(完整版)城市规划文献翻译毕业设计论文

二○xx 届毕业设计

外文文献翻译

学院：建筑学院

专业：城乡规划

姓名：xxx

学号：xxxxxxxxx 指导教师：xx

完成时间：20xx年x月

绿地，城市持续发展最重要的指标：城市规划效

用研究

Francisco Gómez；José Jabaloyes；Luis Montero；

Vicente De Vicente；and Manuel Valcuende

摘要：本篇文章总结了在西班牙城市巴伦西亚开展的一次非常广泛的研究，即绿地在城市舒适度中起到的作用。之前，已经研究出了组成城市环境的环境参数。根据这些值，一系列的舒适指数被分析并被证实，这些指数证明了之前作出的决定中的最佳的行为。同样被研究的还有绿地在公共城市空间中的作用：对太阳辐射的保留度和污染滞留容量。根据绿地的总量，这在公式上达到了舒适指数的极限值，即通过统计相关性，测定出城市达到理论上的舒适所需的绿地的表面积。本篇文章对城市量度的公式进行了更宽泛的分析，通过对空间和环境以更广泛的视角和更丰富的多样性的研究。这三个舒适指数已经被巴伦西亚以最佳的运作状态表现出来了，即达到了统计学上的最确定性。这篇文章最后研究了早前在巴伦西亚进行的绿色规划实验。最终结果考虑到巴伦西亚的学术权威提出的保护许尔塔的建议，正是这个天然商品花园开始了巴伦西亚的形成，接着形成了欧洲地区的战略哲学和欧洲景观风俗。

DOI: 10.1061(ASCE)UP... ? 2011 美国土木工程师协会

关键词：城市规划，植物，树木，应用研究，可持续规划

引言：全球人口城市化速度的增长在最近几年值得注意，这一现象的发生根本上是由于城市为居民提供了更优的基本生活条件，极大地增加了他们的自由度。现实情况是，城市地区表现出越来越多的

矛盾、不健康、难管理，其中最主要的是巨大的压力在环境方面。因此，在城市首先思考环境问题并将它从根本上的处理和解决掉才是合乎情理的。

最近几年，数以千计的人们每当周末便涌向城市周边，探索还未被发现的动物栖息地和自然空间。这在根本上是因为现代文明，尤其是在西方社会，对“基本生活条件”进行了清楚的定义，涉及到的基本生活条件是幸福的一项复杂的参数，根据世界卫生组织的建议，这一可靠结果有着和健康同等的定义：“不仅仅是没有疾病和病痛，而且要在身体、心理和社交方面都是幸福的。”

一些初始的例子是从城市环境中的基本生活条件这一课题产生出来的，包括Dobris评估，它将一系列来自欧洲城市的环境指标看作一个实验组；可持续的西雅图报告，一个志愿者网络和市民论坛致力于所在区域长期的环境健康与生命力；奥尔堡宪章，一项关于推进接下来的可持续发展的政治承诺；里斯本行动规划，一项实施承诺，同时推进了为实现奥尔堡宪章而指定的可持续指标的应用；还有一个欧盟城市可持续发展的干预机构，其最为瞩目的重要性在于，对评价城市表现的比较性指标的应用，和监测这些指标增长的勘测方法的需要。从2000年开始，关于欧洲可持续水平的监测倡议已经被发展成为一项自下向上的策略的运用，它由城市环境专家团和遍及欧洲的地方当局密切磋商而成。

简而言之，回到一个全面的立场，一些如今重要的研究员——麦克哈格，霍夫，里格斯特，斯坦纳，恰林基，和吉拉德特——明确地意识到最初的课题表明可持续性是环境和景观限制的证据，尤其是在城市，同时意识到城市不能孤立地存在，城市地域这一概念是真实存在的。

本文的第二部分内容介绍了更广泛方面的研究，绿地在西班牙巴伦西亚城市规划的扮演了一个怎样的角色。第一部分已经于之前发表过了，第二部分认可了其更具统计学上准确性的结论，即先前关于绿地在城市中的数量有多少是必要的以及被认为是舒适的。这可以精准的构架出三个舒适指数，并在对巴伦西亚的研究中使用。

城市中植物的角色

城市的绿色基础设施是唯一一个作用于某一特定需求的基础设施，它使不同人类团体共存、聚集、社会化。他履行了一个重要社会职能，它也使得个人完整度的再肯定变得有趣，因为它有助于保持与过去的联系（历史上的园林，特殊地区的绿色伴随物），这使得对人们的定位不仅仅在人文层面，也在自然层面，作为生物方面的自然演替（季节、温度和白昼时间的改变）与这个生命空间相互联系的结果。

总的来看，城市中绿色空间的体系和规划不仅与城市小气候系统相互作用着，还在城市居民的心理环境方面起重要作用，比如城市环境、舒适度和基本生活条件。

一个城市中的植物不仅有着装饰作用，还对环境侵蚀起着调节作用：保留大气中的水分，对土壤水分蒸发损失量有很大贡献，滤除污染，在城市环境中空气、热、水分的转换上扮演了一个杰出的调节剂。城市居民也有亲近自然的心理需求，因为自然众所周知的治疗作用：在压力、疲劳和世界卫生组织及其他作者所指出的其他方面有着减缓降低的作用。城市植物格外有益是因为它在炎热气候中提高城市的舒适度并缓解热岛效应。

绿地在城市中起极其重要作用的一个证明是，欧盟与世界气象组织增加了人均绿地面积指标并鼓励城市绿地规划的发展。

城市的热舒适

从古代起，研究者们便将气候条件与人类的安康和幸福联系在一起。纵观历史，不同的观点和理论虽然在这些结果上没有成就，却或多或少的阐述了一些假设，试图对不同文化的演变过程进行解释或是对其发展历程进行论证。

虽然如此，二十世纪期间，系统性的研究仍着手于人、城市和气候之间的关系。地理学家马克思·索雷应该是第一个、也是为气候舒适度研究最多的人，他对此抱以极大的兴趣，并第一个将城市微气候与人工的改造相联系。此外，在美国，来自加州大学地理系的地理学家们通过使用一种类似于奥格亚生物气候图表的图形应用程序建立了舒适指数，该图表的作者是来自普林斯顿大学建筑学院的一位教授。他同时指出，我们应当在很大程度上对城市生态学的研究给予格外的关注，因为在伯克利，一个重要的团体在研究气候与城市舒适度上使用了许多不同的方法。

关于生物气候舒适度的新研究仍使用着由摩根和巴斯凯特提出的两种基本方法：分析和理性的方法，它基于人类的能量平衡；合成或实验的方法，它基于不同气象变量的协作。凭经验得出的指数忽略了人类的生理机能、活动、服装及其他个人数据（身高、体重、年龄、性别）所起的决定性作用。理性指数在最近倾向于通过发展计算机辅助技术，并将结果取决于人类的能量平衡。

现如今，理性指数越来越多的成绩到城市规划利害关系中，其工作重点也在一次全球范围的塞维利亚世界展期间被提出；都市领域与开放空间的再发现计划，出于特殊的利益考量而被欧盟所提出；还有拥有巨大影响力的雷曼模型，它由来自弗里堡大学的气象学家基于德国工程师协会指导方针3787而设计，该指导方针由德

国工程师协会和来自索诺拉大学的工作组基于布朗和吉莱斯皮的著作所发表。

国际生物气象学协会已对该项研究作出了决定性贡献，包括其出版物和创建一个全球热气候指数研究的特别委员会。

最近，经过研究已有证据表明，心理因素在个人舒适的阐释上起着重要的作用，特别是在开放的城市空间，因为考虑到这些户外领域的设计是很重要的。基于对身处此空间的居民的调查，证实了这些凭经验得出的指数的结果。

舒适与绿色的区域

这是一个目前在全球范围内已很少研究的领域：绿地和舒适性之间的关系。

在这两部作品中的第一部，只是对瓦伦西亚和俄亥俄州代顿的城市进行简单的比较分析，在绿地与城市环境的关系的表现。只有绿地与被占用空间中的实际温度的联系是确定的，建立于下面的公式：

平均年气温 T（°C）= -2.64486 × log绿地率+10.75701。

在第二部作品中，金教授通过一项在整个首尔市具有强烈影响的研究，确定了第一次中舒适度与绿地之间的关系。这一科技著作使用了气候资料，分析热岛的存在，并通过不安指数（DI）的方法将绿地与舒适度相联系。虽然绿地与气象参数的相互作用可以加以分析，但得到的结果只具有较低的统计显著性（R2 =0.35224）。这是因为在研究中采取得采样点数量较少。尽管如此，作者认为这类研究对城市规划还是很重要的，虽然他指出，研究应该对每个城市进行，不同气候的城市的结果可能有很大差别。

本文中提到的工作开始于几年前，而一部分得到的结果已经

公布。在此情况下，舒适指数可以根据城市中每个地区的绿地和每个城市最适用的植物类型所计算出：辐射滞留，污染滞留，以及其他。

本研究已经从统计学和地理上在城市巴伦西亚展开，从而使一个清晰的路径和解决方案有效地为城市规划负责。

在巴伦西亚是绿色规划起草的过程中，展开了以下的积极合作，这项研究的成果已经被着手实施：绿地的区划和规划，也就是观察那些应该在各地区实施，作为研究的辅助条件的绿地的数量和质量，使他们正确地被市民使用。

方法论

在这项工作中，气象变量在作为研究对象的城市地区被采样，并被应用到众多的舒适指数中。用间隔取值的方差分析对各项指数进行最小显著差的统计分析。这得出了最显著成果的指标，按照城市先前的生物气候特征，列于表1。

在表1中，T

D =干球温度（℃）； T

W

=湿球温度（℃）； T

G

=

截止温度（℃）；V=风速（m s）

表1 研究中使用的舒适指数

采样的瓦伦西亚市的气象分析的区域是八个最重要的地区（图

1）。

在这项研究中，在瓦伦西亚市的八个地区以这样的方式被选择，即所有的城市和环境特性是具有代表性的：两个人口最稠密的地区（Eixample和Pla Del Real），两个与城市及其环境具有特殊性的边远地区（Campanar和Quatre Carreres），三个处于城乡结合处的地区（L'Olivereta，Pobles Del Nord和Pobles Del Sud），以及一个与海滨接壤的地区（Poblats Maritims）。

图1 巴伦西亚市地图及被研究地区标志图

测得的气象参数如下：空气温度，环境温度（地表），风速，相对湿度，以及水平面上的太阳辐射。这些参数作为指数是必须的，比如奥格亚图，一些必须的的数据需要从瓦伦西亚气象局申请获得。

增加在每个采样点的测量次数的必要性，是因为做出的尝试将两个指数与第一系列的五次测量值用公式表示出来（表2）。

表2 根据城市的每个地区相应的绿地面积制定DI和WBGT指数

DI即不安指数，WBGT即黑湿球温度（译者注）

这一计算方法是令人满意的，因为其决定系数远优于其他作者得出的结果（表3）。

表3 基于绿色空间的不安指数值（数据来自金1989）

不安指数（夏季）

这些公式通过使用下面的统计条件获得：

DI不安指数（夏季，首尔）=-1.19×10-6×（绿地面积）+72.84…

标准差=1.21363 R2=0.35224 显著性F=0.0419

这个公式非常重要，因为它根据其绿化面积表达出相应的空间，地区或城市的舒适和幸福。这一假说将被证实，在地区层面，绿地表面积的增大使得计算出的舒适性也相应增加。

从这项研究中获得的数据示于图2。

这个图表显示了每个地区获得的值没有与较大的绿化面积相吻合（考虑到每一指数的最大值：DI=20.5，湿球黑球温度WBGT=73.58）。具体来说，Pal Del Real地区有最大的绿化面积，但它的DI值却远低于20.5的该指数最大值。

为了搞清楚是何造成了这种明显的内在不连贯性，对通常活动的“软”和“硬”两种地面进行了分析，以证实这一假设上中幸福感和绿地之间的关系（在此条件下，不论何种情形在软质区域）。

软质区域被看作是沙质土壤或草，绿树成荫或灌木成荫的街道，具有良好方向的微风，和反射值较低的一般地区。硬质区域是那些由混凝土或石头铺装的路面，硬质地面，朝向不佳的街道，或者没有树木的街道（图3和4）。

图2 每个地区 DI和WBGT舒适值与绿地总面积的关系图3 软区的典例：图里亚公园

图4 硬区的典例：瓦伦西亚边远地区（巴伦西亚）

借助这个条件重新对选定的三个指标进行了分析并证实，在各个季节中，软质区域有更好的行为表现，因为其结果接近舒适区域。

因此，一些关于软质或硬质地面、测量所在时间的指标在逻辑上被重新定义（此信息是重要的，因为气象参数取每个地区在一天于早上9:30至下午2:30之间的时间），一些参数由于被采样的时间不同而又很大的变化。

这一公式的结果列于表4。

表4中，软质区域时B=1，硬质区域时B=0；软质区域时D=0，硬质区域时D=1；夏季和春季时H=格林尼治标准时长+2，秋季和冬季时H=格林尼治标准时长+1。

表4 根据巴伦西亚地面类型制定DI和WBGT舒适指数：

软质（B）或硬质（D）和白昼时长（H）

为了证实这一假设，对该指标之一的行为，根据绿地面积的量（平方米，每1000平方米该地区土地上的绿地面积）进行季节与地区的分析。本研究提出了图 5。

在图5中，区域 6 Pal Del Real里拥有最大面积的绿地（108.3），也是最应被定位在全年舒适范围的地区，第四行代表季节。

图5 年内不同季节的DI舒适度指数（最高的舒适度值为20.28）（X轴的值对应于区域19，10，4，11，2，7和6的绿地面积）

图5还显示，在区域6，夏季的舒适曲线下跌时，春季的舒适曲线会轻微上扬，而秋季和冬季舒适曲线则会朝着舒适范围值上升。也就是说，在一年四季中，绿色区域对热状况具有平滑效果（降低夏季的温度并增加秋季和冬季的温度）。

此图证实了舒适度和绿化面积间存在关系的新假说，因为只有绿地面积最大的地区会在四季中倾向于最佳舒适度的点。

因此，其余的20个测量值被均摊到每一个取样点，按照统计所建议的去设计。通过这种方式获得了更准确的数据，这就导致了三个选定的指标理论根据软土的新概念而重新形成：DI不安指数，

WBGT黑湿球温度及PE冷却势能。

其结果示于表5-7。

表5 DI舒适指数公式（改编自戈麦兹）

表6 WBGT舒适指数公式（改编自戈麦兹）

表7 温耶舒适指数公式（改编自戈麦兹）

在这些公式中，统计测定在所有的情况下，都以超过50％的比率持续优于在汉城的工作，使这些公式被认为是可靠的工具，以获得绿地和舒适性指标之间关系的一个相当精确的理念。有了这些公式，就可以计算代入B或D为该地区内软或硬质区域的百分比，以及给定的该指数的最大值以获取每1000平方米城市地区内需要

的绿化面积。

从研究的第一部分成果提供了一些信息：为街道或公园提供了最佳阴影，哪些物种可以滞留最多的污染，以及他们在城市热岛扮演的角色。

这些图表的公式是以地面类型为根据的：地区中的软质地面，硬质地面，和绿地覆盖的表面。

Green Areas, the Most Significant Indicator of the Sustainability of Cities: Research on Their Utility for Urban

Planning

Francisco Gómez; José Jabaloyes; Luis Montero; Vicente De Vicente; and

Manuel Valcuende

Abstract: This work summarizes a very extensive study conducted in the city of Valencia, Spain, on the role of green areas in the comfort ofthe city. Previously, the environmental parameters that make up the urban environment were studied. With these values, a very large series ofcomfort indexes was analyzed and validated, and the indexes that exhibited the best behavior were determined. The role of green areas in public city spaces was also studied: the retention of solar radiation and pollution retention capability. This culminated in the formulation of the comfort indexes according to the amount of green areas, which, through statistical correlation, allowed the determination of the surface area of green areas required for the city to be considered theoretically comfortable. This work completes the analysis of these formulations for a wider spectrum of measurements in the city with a greater scope and greater variety of spaces and situations. The three comfort indexes that performed best, i.e., those with greatest statistical certainty, reformulated for Valencia. The work concludes with research from

the previous experimentation applied to the green plan of Valencia. The final solution takes into account the proposals put forward by the Valencian Authority on the plan for protection of the Huerta, the natural market garden setting on which the city of Valencia stands, following the philosophy of the European Territorial Strategy and the European Landscape Convention. DOI: 10.1061(ASCE)UP... ? 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.

CE Database subject development; Planning; Vegetation; Trees; Sustainable development; Spain.

Author keywords: Urban planning; Vegetation; Trees; Applied investigation; Sustainable planning.

Introduction

The urbanization rate of the world population significantly in recent years. This phenomenon is occurring primarily because cities provide a greater quality of life for the citizens and considerably increase their levels of freedom. The reality is that urban areas are increasingly conflictive, unhealthy, unmanageable, and, above all, an enormous pressure on the environment. Therefore, it seems reasonable to think that the environmental problems must first and primarily be tackled and solved in cities.

In recent years, thousands of people rush each weekend to explore the their immediate surroundings that are not found in the city.

This is fundamentally because modern civilization, especially the Western world, the same definition of : “Not only the absence of disease or infirmity, but also a state of physical, mental and social

well-being.‖

Some examples of the initiatives developed from the subject of the quality of life in urban environments inc lude the Dob?í? assessment, which considers the use of an experimental set of environmental indicators from a series of European cities; the Sustainable Seattle report, a volunteer network and civic forum committed to the long-term

environmental ; the Aalborg charter, a political commitment to the advance toward sustainability; the Lisbon action plan, a commitment to action, promoting the use of sustainability indicators that enable the fulfillment of the Aalborg Charter; and an intervention framework for the sustainable urban development of the European Union, which performance and the need to explore methods for the monitoring of the advances. Since the year 2000, the initiative for the monitoring of sustainability on a European level developed through the application of a bottom-up strategy by a group of urban environment experts in close consultation with local authorities throughout Europe.

In short, returning to a generalist standpoint, some of today’s important researchers—McHarg, Hough, Register , Steiner, Tjallingii, and Girardet— clearly understand that the first issue brought up by sustainability, above all in cities, is the evidence of the environment and landscape’s limits and the realization that the city does not stand alone,the city-region concept is a reality.

This work presents the second part of a more extensive piece of research performed in the city of Valencia, Spain, on the role of green zones in city planning. The first part was published previously. This second part ratifies with greater statistical certainty the conclusions of the first regarding the amount of green zone necessary in the city for it to be considered comfortable. It reaches a precise formulation of three of the comfort indexes used in the research for Valencia.

The second part of the research focuses on applying the first part’s knowledge to proposed green planning for the city. This second part starts by analyzing the updated international bibliography on city environment and sustainability, the present concept represented by green zones and comfort in today’s cities, the relationship of both concepts, and concludes by explaining the latest conclusions of research in these fields.

Role of Vegetation in the City

The green infrastructure of cities is the only infrastructure that responds to certain needs for the coexistence, gathering, and socialization of different groups. It fulfills an important social function that is also of interest with regard to the reaffirmation of personal integrity because it ties with the past ( accompaniment in monumental areas), that is, it facilitates the positioning of people not only on a cultural level, but also on a natural level, as a result of the connection with the temporal succession of biological aspects (changing of the seasons, temperatures, amount of daylight) in these live spaces.

In summary, the system of green spaces in the city and their planning interact with the urban microclimate system and with psychological environmental aspects of great importance for the inhabitants of the city, such as the urban environment, comfort, and quality of life.

The vegetation in a city not only , but it also environmental aggression: retaining atmospheric waters, contributing to evapotranspiration, filtering out pollution, and representing an excellent regulator for the exchange of air, environment. City inhabitants also therapeutic effects: decrease in stress, fatigue, and other aspects pointed out by the WHO and many other authors. Urban vegetation is especially beneficial because it improves urban comfort in areas in cities is the support

from the European Union and the World Meteorological Organization to increase the green areas per inhabitant and the incentive to develop green plans in all cities.

Thermal Comfort in the City

Since ancient times, researchers . Throughout these effects the evolution or justify the development of different civilizations. Nonetheless, during the twentieth century, systematic studies were undertaken regarding the relationships among man, the city, and climate. Perhaps it was the geographer Max Sorre who first and most accurately

tackled the study of climatic comfort, and that which is of the most interest, who was the first to associate it with the microclimate of cities and artificial modifications. In addition, in the United States, geographers from the Department of Geography at the University of California established a comfort index by using a graphic application similar to Olgyay’s bioclimatic chart, whose author was a professor of the School of Architecture at the University of Princeton. He also led, to a great extent, the important group of researchers from Berkeley, where different approaches were used in the studies of climate and urban comfort, significantly emphasizing the study of urban ecology.

Recent studies on bioclimatic comfort continue to use the two basic approaches pointed out by Morgan and Baskett: the analytical or rational approach, which is based on the energetic balance, and the synthetic or empirical approach, which is based on combinations of diverse meteorological variables. The empirical indexes ignore the decisive role of physiology, activity, clothing, and other personal data ( the energy balance.

At present, rational indexes are more related to urban planning interests and, on a worldwide level, ; the Rediscovering the Urban Realm and Open Spaces (RUROS) project, of special interest, developed for the European Union ; and the RayMan model, which the Association of German Engineers (VDI) Guideline 3787, published by VDI and the working group from the University of Sonora on the basis of the work by Brown and Guillespie.

The International Society of Biometeorology to this research with its publications and the creation of a special commission for the study of a universal thermal climate index.

Recently, the evidence that psychological factors play an important role in the interpretation of individual comfort studied, especially in open city spaces, because it is important to take them into consideration for

the design of these outdoor areas. Surveys administered to the citizens, inhabitants of these spaces, confirm the results from the empirical indexes.

Comfort and Green Areas

There is a field that scarcely studied on a global level: the relationship between green areas and comfort.

The first of these two works simply makes a comparative analysis of the cities of Valencia and Dayton, Ohio, in the performance of green zones in their relationship with the urban environment. Only the incidence of the green zones with the temperature existing in the spaces occupied by these was determined, establishing the following equation: average annual T (°C)= -2.64486 × log ratio of green zones+ 10.75701.

In the second work, Professor Kim established for the first time some relationships between comfort and green zones in a study with great impact on the whole city of Seoul. This is a more scientific work that uses climatological data, analyzes the existence of zones with comfort by means of the discomfort index (DI). Although the interaction of green zones with the meteorological parameters can be parsed, the results obtained taken in the study. The author nevertheless considers this type of study to be important for urban planning, although this article was started several years ago, and part of the results obtained published. On that occasion, comfort indexes were formulated according to the green area in each district in the city and the most appropriate type of vegetation for the city: radiation retention, pollution retention, or others.

This research the city of Valencia, thus confirming a clear path and solution for those responsible for urban planning.

Following active collaboration in the drafting of the green plan for the city of Valencia, the culmination of this study undertaken: the zoning and planning of green areas, that is, observing the quantity and quality

of the green areas that should be implemented in each district to study the accessibility criteria that make them correctly usable by the citizens. Methodology

In this work, meteorological variables were applied to numerous comfort indexes sampled in the city districts chosen for the study.

A statistical analysis using least significant difference (LSD) intervals obtained by ANOVAwas performed on all of the indexes. The indexes that gave the most significant results, in accordance with a previous bioclimatic characterization of the city, are presented in Table 1.

In Table 1, TD = dry bulb temperature (°C); TW = wet bulb temperature (°C); TG = globe temperature (°C); and V = wind velocity (m=s).

The areas sampled for the meteorological analysis of the city of Valencia were the eight most important districts (Fig. 1).

毕业设计外文翻译

毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年

研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.docsj.com/doc/0b13758905.html,，niuzhiguo@https://www.docsj.com/doc/0b13758905.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.docsj.com/doc/0b13758905.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。

概率论毕业论文外文翻译

Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.

城市规划毕业设计开题报告

松滋市纸厂河镇纸金小区详细规划 1.题目来源 本课题来源于松滋市勘测规划设计研究院，是一项实际工程项目 2.研究目的和要求 修建性详细规划作为规划最微观的层面，在城市规划中发挥着不可替代的作用。在日前城市飞速发展的时期，有许多城镇居住区的兴起。因此，城镇居住区的规划成为了城市中一个具有特色的区域。松滋市纸厂河镇纸金社区居住小区修建性详细规划就是一个这样的项目。通过此项目设计，巩固大学几年来所学的基础理论知识，并将其运用到实际项目的设计中，锻炼在实践中应用所学知识的能力。通过对项目的研究，可以初步掌握此类修建性详细规划设计的内容和方法，加强对规范的深入了解，学会应用国家有关法律法规以及当地的有关规定。通过针对具体问题的研究，可以提高分析和解决问题的能力。是将来进入工作岗位之前的一次系统学习提高的机会。 3.阅读的主要参考文献及资料名称 [1]周文霞,王翠萍.宜人·怡人·冶人——议如何创造高品质的居住小区外部环境 华中建筑 , Huazhong Architecture, 编辑部邮箱2003年05期 [2]曾湘; 对居住小区规划设计中常见问题的分析 四川建材 , Sichuan Building Materials, 编辑部邮箱2009年06期 [3]彭燕; 开放式结构居住小区的发展研究 【网络出版投稿人】重庆大学硕士 [4]吕雪梦;基于住宅选择视角的城市居住空间分异研究 【网络出版投稿人】浙江大学硕士 [5]崔淑勇; 郊区化居住小区建设与发展模式探讨 商业时代 , Commercial Times, 编辑部邮箱2008年20期 期刊荣誉：中文核心期刊要目总览 ASPT来源刊收录刊

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

毕业论文外文翻译模版

吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology

1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。

毕业设计外文翻译格式实例.

理工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 专业：热能与动力工程 姓名：赵海潮 学号：09L0504133 外文出处：Applied Acoustics, 2010(71):701~707 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基于一维CFD模型下汽车排气消声器的实验研究与预测Takeshi Yasuda, Chaoqun Wua, Noritoshi Nakagawa, Kazuteru Nagamura 摘要目前，利用实验和数值分析法对商用汽车消声器在宽开口喉部加速状态下的排气噪声进行了研究。在加热工况下发动机转速从1000转/分钟加速到6000转/分钟需要30秒。假定其排气消声器的瞬时声学特性符合一维计算流体力学模型。为了验证模拟仿真的结果，我们在符合日本工业标准（JIS D 1616）的消声室内测量了排气消声器的瞬态声学特性，结果发现在二阶发动机转速频率下仿真结果和实验结果非常吻合。但在发动机高阶转速下（从5000到6000转每分钟的四阶转速，从4200到6000转每分钟的六阶转速这样的高转速范围内），计算结果和实验结果出现了较大差异。根据结果分析，差异的产生是由于在模拟仿真中忽略了流动噪声的影响。为了满足市场需求，研究者在一维计算流体力学模型的基础上提出了一个具有可靠准确度的简化模型，相对标准化模型而言该模型能节省超过90％的执行时间。 关键字消声器排气噪声优化设计瞬态声学性能 1 引言 汽车排气消声器广泛用于减小汽车发动机及汽车其他主要部位产生的噪声。一般而言，消声器的设计应该满足以下两个条件：（1）能够衰减高频噪声，这是消声器的最基本要求。排气消声器应该有特定的消声频率范围，尤其是低频率范围，因为我们都知道大部分的噪声被限制在发动机的转动频率和它的前几阶范围内。（2）最小背压，背压代表施加在发动机排气消声器上额外的静压力。最小背压应该保持在最低限度内，因为大的背压会降低容积效率和提高耗油量。对消声器而言，这两个重要的设计要求往往是互相冲突的。对于给定的消声器，利用实验的方法，根据距离尾管500毫米且与尾管轴向成45°处声压等级相近的排气噪声来评估其噪声衰减性能，利用压力传感器可以很容易地检测背压。 近几十年来，在预测排气噪声方面广泛应用的方法有：传递矩阵法、有限元法、边界元法和计算流体力学法。其中最常用的方法是传递矩阵法（也叫四端网络法）。该方

(完整版)城市规划文献翻译毕业设计论文

二○xx 届毕业设计 外文文献翻译

学院：建筑学院 专业：城乡规划 姓名：xxx 学号：xxxxxxxxx 指导教师：xx 完成时间：20xx年x月

绿地，城市持续发展最重要的指标：城市规划效 用研究 Francisco Gómez；José Jabaloyes；Luis Montero； Vicente De Vicente；and Manuel Valcuende 摘要：本篇文章总结了在西班牙城市巴伦西亚开展的一次非常广泛的研究，即绿地在城市舒适度中起到的作用。之前，已经研究出了组成城市环境的环境参数。根据这些值，一系列的舒适指数被分析并被证实，这些指数证明了之前作出的决定中的最佳的行为。同样被研究的还有绿地在公共城市空间中的作用：对太阳辐射的保留度和污染滞留容量。根据绿地的总量，这在公式上达到了舒适指数的极限值，即通过统计相关性，测定出城市达到理论上的舒适所需的绿地的表面积。本篇文章对城市量度的公式进行了更宽泛的分析，通过对空间和环境以更广泛的视角和更丰富的多样性的研究。这三个舒适指数已经被巴伦西亚以最佳的运作状态表现出来了，即达到了统计学上的最确定性。这篇文章最后研究了早前在巴伦西亚进行的绿色规划实验。最终结果考虑到巴伦西亚的学术权威提出的保护许尔塔的建议，正是这个天然商品花园开始了巴伦西亚的形成，接着形成了欧洲地区的战略哲学和欧洲景观风俗。 DOI: 10.1061(ASCE)UP... ? 2011 美国土木工程师协会 关键词：城市规划，植物，树木，应用研究，可持续规划 引言：全球人口城市化速度的增长在最近几年值得注意，这一现象的发生根本上是由于城市为居民提供了更优的基本生活条件，极大地增加了他们的自由度。现实情况是，城市地区表现出越来越多的

大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译

软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the

毕业设计外文翻译

毕业设计外文资料翻译 设计题目: 译文题目: 太阳能蒸笼 学生姓名： 学号： 专业班级： 指导教师： 正文：外文资料译文附件：外文资料原文

太阳能蒸笼 罗达.斯坦塔食品和营养学助理 许多不同的系统介绍了太阳能炊具。不同的设计有不同的优势。它也表明太阳能灶还处于初级阶段,将有希望有个美好的未来,不仅有助于解决气候变化问题,而且在做一件重要的事,服务许多人的生命。

大部份太阳能炊具有某种形式的反光罩的集中太阳的能量。太阳轮使用不反光但集中太阳能通过创造蒸汽从相对较大的收集器区域,并将其用于一个较小的烹饪区。随着太阳能轮使用蒸汽作为传热媒介,它是一种间接的烹饪系统。这允许一个分裂的烹饪系统,其热太阳能集热器可以放置在某个距离(如在屋顶上)除了烹饪的地方(例如在厨房里)。厨师正在不接触阳光的并且可以用蒸汽,无论高低都方便,可接受的区域。 这使它成为一个非常方便的炊具为大量的食物。使用简单叠加可以蒸煮几样菜，可以煮熟的同时进行。那热气腾腾的过程是非常相似与传统蒸煮过程，应该容易得到各种文化的认可。 太阳所产生的蒸汽也可以被用来热量大的罐炖肉或汤通过引导蒸汽直接进入了液体在它凝聚和释放的热凝。这就引起我做一个温柔的风潮的食品烤干。 在其设计技术,利用太阳船的有效性标准疏散管太阳能集热器可降低成本。 配料系统 可以看出从素描以上基本的想法是很简单的。太阳能收集器里装满了水。因为它具有极高的效率和良好的保温玻璃管的撤离开始沸腾的水会暴露在阳光下时。蒸汽会被引导到蒸笼以灵活的、蒸汽抗性软管。 连续系统

最后更复杂的,因为它必须确信,玻璃管永远不会变干的。一滴滴喂料系统集成式换热器提供了一条连续的淡水来代替水流失为蒸汽。这也防止了重建的盐和污染的太阳能集热器。因为这个系统包含了大量的沸腾的水在玻璃管,它具有使绝对肯定,没有压力,建立该体系。 成本 为了保持成本低，Sun2Steam正在出售一转换工具包可以很容易地安装在一个标准的低成本太阳能集热器。此套将直接来自澳大利亚,而太阳能收集器可直接来源于一个低成本的供应商。 一个太阳能集热器和20管直径和57mm 1.8米长，在中国是可以买到的大约200美元。转换组件包括500万绝缘软管取决于汇率蒸汽将大约200美元。成本增加25%,装船的税负导致的总费用为500美元左右的太阳能船没有安装费用和培训。 这使得轮船进入上部成本支架太阳能炊具。然而所有的材料都要持久和完整的炊具应该很容易超过了一生的10年。炉子可以很容易地帮助准备食物为10人。这使人均成本的太阳能减少至约五十美元。 也有一些额外的好处。太阳轮能生产大约5升的高质量的蒸馏水一天所产生的凝汽。一个可选的转换器将允许生产超过100升的安全、pasteurised饮水每天。报告描述太阳能蒸笼在这里可以找到: 大多数高海拔的烹饪和烘烤的指示不推荐补偿,直到你到达约6000英尺的海拔高度。居住在该地区,并且现在我住在怀俄明,是正确的,我们的高度范围你真正开始注重细微的差别,所以我已经学会补偿烤时和烹饪。 水沸腾时会出现在较低的温度在这里——这是由于减少了空气压力。你不会真正注意到什么大的差异在4000英尺,甚至在6000英尺,唯一的真正的区别是面带最微小的更久一点做饭,和糙米试你的耐心一点超过正常(以接近一个小时做饭,而不是通常的40分钟)。糖果还可以要求较长的沸腾时期达到各种球类或裂缝阶段。最引人注目的差异在这个高度是烤面包。蛋糕是一个倾向于看起来更温柔,更容易摔跤在中间。面包做一些有趣的事情。 蛋糕混合料通常会表明你应该添加额外的勺面粉加入混合,如果你是在高海拔超过5-6000呎。你可能需要补偿甚至更多,如果你是比那更高一些。

毕业论文 外文翻译#(精选.)

毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日

译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。

城市规划环境色彩外文翻译文献

文献信息 文献标题：Exploring Environmental Colour Design in Urban Contexts （城市环境色彩设计初探） 文献作者：Galyna McLellan, Mirko Guaralda 文献出处：《The Journal of Public Space》,2018,3(1):93-102 字数统计：英文3636单词，20879字符；中文7078汉字 外文文献 Exploring Environmental Colour Design in Urban Contexts Abstract The increasing complexity of urban colour and growing recognition of its psychological effects prompts rethinking of the current conceptual and methodological approaches to environmental colour design. Contemporary designers are challenged to understand how evolving colour knowledge can be integrated with the fundamentals of colour design. This paper aims to elaborate on the concept of environmental colour composition (ECC) and outlines an alternative approach to colour design in urban environments. A better understanding of the dynamic relationships between the tangible and perceptual elements of an ECC can bring new meaning to the consideration of colour as an integral component of city design. The proposed concepts of environmental colour events and scenarios provide a foundation for both further theoretical inquiry and practical application of synthesised colour knowledge in the design of urban environments. Keywords:environmental colour composition, environmental colour design, colour event, colour scenario ‘What is the colour of your favourite public place?’ Surprisingly, this simple question often causes confusion among many interviewees. Indeed, the complexity and ambiguity of visual information presented to viewers in a contemporary urban space make it difficult to determine what the prevailing spatial colour is. However,

java毕业论文外文文献翻译

Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.

电子信息工程专业毕业论文外文翻译中英文对照翻译

本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师

Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish