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最新孙远的工具箱

孙远的工具箱

孙远的工具箱（传媒类）

传媒类

1．宣传技术(propaganda techniques)

Today’s Advertising

Propaganda is not just the tool of totalitarian governments and dictators. Rather, propaganda is all around us—in the form of commercials and advertisements. The author of this selection shows how Madison Avenue uses many of the techniques typical of political propaganda to convince us that we need certain products and services.

American adults and children alike, are being seduced. They are being brainwashed. And few of us protest. Why? Because the seducers and the brain washers are the advertisers we willingly invite into our homes. We are victims, content—even eager—to be victimized. We read advertisers’ propaganda messages in newspapers and magazines; we watch their alluring images on the television. We absorb their messages and images into our subconscious. We all do it—even those of us who claim to see through advertisers’ tricks and therefore feel immune to advertisers’ charm. Advertisers lean heavily on propaganda to sel l their products, whether the “products” are a brand of toothpaste, a candidate for office, or a particular political viewpoint.

Propaganda is a systematic effort to influence people’s opinions, to win them over to a certain view or side. Propaganda is not necessarily concerned with what is true or false, good or bad. Propagandists simply want people to believe the messages being sent. Often, propagandists will use outright lies or more subtle deceptions to sway people’s opinions. In a propaganda war, any tacit is considered fair.

Indeed, the vast majority of us are targets in advertisers’ propaganda war. Every day, we are bombarded with slogans, print ads, commercials, packaging claims, billboards, trademarks, logos, and the designer brands-all forms of propaganda. One study reports that each of us, during an average day, is exposed to over five hundred advertising claims of various types. This saturation may even increase in the future since current trends include ads on movie screens, shopping carts, videocassettes, even public television.

Advertisers use seven types of propaganda techniques:

1)Name calling

Name calling is a propaganda tacit in which negatively charged names are hurled against the opposing side or competitor. By using such names, propagandists try to arouse the feeling of mistrust, fear, and hate in their audiences.

Political advisement may label an opposing candidate a “loser”, “fence-sitter”, or “warmonger”

Products: An American manufacturer may refer, for instance, to a “foreign car” in its commercial—not to a “imported” one. The label of foreignness will have unpleasant connotations on many people’s mind.

2)Glittering Generalities

Using glittering generalities is the opposite of name calling. In this case, advertisers surround their products with attractive--and slippery—words and phrases. They use vague terms that are difficult to define and that may have different meanings to different people: freedom, democratic, all-American, progressive, Christian, and justice. Many such words have strong, affirmative overtones. This kind of language stirs positive feelings in people, feelings that may spill over to the product or idea being pitched. As with the name calling, the emotional response may overwhelm logic. Target audiences accept the product without thinking very much about what the glittering generalities mean—or whether they even apply to the product. After all, how can anyone oppose “truth, justice, and the American way”?

Politics: The ads for politicians and political causes often use glittering generalities because such “buzz words” can influence votes. Election slogans include high-sounding but basically empty phrases.

Products: Ads for consumer goods are also sprinkles with glittering generalities. Product names, for instance, are supposed to evoke good feelings.

3)Transfer

In a transfer, advertisers try to improve the image of a product by associating it with a symbol most people respect, like the American flag or Uncle Sam. The advertisers hope that the prestige attached to the symbol will carry over to the product.

Product: Lincoln Insurance shows a profile of the president; Continental Insurance portrays a Revolutionary war minuteman.

Corporations also use the transfer technique when they sponsor prestigious shows on radio and televisions. These shows function as symbols of dignity and class.

In this way, corporations can reach an educated, influential audience and, perhaps, improve their public image by associating themselves with quality programming. Politics: Ads for political candidate often show either the Washington Monument, a Fourth of July parade, the stars and Stripes, a bald eagle soaring over mountains, or a white-steepled church on the village green. The national anthem or “America the Beautiful” may play softly i n the background.

4）Testimonial

The testimonial is one of advertisers’ most-loved and most-used propaganda techniques. Similar to the transfer device, the testimonial capitalizes on the admiration people have for celebrity to make the product shine more brightly—even though the celebrity is not an expert on the product being sold.

Print and television ads offer a nonstop parade of testimonials: here’s Cher for Holiday Spas; here’s basketball star Michael Jackson sings about Pepsi.

5)Plain forks

The plain folks approach says, in effect, “Buy me or vote for me, I’m just like you.” And how do these folksy warmhearted (usually saccharine) scenes affect us? They’re supposed to make us feel that AT&T—the multinational corporate giant—has the same values as we do. Similarly, we are introduced to the little people at Ford, the ordinary folks who work on the assembly line, not to bigwigs in their executive offices. What’s the purpose of such an approach? To encourage us buy a car built by honest, hardworking “everyday Joes” who care about quality as much as we do.

Politics: candidates wear hard hats, farmer caps, and assembly-line coveralls. They jog around the block and carry their own luggage through the airport. The idea is to convince people that the candidates are average people, not the elite—not wealthy lawyers or executives but the common citizen.

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Bandwagon

use many people have deep desire not to de different.

Politics: Political ads tell us to vote for the “winning candidate.” The advertisers know we tend to feel comfortable doing what others do; we cant to be on the winning team. Or ads show a series of people proclaiming, “I’m voting for the Senator. I don’t know why anyone wouldn’t.” Again, the audience feels under pressure to conform.

Why do these propaganda techniques work? Why do so many of us buy the products, viewpoints, and candidates urged on us by propaganda messages? They work because they appeal to our emotions, not to our minds. Often, in fact, they capitalize on our prejudices and biases. For example, if we are convinced that environmentalists are radicals who want to destroy America’s record of industrial growth and progress, then we will applaud the candidate who refers to them as “treehuggers.” Clear thinking requires hard work: analyzing a claim, researching the facts, examining both sides of an issue, using logic to see the flaws in an argument. Many of us would rather let the propagandists do our thinking for us.

Because propaganda is so effective, it is important to detect it and understand how it is used. We may conclude, after close examination, that some propaganda sents a truthful worthwhile message. Some advertising, for instance, urges us not to drive drunk, to become volunteers, to contribute to charity. Even so, we must be aware that propaganda is being used. Otherwise, we will have consented to handing over to others our independence of thought and action.

2. 电视瘾(TV addiction).

Unlike drugs or alcohol, the television experience allows the participant to blot out the real world and enter into a pleasurable and passive mental state. The worries and anxieties of reality are as effectively deferred by becoming absorbed in a television program as by going on a “trip” induced by drugs or alcohol.

In a way a heavy viewer’s life is as imbalanced by his television “habit” as a drug addict’s or an alcoholic’s. He is living in a holding pattern, as it were, passing up the activities that lead to growth or development or a sense of accomplishment. This is one reason people talk about their television viewing so ruefully, so apologetically. They are aware that it is an unproductive experience, that most any other endeavor is more worthwhile by any human measure.

The television habit distorts the sense of time. It renders other experiences vague and curiously unreal while taking on a greater reality for itself. It weakens relationships by reducing and sometimes eliminating normal opportunities for talking, for communicating.

The television viewer can never be sated with his television experiences—they do not provide the true nourishment that satiation requires—and thus he finds that he cannot stop watching.

No.1 孙远的工具箱（思想类）

思想类

1.critical thinking

Critical thinking is a path to intellectual adventure. Though there are dozens of possible approaches, the progress can be boiled down to concrete steps. Be willing to say “I don’t know”

Some of the most profound thinkers of our time have practiced the art o critical thinking by using two magic phrases: I don’t know and I am not sure yet.

Those are words many people do not like to hear. We live in times when people are criticized for changing their minds. Our society rewards quick answers and quotable “sound bites.” We’re under considerable pressure to utter the truth in 15 seconds or less

In such a society, it is a courageous and unusual act to pause, to look, to examine, to be thoughtful to consider many points o view--- and to not know. When a society embraces half-truths in a blind rush for certainty, commitment to uncertainty can move us forward.

Think again

When we use the base-three number system, two plus two equals 11. A child learning to write numbers might insist that two and two makes 22. And a biologist might joke that two plus two adds up to a whole lot more than four when we’re talking about the reproductive life for rabbits.

Define your terms

Practice tolerance

Having opinions about issues is natural. When you stop having opinions, you are probably not breathing anymore. The problem comes when we hold opinions in a way that leads to defensiveness, put-downs, or put-offs.

Going hand in hand with critical thinking is tolerance for attitudes that differs from yours. Consider that many of the ideas we currently accept—democracy, Christianity, voting rights for women, civil rights for people of color---were once considered the claims of “dangerous” and unpopular minorities. This historical perspective helps us accept a tenet of critical thinking: What seems outlandish today may become accepted a century, a decade, or even a year from now.

Understand before criticizing

Strictly speaking, none of us lives in the same world. Our habits, preferences, outlooks and values are as individual as our fingerprints. Each of them is shaped by our culture, our upbringing, our experience, and our choices. Speeches, books, articles, works for art, television programs, views expresses in conversation---all come from people who inhabit a different world than yours. Until we’ve lives in another person’s world for a while, it’s ineffective to dismiss her point of view.

Watch for hot spots

(hot spot: anger or discomfort when conversation shift to certain topics, such as death penalty or abortion)

To cool down your hot spots, seek out the whole world of ideas. Avoid intellectual ruts. Read magazines and books that challenge the opinions you currently hold. If you consider yourself liberal, pick up the National Review. If you are a socialist, sample the Wall Street Journal. Do the same with radio and television programs. Make a point to talk with people

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who differ from you in education level, race, ethnic group, or political affiliation. And to hone your thinking skills, practice defending an idea you consider outrageous.

Consider the source

Seek out alternative views

Dozens of viewpoints exist on every critical issue how to reduce crime, end world hunger, prevent war, educate our children, and countless others. In fact, few problems allow for any permanent solution. Each generation produces new answers, based on current conditions. Our research for answers is a conversation that spans centuries. On each question, many voices waiting to be heard. You can take advantage of this diversity by seeking out alternative viewpoints.

Ask questions

Stripped to this essence, critical thinking means asking and answering questions. If you want to practice this skill, get in the habit of asking powerful questions

Look for at least three answers

Using this approach can sustain honest inquiry, fuel creativity, and lead to conceptual breakthroughs.

Be prepared: The world is complicated, and critical thinking is a complex business. Some of your answers may contradict each other. Resist the temptation to have all your ideas in a neat, orderly bundle.

Be willing to change your mind

We should enter discussions with an open mind. When talking to another person, be willing to walk away with a new point of view---even if it’s the one you brought to the table. After thinking thoroughly, we can adopt new viewpoints or hold our current viewpoints in a different way.

Lay your cards on the table

Science and uncritical thinking differ in many ways. Uncritical thinkers shield themselves from new information and ideas. In contrast, scientists constantly look for facts that contradict their theories. In fact, science never proves anything once and for all. Scientific theories are tentative and subject to change. Scientists routinely practice critical thinking.

Examine the problems from different points of view

Sometimes new ideas are born when we view the world from a new angle. When early scientists watched the skies, they conclude that the sun revolved around the earth. Later, when we gained the mathematical tools to “stand” in another place, we could clearly see that the earth was revolving the sun. This change in position not only sparked new thinking, it permanently changes our picture of the universe.

Write about it

Thoughts move randomly at blind speed. Writing slows that process down. Doing so allows us to see all points of view on an issue more clearly and therefore thinking thoroughly. Writing is an unparalleled way to practice precise, accurate thinking. Construct a reasonable view

Instead, each point of view is one approach among many possible approaches. If you don’t think that any viewpoint is complete, then it is up to you to combine the perspectives on the issue. In doing so, you choose an original viewpoint.

2.The function of critical thinking

Critical thinking is a path to freedom from half-truths and deception. You have the right to question you see, hear, and read. Acquiring this ability is one of the major goals of a liberal education.

3.Critical Thinking as Thorough Thinking

Both critical thinking and thorough thinking point to the same array of activities: sorting out conflicting claims, weighting the evidence for them, letting go of personal bias, and arriving at reasonable views.

We live in a society that seems to value quick answers and certainty. This is often at odds with effective thinking. Thorough thinking is the ability to examine and reexamine ideas that may seem obvious. Such thinking takes time and the willingness to say three subversive words: I don’t know.

Thorough thinking is also the willingness to change our point of view as we continue to examine a problem. This calls for courage and detachment. Just ask anyone who has given up a cherished point of view in the light for new evidence.

Skilled students are thorough thinkers. They distinguish between opinion and fact. They ask powerful questions. They make detailed observations. They uncover assumptions and define their terms. They make assertions carefully, basing them on sound logic and solid evidence. Almost everything we called knowledge is a result of these activities. This means that critical thinking and learning are intimately linked.

4.Creative people

Two things are implied in the word “Creativity,” as I have come to understand it: novelty and significance. What is created is new, and the new opens up path that expand human possibilities.

Creative people, then, often look at something from the past that is the result of convergent thinking and by thinking about it divergently come up with a novel use of a familiar object. They look in the common place to find the strange. Instead of thinking toward to old solutions, they think away from them, making the leap from the unexpected to the inspired. Poets do it with metaphors and similes. Journalists can do it with garbage. Yes, garbage. It was the first subject we decided to explore because we sensed that it would be a usual vehicle for demonstrating that you can think creatively about almost anything, if you learn how to relate and connect what at casual glance seems odd to couple. In our research, we found an Arizona professor, a garbologist, teaching contemporary civilization through what people throw out; a New York artist turning ordinary things off the street into works of art; and an East Texas sewage plant where earthworms are used to turn sludge into topsoil.

Creative people tolerate ambiguity. They have unremitting desire to create a satisfying new order out of chaos, and the courage to persist to create that order on one’s own terms.

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This makes them often cantankerous, sometimes exasperating, always unconventional. What matters to them is not what others think o them, but what they think of themselves.

5.The lowest animal

Indecency, vulgarity, obscenity---these are strictly confined to man; he invented them. Among the higher animals there is no trace of them. Of all animals, man is the only one that is cruel. He is the only one that inflicts pain for the pleasure of doing it. It is trait that is not known to the higher animals.

The higher animals engage in individual fights, but never in organized masses. Man is the only animal that deals in that atrocity of atrocities, war.

Man is the only slave. And he is the only animal who enslaves. He has always been a slave in one form or another, and has always held other slaves in bondage under him in one way or another.

It seems pain to me that what ever he is, he is not a reasoning animal. His record is the fantastic record of a maniac. In truth, man in incurably foolish. Simple things which the other animals easily learn, he is incapable o learning.

6.Decision by Consensus

Westerners tend to make major decisions at the top, in board meetings, among department heads, and the like. They then pass the word down the line to managers and others, to implement and carry out the decision. The Japanese do the opposite. Their system, commonly known as ringi, is the corporate version of “government by consensus.”

D ecisions are not made “on high” and handed down to be implemented. Rather, they are proposed from below and move upward, receiving additional input and approvals after deliberation through all levels of the company.

In Japan, in contrast, once the decision is finally and actually arrived at, all relevant staff members understand it thoroughly. They are familiar with its various ramifications. During the talking stages, they will have pretty well mastered the “what-when-how” of their own responsibilities vis-à-vis the project in question. So, although it may take a long time to arrive at the decision, once approval has been given they can put it into practice rapidly and smoothly. The final time difference between the two system, therefore, may not be as far apart as it can sometimes seem.

Furthermore, in the Japanese system, those in low echelons feel that they have been involved. They have been able-often urged—to suggest proposals, projects, for refinements. Japanese bosses believe in encouraging suggestion from the rank and file. The idea o creating a consensus that incorporates the whole organizational hierarchy is at the heart of Japanese business philosophy and methods.

No.1 孙远的工具箱（教育类）

前两天看见有同志说新书里没有写作工具箱的，恰好有一本原来的版本，恰好本人在假期里练打字，就把孙老师工具箱里的黑体字笔记了一下，想用的就拿去吧，先贴一部分，要是大家都有了就不再贴了。黑体字部分都有，还摘抄了一部分有用的句子。

Issue 教育类

1.proverbs

lThe primary of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

lNext in importance is to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

lEducation’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

l*It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and the intelligence to create our own destiny.

l*The most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is to ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

lThe essence of our effort is to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each a opportunity, not to become equal, but become to different-to realize whatever unique potential of a body, and spirit he or she possesses.

lIf you can read and don’t, you are an illiterate by choice.

教育的目的

lThroughout the nation and history, it has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity and preparing new generations of citizens in society.

lThe school’s job is to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information.

lLife skills---logical thinking, analysis, creative problem solving.

lThe actual content of lessons is secondary to the progress, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as uncreative and vulgar. lSchoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities, that supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc.

lEducation should aim at improvement of both one’s morals and faculties.

lMadison once wrote that, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share that we should want all students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of a country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith.

lHonesty: Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents

Courage: A esop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf

Persistence: civil war

Respect the law: Socrates---I must submit to the decree of Athens

lAs any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be not only healthy, happy, and successful, but decent strong and good. None of these happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. . It takes careful attention.

lI see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure.

lThe intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics –an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field.

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lUltimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be the prisoners of their parents’ dreams and the classmates’ fears. They must be jolt into believing in themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

lCollege should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads.

lThere is no one “right way” to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point, and bound for a different destination.

成功和失败

lMost people consider success and failure as opposite, but they are actually both products of the same process. As a baseball player suggests, an activity which produce a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy which generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

lIf you learn that failing even a little penalizes you, you learn not to male mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself in situations where you might fall. This leads you to conservative thought patterns designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

lMost of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience for those occurring in the most private of circumstances. lFrom the practical point of view, “to error is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousands of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand into a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

lNevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you will probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain theses right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend little time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase, these errors are viewed as necessary by-product of creative thinking. As the player would put it, “If you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That is the way the game of life goes.

lAs a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filled with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping atones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled onto the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions which were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

lErrors serve another useful purpose: they tell us when to change directions. Negative feedback means that the current approach is not working, and it is up to you to figure out a new one. We learn by trail and error, not by trial and rightness. If we do things correctly every time, we should never have to change directions—we’d just continue the current course and end up with more the same.

lYour error rate in any activity is a function of your familiarity with the activity. If you are doing things that are routine and have a high likelihood of correctness, then you will probably making very few errors. But if you are doing things that have no precedence in your experience or are trying different approaches, then you will be making your share of mistakes. Innovators may not bat a thousand—far from it—but they do get new ideas. lThomas J. Watson, the founder of IBM, has similar words: “ the way to succeed is to double your failure rate.

lErrors, at the very least, are a sign that we are diverging from the main road to and trying different approaches.

lThere are places where errors are inappropriate, but the germinal phase of the creative process isn’t one of them. Errors are a sign that you are diverging from the well-traveled path. If you are not failing every now and then, it’s a sign you are not being very innovative.

If you make an error, use it as a stepping atone to a new idea you might not have otherwise discovered.

Differentiate between errors of “commission” and those of “omission”. The latter can be more costly than the former. If you ‘re not making any errors, you might ask yourself, “How many opportunities am I missing by not being more aggressive?”

Strengthen your “risk muscle”. Everyone has one, but you have to exercise it or else i t will atrophy. Make it a point to take at least one risk every 24 hours.’

Remember these two benefits of failure. First, if you do fail, you learn what does not work; and second, the failure gives you an opportunity to try a new approach.

教育类

lLiberal art teaches you how to think, how to read, write, and speak intelligently, get along with others, and conceptualize problems.

lGrowing ranks of corporate executives are lamenting that college students are specializing too much and too early. What corporate America really needs is students soundly grounded in the liberal arts—English, especially---who then can pick up more specific business or technical skills on the job. Today’s best selling courses offer evidence that students want to take courses that provide direct job related skills rather than the most basic survival skills in the work place: communications and thinking skills.

lEducation for education’s sake is noble but impractical to today’s college student who is facing a competitive and rapidly changing job market.

lAdaptability and lifelong learning are the cornerstones of success in today’s complex and rapidly changing society. No longer can the person who is steeped in one academic discipline, but knows nothing about any thing else, meet today’s dem ands.

lThe time has come to rethink what education really is and how it relates to the functions of society. Perhaps what a liberal education does to an individual, which is more important than anything else, is to prepare him for more learning. The liberal arts background equips one with thinking skills, coupled with the desire to learn, are the best preparation for career and life that any of us can possess.

lFirst, granting that our graduates know a great deal, their knowledge lies about in fragments and never gets welded together into the stuff of a tempered and mobile mind. Secondly, our university graduates have been so busy boring holes for themselves, acquiring special knowledge and skills, that in later life they have astonishingly little in common in the way of ideas, standards, or principles.

lBut genuine education, as Socrates knew more than two thousand years ago, is not inserting the stuffings of information into a person, but rather eliciting knowledge from him; it is the drawing out of what is in the mind.

lThe most important part of education is this instruction of a man in what he has inside him.

lHe was being so stuffed with miscellaneous facts, with such an indigestible mass of material that he has no time (and was given no encouragement) to draw on his own

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resources, to use his own mind for analyzing and synthesizing, and evaluating this material.

lThe job of teaching is not to stuff them and then seal them up, but to help them open and reveal the riches within.

lTraining is intended primarily for the service of society; education is primarily for the individual. Education is for the improvement of the individual, it also serves society by providing a leavening of men of understanding, of perception, and wisdom. They are our intellectual leaders, the critics of our culture, the defenders of our free traditions, the instigators of our progress.

lIn the liberal arts college, student is encouraged to explore new fields and old fields, to wander down the bypaths of the knowledge.

lThe study of law gives him an understanding of the rules under which our society functions and his practice in solving legal problems gives him an understanding of fine distinctions.

lIn general, certain courses of study are for the service of society and other courses are for self-improvement.

No.1 孙远的工具箱（科技类）

有用的话，再传上来一些：）

科技类

1 计算机和教育

Computers enhance a student’s learning experience in many ways. First of all, the computer has the ability to accommodate individual difference in learning speed because the user (the student) is the one who controls the pace of the lessons. In addition, the learner does not have to be afraid of reprisal or humiliation when making errors. A third advantage of computer assisted instruction is that a computer can give a student immediate feed back.

Computer can make the teacher’s job easier. One advantage lies in the preparation of instructional materials. In addition, the computer offers numerous advantages to teachers in managing their classrooms. Finally, computer can help teachers keep student records and chart student progress, thereby cutting down on time-consuming paperwork..

2. 计算机与工作环境

In an atmosphere of computer monitoring, inept workstations, inflexible pacing, and nerve-wracking anxiety, workman’s compensation claims based on job stress have more than doubled since 1980, and now account for approximately 15 percent of all occupational disease claims. According to estimates by the OTA, stress-related illness costs business, between $50 and 75$ billion per year.

3. 太阳能

What’s m aking solar energy so hot? For one thing, the technology is getting better and cheaper. The price of the photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight to electricity has fallen sharply from $500 a watt in the 1960s to about $4 today. Companies are now rushing to break the $2 barrier. Texas Instruments and Southern California Edison have joined forces to produce flexible solar panels from inexpensive low-grade silicon. The innovative technology will allow the panels to be integrated into car and building design and, even more important, will crash the price to $2.50 a watt. 4. 微型机器

In the past, one of the biggest disadvantages of machines has been their inability to work on a micro (or tiny) scale. For example, doctors did not have devices allowing them to go inside the human body to identify health problems to perform delicate surgery. Repair crew did not have a way of identifying broken pipes located deep within a high-rise apartment building. However, that’s about to change. Advances in computers and biophysics have started a micro miniature revolution that’s allowing scientists to envision and in some cases actually build microscopic machines. These devices promise to radically change the way we live and work.

5. 环境压力

*New technologies often cause new forms of pollution and environmental stress. Pollution may be defined as the addition to the environment of agents that are potentially damaging to the welfare of humans or other organisms. Environmental stress is a more general term that refers to effects of society on the natural environment. Pollution is the most common form of environmental stress, but it is not the only one.

One example of environmental stress resulting from technology is the surprising finding that winter fish kills in Wisconsin lakes were caused by snowmobiles. Heavy snowmobile ues on a lake compacts the snow, thereby reducing the amount of sunlight filtering through the ice and interfering with photosynthesis by aquatic plants. As the plant life dies, its decomposition further reduces the amount of oxygen in the water. The fish then die of asphyxiation.

In sum, although scientific discoveries and technological advances have produced tremendous improvements in the quality of human life, they have often had negative consequences as well. The risk of cancer caused by the inhalation of asbestos particles, the possibility of large-scale industrial accidents, the ethical issues raised by the use of life-prolong technologies, and the ever-present danger of nuclear holocaust are as much a part of the modern era as space travel, miracle drugs, and computers that can operate whole factories. Although technology is not “out of control’, there is clearly a need for improved procedures for anticipating and preventing the negative consequences of new technologies.

6. 高科技和就业

The term high technology is associated with computers, advanced electronics, genetic engineering , and other frontiers of technological change. The term high technology implies:

An extensive degree of technological sophistication embodied in a product

A rapid rate of employment growth associated with an innovative product.

A large research and development effort associated with production.

One implication of this definition is that it includes job-creating process like research and development as well as technologies like computers, which also have created new growth in employment.

Early machine technologies tended to replace human labor power, but high technology tends to reduce the need for human brainpower. Employment in occupations like drafting and industrial drawing in engineering and architecture, for example, is threatened by the accelerating use of computer design and graphics programs.

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Matlab地神经网络工具箱实用指南设计作者夏寒发布时间2000

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实用标准文案当我们调用adapt时将触发adaptwb函数，这是缺省的线性网络调整函数。learnwh是缺省的权重和偏置学习函数。因此，Widrow-Hoff学习法将会被使用： [net,a,e,pf] = adapt(net,P,T); a = 0 0 0 0 e = 4 5 7 7 注意网络的输出全部为0，因为在所有要训练的数据提交前权重没有被更新，如果我们显示权重，我们就会发现： >>net.IW{1,1} ans = 4.9000 4.1000 >>net.b{1} ans = 2.3000 经过了用adapt函数的批处理方式调整，这就和原来不一样了。现在用train函数来实现批处理方式。由于Widrow-Hoff规则能够在增加方式和批处理方式中应用，它可以通过adapt和train触发。我们有好几种算法只能用于批处理方式（特别是Levenberg-Marquardt算法），所以这些算法只能用train触发。网络用相同的方法建立： net = newlin([-1 1;-1 1],1,0,0.1); net.IW{1,1} = [0 0]; net.b{1} = 0;

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按功能列出的推荐控件和组件:(windows程序用的控件和组件) 数据显示: DataGridView控件 DataGridView控件提供用来显示数据的可自定义表。使用DataGridView类，可以自定义单元格、行、列和边框。注意DataGridView控件提供DataGrid控件所不具备的许多基本和高级功能。有关更多信息数据绑定和定位: BindingSource组件通过提供当前项管理、更改通知和其他服务，来简化将窗体上的控件绑定到数据的过程。

文本编辑: BindingNavigator控件提供工具栏式的界面来定位和操作窗体上的数据。 TextBox控件显示设计时输入的文本，它可由用户在运行时编辑或以编程方式更改。 RichTextBox控件使文本能够以纯文本或RTF 格式显示。 MaskedTextBox控件约束用户输入的格式信息显示（只读）: Label 控件显示用户无法直接编辑的文本。 LinkLabel控件将文本显示为Web 样式的链接，并在用户单击该特殊文本时触发事件。该文本通常是到另一个窗口或网站的链接。 StatusStrip控件通常在父窗体的底部使用有框架的区域显示有关应用程序的当前状态的信息。ProgressBar控件向用户显示操作的当前进度。网页显示: WebBrowser控件使用户可以在窗体内导航网页。

EXCEL工具箱汇总拆分功能介绍

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5、出现如下窗口，数据来源选择“来自于同一目录下的多个文档”，根据要合并的EXCEL文件表头所在行选择指定范围，同时，由于每张欲合并EXCEL表行数的不确定性，指定范围应选择到“至倒数第1行”如下，点击确定： 6、选择欲合并EXCEL文件夹下所有文件，点击“选择多个文档”： 7、确定后弹出指定数据来源窗口，根据欲合并EXCEL 文件所在SHEET选择，一般说来所在SHEET为同一个，则在右边选择所在SHEET，勾选“连续选择模式”，如图：

8、点击“确定”，则系统会自动将相同格式、但不同文件的EXCEL文件合并为一个EXCEL文件，合成后只需进行相应的格式调整即可。二、拆分功能 1、新建一个文件夹，放入需拆分EXCEL文件，打开需拆分EXCEL文件，同样点击工具箱－EXCEL必备工具箱，选择汇总项下分割表格选项： 2、根据欲拆分、EXCEL表格进行拆分，标题行应选择当前标题行所在行，以便于拆分后的表格均自带标题，分割原

则一般选择“按标志标志分割”，例如各支行欲按分理处对表格进行分割，则在“按标志标志分割”处对应填列分理处所在列数，点击“开始分割”，则会自动分割为不同的EXCEL 文件： 3、拆分后的EXCEL文件会按序出现在原EXCEL所在文件夹中。

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行政管理实用工具箱

职业经理MBA必备实用管理工具书行政总监《企业行政管理工具箱》行政总监必备书

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八、前台接待流程九、来电处理流程第三章办公事务管理一、办公事务主管岗位职责二、办公事务专员岗位职责三、行政办公秘书岗位职责四、办公用品订购审批单五、办公用品台账六、报废物品清单七、办公用品领用表八、办公设备登记表九、办公文书会签单 1．文件会签单 2．行文单 3．目录表十、印章使用登记表１．印章使用审批表２．印章使用登记表十一、文书档案借阅审批表十二、办公用品管理流程 1．办公用品购买流程２．办公用品领用流程十三、办公设备购买流程１．办公设备购买审批流程２．办公设备询价流程３．办公设备比价流程４．办公设备采购流程十四、文书档案管理流程１．发文管理流程

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托福GRE同时备考之GRE篇

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ToolBoxItemFilterAttribute(“NETCF”,ToolBoxItemFilterType.R equire)ToolBoxItemFilterAttribute(“System.CF.Windows.Form s”, ToolBoxITemFilterType.Custom) 2

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1）内嵌ThingMagic-Micro高性能模组，具备读取速度快、灵敏度高，多标签读取能力强等典型特征； 2）支持WIFI、蓝牙数据透传，与安卓手机协同可实时将工作现场数据发送给后台管理系统，实现现场和远程管理； 3）一键盘点，实现工具箱内所有工具的盘存； 4）未归还工具预警，快速锁定未归还工具，提醒及时处理，避免工具丢失以及可能造成的安全隐患； 5）支持工具箱多层设计，存储容量大，可管理工具多，利用率高； 6）自带大容量可充电电池，采用触发或定时盘存机制，超低功耗，可持续工作时间长，满足全天候工作要求。 3.1电力巡检 RFID电力设备手持设备终端巡检系统针对巡检工作实际需要及特点，具有路线安排、数据记录、工作状态监督、数据汇总报告等功能，并可与电力设备企业现有信息系统无缝连接，有效的了解、检查巡检工作状态、及时的发现电力设备的缺陷情况，提升电力设备、电力设备设备运行安全性、降低生产运营成本、提高工作效率，具有低成本，轻便易操作，设备使用时间长等显著优点。 3.2航空航运通过RFID航空行李分拣系统的构建，也可以覆盖物流环节中收发货物品的确认、快速收货、快速发货、卸货装盘统计、准确快速搬运装卸的各个环节，最终建立一个快速、统一、无缝的可视化RFID智能管理系统，实现RFID物流管理中的准确、高效率和实时管理功能。ThingMagic超高频RFID设备凭借快速读取---750标签/秒的高速读取能力，和行业皆知的防碰撞算法的无漏读能力，且支持行业的全协议，在机场行李分拣、邮包分拣、药品分拣、大型仓储商品分拣等其他货物自动分拣系统和物流业的其他环节中发挥着巨大的作用。

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