们。”

【最新推荐】应急法律外文文献翻译原文+译文

文献出处:Thronson P. Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime [J]. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2013, 46(2). 原文 TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE REFORM OF AMERICA’S EMERGENCY LAW REGIME Patrick A. Thronson Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation’s communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President—such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus—that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order.

英文翻译与英文原文.陈--

翻译文献:INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL (对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告) 文献作者:Peter Dransfield, 出处:Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数:p139—144 英文译文: 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究,从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统,分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论,如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下: s1-流源,即调速阀出口流量; S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数: I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容; C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度; R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻, R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力; I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容: R5, R7-管路的等效液阻; V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积; P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载, V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型,滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。

曹刿论战解释与翻译

曹刿论战《左传》(教师版) 《曹刿论战》出自《左传·庄公十年》(原名《左氏春秋传》),又称《春秋左氏传》,或者称《左氏春秋》,是我国现存第一部叙事详细的编年体史书。旧时相传是春秋时期左丘明所作,近人认为是战国时人所编,是一部史学名著和文学名著。本文所写的是齐鳍(国家)长勺之战。

1.背景资料

“曹刿论战”意思是曹刿论述作战的道理,表明文章的重点不在记叙战斗情况,而在记叙曹刿“论”战略、战术。本文所写的战争是齐鲁之间的一次战争,因战场在长勺,故又称“长勺之战”。题目概括了文章的主要内容

5.古今异义词 ①齐师伐.我:古:攻打、讨伐今:砍伐 ②又何间.焉:古:参与今:隔开,不连续 ③牺牲 ..玉帛:古:指猪、牛、羊等今:为了正义的目的舍弃自己的生命 ④肉食者鄙.:古:鄙陋,这里指目光短浅今:卑鄙 ⑤弗敢加.也:古:虚报今:增加 ⑥小大之狱.:古:案件今:监禁罪犯的地方 ⑦虽.不能察:古:即使今:虽然 ⑧再.而衰:古:第二次今:又一次 ⑨忠.之属也:古:尽力做好分内的事今:忠诚 6.词性活用 ①神弗福.也:名词用为动词赐福、保佑 ②公将鼓.之:名词用为动词击鼓进军 7.通假字 小惠未徧.:通“遍”,遍及、普遍 8.一词多义

曹刿请见请求战则请从跟随 请从 战则请从请允许民弗从也听从、服从 公问其故原因、缘故何以战凭、靠 故以 故逐之故克之所以必以分人把 肉食者谋之代指这件事 之小大之狱的 公与之乘代指曹刿 9.特殊句式 ①判断句:夫战,勇气也。作战(是靠)勇气的。 ②省略句:再而衰第二次(击鼓进军士气)衰弱了。 ③倒装句:何以战(以何战)凭借什么作战? 10.板书 一论:战前准备 求信于臣民弗从取信于民是作战(政治) 求信于神神弗福胜利的前提条件 求信于民可以一战政治上深谋远虑 二论:战中指挥军事上有卓越的指挥才能鼓未可—齐人三鼓善于把握时机(指挥) 驰未可—下视登望 三论:取胜原因彼竭我盈,故克之(军事) 辙乱旗靡,故逐之

外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.docsj.com/doc/0f11431410.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

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