宏观经济学习题及答案(6)

Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2

Multiple Choice Questions

1.In an economy open to international trade where the interest rate at which saving and investment would be

equal is ________ the world real interest rate ________.

a.above; a trade deficit results

b.above; there is a net capital inflow

c.below; there is a net capital outflow

d.All of the abov

e.

e.None of the above.

2.If the world real interest rate were to fall below the rate at which domestic saving and investment would be

equal, then:

a.Saving would be greater than investment so the economy would be running a trade deficit.

b.Investment would be greater than saving so the economy would be running a trade deficit.

c.Investment would be greater than saving so the economy would be running a trade surplus.

d.Saving would be greater than investment so the economy would be running a trade surplus.

e.None of the above.

Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2

3.Based on the Saving-Investment Diagram above, if the world real interest rate is indicated by C, then:

a.The domestic real interest rate is indicated by B.

b.The difference between values H and F measures the trade deficit.

c.The difference between values H and D measures the trade deficit.

d.The difference between values H and D measures the net capital outflow.

e.None of the above.

4.Based on the Saving-Investment Diagram above, if the difference between values G and E measures the net

capital outflow, then:

a.The domestic real interest rate is indicated by A.

b.The difference between values F and E measures the trade deficit.

c.The difference between values H and E measures the trade deficit.

d.The difference between values F and D measures the trade surplus.

e.None of the above.

5.If there is a decline in world autonomous consumption, then:

a.Domestic investment would decline.

b.The domestic real interest rate would fall.

https://www.docsj.com/doc/956756078.html, exports in the domestic economy would increase.

d.All of the abov

e.

e.None of the above.

6.Which of the following would cause domestic investment to increase?

a.An increase in world taxes.

b.An increase in world autonomous consumption.

c.An increase in government spending throughout the worl

d.

d.All of the abov

e.

e.None of the above.

Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2

7.If there is an increase in world taxes, then:

a.Domestic investment would decline.

b.The domestic interest rate would decrease.

https://www.docsj.com/doc/956756078.html, exports in the domestic economy would increase.

d.All of the abov

e.

e.None of the above.

8. A small open economy would typically enjoy a higher trade balance if, in the domestic economy,:

a.Taxes decrease.

https://www.docsj.com/doc/956756078.html,ernment spending decreases.

c.Autonomous consumption expenditures increase.

d.All of the abov

e.

e.None of the above.

9.Which of the following is true of a small open economy but not of a large open economy?

https://www.docsj.com/doc/956756078.html, exports are unlikely to be close to zero.

b.The domestic real interest rate is equal to the world real interest rate.

c.Changes in desired investment result in changes in the trade balance.

d.Changes in desired investment result in changes in actual investment.

e.None of the above.

10.In a large open economy:

a.The effect of shifts in saving and investment on the trade balance is in the same direction as in a closed

economy.

b.The effect of shifts in saving and investment on net capital flows is in the same direction as in a closed

economy.

c.The effect of shifts in saving and investment on the domestic real interest rate and the actual

levels of saving and investment is in the same direction as in a closed economy.

d.All of the abov

e.

e.None of the above.

Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2

Discussion Questions

1.Distinguish between a closed and an open economy. How do the conditions required for goods market

equilibrium differ in the two types of economies?

A closed economy has no interactions with other economies. Therefore, its net exports and net capital

outflow both equal zero.

An open economy does engage in international trade and is open to outflows and inflows of capital

across its borders.

In a closed economy, goods market equilibrium requires that desired saving equal desired investment (S = I).

An open economy can be in equilibrium even when desired amounts of saving and investment are not equal, provided that the difference between them equals net exports (NX = S -I equals net capital inflow if S < I and NX < 0, or outflow if S > I and NX > 0).

2.What determines the world real interest rate? Why must the domestic real interest rate be the same as the

world real interest rate?

The world real interest rate is the rate that equates actual world saving and actual world investment

and thus achieves goods market equilibrium for the world as a whole.

r) is not the same as the world real interest If an individual country’s equilibrium real interest rate (

rate (r w), perfect capital mobility will force the domestic rate to the level of the world rate.

a.If the domestic real interest rate were above the world rate, domestic borrowers would

borrow only from abroad at the lower world rate.

b.If the domestic real interest rate were below the world rate domestic savers would lend

only to foreigners at the higher world rate.

c.Because all lending and borrowing would occur at the world real interest rate, the

domestic real interest rate cannot deviate from the world rate.

Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2

3.What determines whether a small open economy will have a trade surplus or a trade deficit?

The small open economy will have a trade surplus if the world real interest rate is above r E, the real

r E would interest rate at which the small open economy’s saving and investment would be the same. (

be the equilibrium real interest rate if the economy were closed.)

At the higher world real interest rate the economy’s actual saving exceeds its actual investment; it has positive net exports—a trade surplus—and excess saving that can be lent to foreigners (net capital outflow).

However, if the world real interest rate is below r E, then the economy will have negative net exports

and a trade deficit. Because its actual saving falls short of its actual investment, it will borrow from

the rest of the world at the world real interest rate and thus will experience net capital inflow.

4.What is the effect of an increase in domestic saving or domestic investment on the trade balance and net

capital outflows?

An increase in domestic saving shifts the saving curve to the right; as a result, the trade balance and

net capital outflow both increase.

An increase in domestic investment shifts the investment curve to the right, causing both the trade

balance and net capital outflow to decrease.

5.How are the effects of changes in domestic saving and investment for large open economies similar to

those for small open economies and closed economies?

A large open economy has characteristics of both closed and small open economies. It responds like a

small open economy in the way that given changes in domestic saving and investment affect the trade

balance and net capital flows. It responds the way a closed economy does regarding the effect those

same changes in domestic saving and investment have on the domestic real interest rate and actual

levels of saving and investment.

Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2

6.Discuss the effects of an increase in the government’s budget surplus (or a decrease in the government

budget deficit) on the real interest rate, actual saving, actual investment, and net exports for a (1) small

open economy and a (2) large open economy?

(1)In a small open economy, an increase in government surplus increases desired saving at every

real interest rate. The saving curve shifts to the right, increasing net exports. The world real

interest rate, however, does not change, as this economy is considered to be “small” with re to the world economy.

(2)For a large open economy, an increase in government surplus increases desired saving at every

real interest rate. The saving curve shifts to the right, increasing net exports. The domestic real

interest rate decreases, since the large open economy can affect the world real interest rate.

7.Considering the world as two large open economies, a domestic economy and the rest of the world, what

condition is required for goods market equilibrium? How is this condition achieved?

Goods market equilibrium requires that world saving equal world investment, which means that a

trade surplus (or deficit) in the domestic economy must equal the trade deficit (or surplus) in the rest

of the world, so that net capital outflows from one economy match net capital inflows to

the other economy.

This is brought about by adjustments in the world real interest rate. If the trade surplus in the

domestic economy is greater than the trade deficit in the rest of the world, the world real interest rate

will fall until the two magnitudes match. If the domestic economy’s trade surplus is smaller than the rest of the world’s trade deficit, the world real interest rate will rise until equilibrium is attained.

8.Considering the world as two large open economies, a domestic economy and the rest of the world, how

will a decline in domestic investment affect the trade surplus and net capital outflows in the domestic

economy, the trade deficit and net capital outflows in the rest of the world, investment in both economies,

and the world real interest rate?

A decrease in domestic investment raises the domestic economy’s trade surplus and capital outflows,

and raises the trade deficit and capital inflows in the rest of the world. The world real interest rate

decreases and investment in the rest of the world rises.

Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2

9.Considering the world as two large open economies, a domestic economy and the rest of the world, what is

the effect of a decline in domestic saving on the trade surplus, domestic investment, and interest rates in

both the domestic and rest of the world economies?

A fall in domestic saving decreases the domestic economy’s trade surplus and its net capital outflow

to the rest of the world. The trade deficit and capital inflows to the rest of the world decline and the

world real interest rate rises, which causes investment to decline in both the domestic economy and

the rest of the world.

10.Investment in the U.S. declined sharply as a result of the global financial crisis. Assuming the U.S. is a

large open economy, explain how a decrease in investment would affect the world real interest rate and the

U.S. trade balance.

A decrease in autonomous domestic investment shifts the investment curve to the left and increases

the trade surplus at every given world interest rate. This will increase the amount of funds that U.S.

residents want to lend to the rest of the world. As a result, the world interest rate declines.

Analytical Questions

These questions should be answered based on the standard models of analysis developed in class.

The information in the various parts of the question is sequential and cumulative.

Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2

1.Desired Saving and Desired Investment in a Small Open Economy. Suppose that a small open economy is

characterized by perfect capital mobility and persistent net foreign investment. For simplicity, assume that

each and every shift of either the desired saving function or the desired investment function is of exactly

the same magnitude.

a.Based only on this information, use an open economy Desired Saving – Desired Investment Model

diagram to clearly and accurately show the economy’s initial equilibrium (1) real interest rate, (2)

desired saving, (3) desired investment, and (4) net export balance. This diagram should be drawn in

BLACK.

Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2

b.Now suppose that the country experiences a significant technological breakthrough involving a major

advance in robotics. However, households become very worried about the prospects of losing their

jobs to robots. Incorporating only this new information, clearly and accurately show in your diagram

above what effects, if any, this would have on the economy’s equilibrium (1) real interest rate, (2) actual saving, (3) actual investment, and (4) net export balance. These effects should be drawn in

RED.

c.Provide an economic explanation of what you have shown in your diagram above. Discuss what, if

anything, happens to the economy’s equilibrium (1) real interest rate, (2) actual saving, (3) actual

investment, and (4) net export balance. Be sure to explain why these effects take place and what

causes them.

Three different effects occur because of the significant technological breakthrough.

First, the significant technological breakthrough is a positive supply shock that increases

total factor productivity. This increases economic output and income for any given initial

level of labor and capital. The increase in economic output and income causes an increase in

national saving for any given real interest rate. This is represented by a rightward shift of

the desired saving function from S D0 to S D1a.

Second, the significant technological breakthrough causes a decrease in consumer

confidence. This causes a decline in autonomous consumption for any given initial income

level. The decrease in autonomous consumption causes an increase in national saving for any

given real interest rate and income level. This is represented by a rightward shift of the

desired saving function from S D1a to S D1.

Third, the significant technological breakthrough causes an increase in autonomous

investment for any given real interest rate. This is represented by a rightward shift of the

desired investment function from I D0 to I D1.

Because the country is a small open economy with perfect capital mobility, these changes do not

affect the equilibrium real world interest rate, i.e., r W1 = r W0.

Although the real world interest rate did not change, actual saving increased for any given real

interest rate, increasing from S0 to S1. In addition, actual investment also increased for any given

real interest rate, increasing from I0 to I1. Because the rightward shifts of the desired saving

function was greater than the rightward shift of the desired investment function, the supply of

loanable funds increased (from S0 to S1) by more than the demand for loanable funds increased

(from I0 to I1). Consequently, the net export balance (and net foreign investment, net foreign

lending, or net capital outflows) increased from NX0 = S0– I0 to NX1 = S1– I1.

Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2 In the new equilibrium:

(1)The real world interest rate is unchanged, i.e., r W1 = r W0.

(2)Actual saving increased from S0 to S1,

(3)Actual investment increased from I0 to I1, and

(4)The net export balance increased from NX0 to NX1.

Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2

d.Subsequently, the European Union, a large, open economy, reduces taxes to stimulate economic

growth. Incorporating only this new information, clearly and accurately show in your diagram above

what effects, if any, this would have on the economy’s equilibrium (1) real interest rate, (2) actual

BLUE.

saving, (3) actual investment, and (4) net export balance. These effects should be drawn in

e.Provide an economic explanation of what you have shown in your diagram above. Discuss what, if

anything, happens to the economy’s equilibrium (1) real interest rate, (2) actual saving, (3) actual

investment, and (4) net export balance. Be sure to explain why these effects take place and what

causes them.

When the European Union, a large, open economy, reduces taxes to stimulate economic growth it

also reduces the global supply of loanable funds at any given real interest rate. However, the

global demand for loanable funds does not change at any given real interest rate. Consequently,

at the initial real world interest rate r W1,there is now an excess demand for loanable funds. In

order to re-establish equilibrium in the global market for loanable funds, the real world interest

rate increases from r W1 (= r W0) to r W2.

As the real world interest rate rises from r W1 to r W2, national saving increases along the desired

saving function S D1 from S1 to S2 while domestic investment decreases along the desired

investment function I D1 from I1 to I2. Because actual saving increases and actual investment

decreases, the net export balance and net foreign investment (and net capital outflows) increase

from NX1 = S1– I1 to NX2 = S2– I2.

In the new equilibrium:

(1)The real world interest rate increased from r W1 to r W2,

(2)Actual saving increased from S1 to S2,

(3)Actual investment decreased from I1 to I2, and

(4)The net export balance increased from NX1 to NX2.

Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2

b.Provide an e conomic explanation of what you have shown in your diagrams above

“Large” open economies with perfect capital mobility are only in equilibrium at the world real interest rate, r W0, where the magnitude of the net export surplus of one country (which is

Country A because it is undertaking net foreign lending) exactly matches the magnitude of the net export deficit of the other country (which is Country B which must be undertaking net

foreign borrowing). Thus, the equilibrium real world interest rate, r W0, is above the real interest that equates saving and investment in Country A and is below the real interest rate that equates saving and investment in Country B.

At the equilibrium world real interest rate of r W0, Country A has actual saving of S0, actual investment of I0, and a net export surplus of NX0 = S0– I0 > 0. The excess of actual saving over actual investment results in net foreign lending (or net capital outflows or net foreign

investment).

At the equilibrium world real interest rate of r W0, Country B has actual saving of S0, actual investment of I0, and a net export deficit of NX0 = S0– I0 < 0. The excess of actual investment over actual saving results in net foreign borrowing (or net capital inflows).

Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2

c.Now suppose that Country A experiences a deadly outbreak of avian flu that suddenly kills one-quarter

of the labor force. The disease then completely disappears. Incorporating only this new information,

clearly and accurately show in your diagrams above what effects, if any, this would have on each

economy ’s (1) real interest rate, (2) actual saving, (3) actual investment, and (4) net export balance.

These effects should be drawn in RED.

d.Provide an economic explanation of what you have shown in your diagrams abov

e. Discuss what

happens to each economy ’s (1) real interest rate, (2) actual saving, (3) actual investment, and (4) net export balance. Be sure to explain why these changes take place and what causes them.

The deadly outbreak of avian flu in Country A that suddenly kills one-quarter of the labor force

reduces Country A ’s real income and reduces Country A ’s desired saving at every real interest rate level. This is represented by a leftward shift of Country A ’s desired saving function from S d 0to S d 1. This is also a decline in the global supply of loanable funds.

At the initial equilibrium world real interest rate of r w 0, the decline in Country A ’s desired saving reduces the global supply of loanable funds so that, at r w 0, there is now a global excess

demand for loanable funds. As a result of this excess demand, the equilibrium real world interest rate increases from r w 0 to r w 1.

As the equilibrium real world interest rate increases from r

w 0 to r w

1, there are effects in both

countries. In Country A, actual saving increases endogenously along the new desired saving function S

d

1, but combined with the initial exogenous decline in desired saving from the decline in real income,

actual saving declines from S 0 to S 1. In addition, actual investment declines endogenously from I 0to I 1 along the desired investment function I d 0. Both actual saving and actual investment decline.

However, because the decline in actual saving is larger, the net export balance decreases

endogenously from NX 0 to NX 1 (i.e., the net export surplus has become smaller). This is also a

decline in net capital outflows, net foreign lending, or net foreign investment. In the Country B, actual saving increases endogenously from S 0 to S 1 along the desired saving function S d 0 and actual investment declines endogenously from I 0 to I 1 along the desired investment function I d 0. Because actual saving increases while actual investment declines, the net

export balance increases endogenously from NX 0 to NX 1 (i.e., the net export deficit becomes

smaller). This is also a decline in net capital inflows or net foreign borrowing.

After these adjustments are complete in both countries, Country A

’s net export surplus (which is now smaller) is still equal in magnitude to the Country B

’s net export deficit (which is now also

smaller).

Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2

As a result of the decline in Country A’s labor force because of the deadly avian flu outbreak:

(1)In both Country A and Country B, the real interest rate increases from r w0 to r w1,

(2)In Country A, actual saving declines from S0 to S1. In Country B, actual saving increases

from S0 to S1,

(3)In Country A, actual investment declines from I0 to I1. In Country B, actual investment

declines from I0 to I1, and

(4)In Country A, the net export balance decreases from NX0 to NX1. In Country B, the net

export balance increases from NX0 to NX1.

Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2

e.Subsequently, in Country B, a newly elected government promises that, in the future, both personal

income taxes will be reduced and more business friendly policies will be enacted. Incorporating only this new information, clearly and accurately show in your diagrams above what effects, if any, this would have on each economy’s (1) real interest rate, (2) actual saving, (3) actual investment, and (4) net export balance. These effects should be drawn in BLUE.

f.Provide an economic explanation of what you have shown in your diagrams above. Discuss what

happens to each economy’s (1) real interest rate, (2) actual saving, (3) actual investment, and (4) net export balance. Be sure to explain why these changes take place and what causes them.

In Country B, the newly elected government’s promise to reduce personal income taxes in the future increases the expected future income of individuals and households. This increases

autonomous consumption at every real income level and reduces saving at every real interest

rate level. This is represented by a leftward shift of the desired saving function in Country B

from S d0 to S d2. This is also a decrease in the global supply of loanable funds.

Also in Country B, the newly elected government’s promise to enact more business friendly policies would increase business confidence (and/or maybe the expected future marginal product

of capital). This leads to an increase in desired investment at every real interest rate level. This is

represented by a rightward shift of the desired investment function in Country B from I d0 to I d1.

This is also an increase in the global demand for loanable funds.

At the equilibrium world real interest rate of r w1, the decline in the global supply of loanable

funds combined with the increase in the global demand for loanable funds creates a global excess

demand for loanable funds. As a result of this excess demand, the equilibrium real world interest

rate increases from r w1 to r w2.

As the equilibrium world real interest rate increases from r w1 to r w2, there are effects in both

countries.

In Country B, actual saving increases endogenously along the new desired saving function S d2 but, combined with the initial exogenous decline in desired saving from the increase in expected

future income, actual saving declines from S1 to S2. In addition, actual investment declines

endogenously along the new desired investment function I d2 but, combined with the exogenous

increase in desired investment from the increase in business confidence (and/or the expected

future marginal product of capital), actual investment increases from I1 to I2. Because actual saving declines while actual investment increases, the net export balance decreases endogenously

from NX1 to NX2 (i.e., the current account deficit becomes larger). This is also an increase in net

capital inflows or net foreign borrowing.

In Country A, actual saving increases endogenously from S1 to S2 along the desired saving

function S d1 and actual investment declines endogenously from I1 to I2 along the desired

investment function I d0. Because actual saving increases while actual investment declines, the net

export balance increases endogenously from NX1 to NX2 (i.e., the net export surplus has become

larger). This is also an increase in net capital outflows, net foreign lending, or net foreign

investment.

Saving and Investment in Closed and Open Economies, Part 2

After these adjustments in both countries are complete, Country A’s net export surplus (which is now larger) is still equal in magnitude to Country B’s net export deficit (which is now also larger). Whether the net export balances are larger than, equal to, or smaller than they were

initially depends on the magnitude of the shifts in the desired saving and desired investment

functions.

As a result of the decline in Country B’s desired saving and the increase in Country B’s d investment:

(1)In both Country A and Country B, the real interest rate increases from r w1 to r w2,

(2)In Country A, actual saving increases from S1 to S2. In Country B, actual saving declines

from S1 to S2,

(3)In Country A, actual investment declines from I1 to I2. In Country B, actual investment

increases from I1 to I2, and

(4)In Country A, the net export balance increases from NX1 to NX2. In Country B, the net

export balance decreases from NX1 to NX2.

宏观经济学试题及答案99694

宏观经济学B卷答案 一、名词解释（10分每小题2分） 1GNP：国民生产总值。某国身份家的公民在一定时期内运用生产要素所能生产的全部最终产品的市场价值。 2、税收乘数：税收增加一个单位所引起的均衡国民收入增加的倍数。 3、货币流动偏好：由于货币具有使用上的灵活性人们宁肯牺牲利息收入来保持财富的心理倾向。 4、LM曲线：货币市场均衡时L m =，此时反映利率r和国民收入y之间对应关系的曲线。 5、扩张性的货币政策：货币当局通过改变货币供给m或利率r等金融杠杆进而使国民收入增加的政策。 二、单项选择（20分每小题2分） 1——5 DDADB 6——10 BBABC 三、简答题（20分每小题5分） 1、在其他条件不变的前提下，如果国家增加政府转移支付，IS曲线将如何移动， 请画图分析并说明理由。 答：在三部门经济中，IS曲线为 1 e g t tr r y d d αβββ ++-+- =-，当其他条 件不变，政府转移支付tr增加时，纵截距 e g t tr d αββ ++-+ 增大，斜率不变， 所以IS曲线向右上方平移。 2、什么是汇率？汇率有几种标价法？并举例说明。 答：汇率是一国货币交换另一国货币的比率。有直接标价法和间接标价法。直接标价法如：1美元=6.19人民币；间接标价法如：1人民币=1/6.19美元。 3、宏观经济政策目标是什么？为达到这些目标可采用的政策工具有哪些？ 宏观经济政策目标包括充分就业、物价稳定、经济增长和国际收支平衡。工具有财政政策和货币政策。财政政策又包括扩张性的财政政策和紧缩性的财政政策。货币政策又包括扩张性的货币政策和紧缩性的货币政策。

最新宏观经济学题库及答案

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