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QoSMap QoS aware Mapping of Virtual Networks for Resiliency and Efficiency

QoSMap QoS aware Mapping of Virtual Networks for Resiliency and Efficiency
QoSMap QoS aware Mapping of Virtual Networks for Resiliency and Efficiency

Abstract— We describe QoSMap, an efficient and flexible mechanism for constructing virtual networks on a shared Internet substrate for applications having stringent QoS and resiliency requirements. Applications specify desired overlay topology and weighted network characteristics which serve as resource constraints desired by the application in meeting the QoS expectations. QoSMap uses these constraints to select an overlay consisting of high quality direct paths between nodes from a pool of candidate nodes and paths. In addition to the required overlay topology constructed from direct paths between nodes, QoSMap provides path resiliency by constructing alternate one-hop overlay routes via intermediary nodes having paths that meet or exceed the resource constraints. As a case study, we utilized QoSMap to form an overlay for an application requiring constraints on message delay and loss rates. We describe the design of QoSMap and show that it leads to higher quality and more resilient overlays than does a mechanism which addresses only the minimum QoS requirements of the application.

Index Terms—Overlay Configuration, Network Management, Quality of Service, Network utilization.

I.INTRODUCTION

ETWORK virtualization is widely used for sharing network

resources on the Internet. An Internet substrate is mapped to one or more virtual networks, each of which is utilized as an overlay application. The underlying motivation behind network virtualization is to allow multiple and overlapping usage of the Internet substrate. Since the Internet has observed rapid growth from its inception, network virtualization provides a promising technique to allow the deployment and evaluation of a variety of Internet applications while maintaining the current architecture of the Internet [9]. Virtual network assignments are generally requested on the fly and a substrate resource (node or a link) could serve multiple virtual network resources. Therefore, it is essential to effectively map the virtual resources and obtain better utilization of the substrate network. The term “efficient mapping” is general; it could consist of various properties, such as from topological aware construction [10] [12] to application specific bandwidth demands [5].

The task of mapping becomes more challenging with the increased and diversified nature of overlay applications. In

This work is supported in part by the NSF career grant (sponsor and financial support acknowledgment goes here). addition, many applications such as applications providing QoS have specific requirements and expectations and they require network resources that meet or exceed their constraints.

Virtual network assignments are NP-hard problems [14]. Previous efforts on the subject, such as the work proposed by Zhu and Ammar [14] [15], focus on meeting specific requirements for a particular application and assume unlimited overlay hops in connecting two nodes. However, applications that have hop-related constraints such as loss rate and delay could observe degraded performance if paths with multiple overlay hops are utilized. Additionally, many scenarios could exist in which applications have multiple network constraints and have specific preferences for each of them. For instance, an application may desire shorter paths for early delivery of messages and low loss rates for better throughput and require that paths with low loss rates have precedence over paths with shorter delays.

Another challenge related to virtual network is that its efficacy depends on the behavior of the underlying Internet substrate. While the network constraints are considered during the mapping of the overlay, the virtual network resource (link or a node) could violate the network constraints if the substrate network experiences congestion or failure. In a similar study, Oppenheimer et al. observed that node placement decisions on PlanetLab become ineffective after 30 minutes [7]. Although reconfiguration of the overlay has been proposed as an alternate option [14] [7], a high cost of service disruption, deployment and re-computation is associated with it. Our thesis is that the resiliency against network failures could be improved and QoS violations could be mitigated by providing alternate routes via an intermediary overlay node which could be utilized by routing or reconfiguration mechanisms. Such mechanisms have already been employed in RON and other similar services [2]. The challenge, however, lies in determining routes via intermediate nodes that meets or exceeds the network constraints. The problem is NP-hard and can be reduced to the virtual network assignment problem.

In this paper, we describe QoSMap, a tool that provides an efficient and flexible mechanism for mapping overlay network to the underlying Internet substrate. Applications specify the desired path characteristics and their weights which serve as resource constraints in meeting the QoS demands of an

QoSMap: QoS aware Mapping of Virtual

Networks for Resiliency and Efficiency

Jawwad Shamsi and Monica Brockmeyer

Wayne State University N

application and also contribute in determining the quality of resources, such that QoSMap selects high quality resources while forming an overlay. In order to meet the stringent QoS requirements and provide paths with high quality, QoSMap only considers the direct path between two substrate nodes. In addition, QoSMap strives to construct high quality one-hop alternate routes via intermediary overlay nodes that fulfill application constraints. The alternate routes serve as a back-up for direct overlay routes and provide increased resiliency and durability against changing network conditions. Since both the direct and the indirect paths are high quality paths that meet or exceed application QoS constraints, an application can utilize either of these paths without violating QoS requirements.

The QoSMap architecture is a generic platform that could fulfill virtual network assignment problem for a variety of Internet applications. As a case study, we solve overlay network assignment problem for an application that have strict QoS requirements of loss rate and message delay. We compared the performance of QoSMap with a totally random approach of overlay mapping and observed that the QoSMap provides higher quality and more resilient overlays. The main contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows:

-It provides a generic mechanism for QoS-based overlay mapping to the Internet substrate, where high quality paths are achieved by only considering the direct edges between two underlay nodes.

-In addition to fulfilling the request for the overlay topology, QoSMap also provides high quality alternate routes via an intermediary node that meets or exceeds the application constraints. Such paths increase the resiliency of the overlay against failure of direct paths.

QoSMap can simplify network management by selecting nodes and links that fulfill the application QoS requirements. It can be employed by many applications that require use of overlay services and utilize underlying substrate such as the PlanetLab.

II.V IRTUAL N ETWORK A SSIGNMENT P ROBLEM

A.Assumptions and Considerations

QoSMap does not monitor network and collect information about the network parameters. We assume that any application providing QoS will require performance monitoring and that the data yielded by such monitoring can serve as input to the QoSMap. Therefore, QoSMap can be integrated with other monitoring tools such as CoMoN [8].

QoSMap supports asymmetric paths i.e. it considers forward and backward paths between two nodes, as two separate paths.

B.Problem Description

We describe the virtual network assignment problem as follows:

-The underlying topology is represented as a directed graph

G , with V nodes and E edges, where each edge has

specific network characteristics (such as bandwidth, delay

etc). The application specifies the desired overlay topology that includes the total number of virtual nodes, virtual links (including the source and the destination nodes for each overlay link) and weighted network constraints. In general, an application can specify ‘n’ constraints, represented as P1, P2, P3 …. P n., each having a weight, w1, w2, w3…..w n. such that,

w1+w2 + w3 + …. + w n =1.

-The assignment problem consists of building an overlay that meets or exceeds the resource constraints requested by the application. Since the purpose of the weighted constraints is to achieve a minimum level of QoS, each characteristic related to the constraint contributes (in proportion to its weight) in determining the quality of the path. Therefore, the goal of QoSMap is to select paths with high quality, where the quality (M) of the path is computed as follows:

i

n

i

i

w

Ri

Pi

M∑=

=

=

1

----- (1)

where, R i is the requested value for the constraint i.

M represents the ratio of the QoS received by an application over the QoS requested. We assume that each P i is increasing - that is that the application favors high values of the metrics.

-The quality (M) of an overlay path may also be related to the number of overlay hops. If an application has stringent QoS requirements such as loss-rate, then paths with multiple hops could experience low quality. Additionally, due to multiple overlay hops, such paths are vulnerable to transient congestions and network changes. Therefore, an effective solution should favor direct overlay paths in meeting such requirements.

-The quality of overlay paths could be degraded due to transient or persistent congestion. While reconfiguration of the overlay network has been suggested to recuperate from such behavior [14], a high cost of service disruption is associated with it. In such a scenario, alternate routes with an additional overlay hop between two overlay nodes could be utilized to continue service and avoid service disruption. Such path provides resiliency against changing network conditions. Therefore, an important consideration while mapping overlay nodes is that they facilitate one-hop alternate routes via intermediary nodes. An imperative challenge in computing such routes is that they meet or exceeds the QoS requirements of an application. An application must specify the aggregate function to compute network characteristics for paths via an intermediary node.

In addition, intermediary nodes should be selected such that the back up routes exhibits high quality.

-The provision of alternate routes is likely to bring additional nodes in the overlay. This constitutes the cost of maintaining service in additional nodes. In order to minimize such cost, preference should be given to the nodes that have already been included in the overlay

(either as mapped overlay nodes or intermediary nodes), while selecting the new intermediary nodes. Although additional nodes incur cost they are likely to be useful for dynamic network reconfiguration. However, in this paper we do not explore the reconfiguration problem.

III.T HE Q O S MAP - ALGORITHM

The basic idea of the QoSMap algorithm is simple. From the unmapped overlay nodes, QoSMap selects an overlay node with highest degree and finds all the possible underlay nodes whose direct edges fulfill the degree requirements of the overlay node. QoSMap then selects an underlay node based on the three factors. 1) Number of alternate routes an underlay node can provide, 2) whether the underlay node is already in the overlay as a part of an alternate route and 3) the quality of the underlay node, computed from Equation 1 by averaging M for all egress and ingress edges. If at any stage, QoSMap cannot find an underlay node that meets the degree requirements of an overlay node, then it backtracks to the preceding stage and selects a different underlay node for the preceding overlay node.

Given an underlying topology and overlay mapping request the main steps of the QoSMap algorithm are described below. 1.Filter all the direct edges from the underlying topology

that do not meet the application constraints.

2.Add one-hop routes and compute their path

characteristics using the aggregate function specified by the application.

3.Evict all one-hop routes that do not meet the application

constraints and compute the quality of all the direct and

intermediary-routes using equation (1).

4.From the list of unmapped overlay nodes, select a node

with highest degree.

5.Prepare a list (called Node-List) of underlay nodes that

fulfills the degrees requirements of the selected overlay node.

6.Sort the Node-List according to the following criteria:

a.The average number of alternate routes a node

provides over all the egress and ingress edges,

(capping the number of alternate nodes

considered to two).

b.Whether or not a node has been included in the

overlay as an intermediary node for alternate

routes (giving preference to such nodes).

c.Quality, where the quality of a node is computed

by calculating the average quality over all the

egress and ingress direct paths.

7.From the sorted list select the next available underlay

node and map it as the selected overlay node.

8.Find alternate routes via intermediary nodes. In

determining intermediary nodes, preference is given to the nodes that are already part of the overlay as a mapped

overlay node or unmapped intermediary node. If multiple

nodes exist with the same criteria then select nodes with

the highest quality (M). Up to two intermediary nodes are

selected for each overlay path. 9.If at any stage, no underlay node exists which meet the

degree requirements then back track to the preceding level and select a different underlay node for the preceding overlay node.

10.Repeat (Step 4) until all the overlay nodes are mapped or

all the nodes in the Node-List have been tried for the overlay node at the first level (highest degree).

IV.P ERFORMANCE EVALUATION

In order to evaluate the performance of QoSMap, we utilized it to solve the overlay mapping request for an application with strict QoS requirements minimizing packet loss rate and message delay. We used the inverse of these values to construct increasing QoS metrics and weighted them equally to construct our overall metric.

We compared the performance of QoSMap with a random approach, which randomly selects an overlay node which meets the minimum QoS constraints without attempting to maximize the QoS constraints or to build indirect routes.

In our simulation, we generated an underlying network of 50 nodes where each node is connected to every other node via a direct edge. While our initial substrate was fully connected, QoS demands by an application will result in a less connected underlay after filtering. We considered six different types of QoS requests with differing requirements of packet loss and delay constraints such that the filtered underlay topology is varied from 100% connectivity to 20% connectivity between nodes. For each level of QoS, we considered five different types of overlay topologies, a completely connected overlay, randomly connected overlays with 50% and 25% connectivity, a tree topology and a ring topology, each having 15 overlay nodes.

In our experiments we observed that for the complete overlay topology, a solution could only be found when the underlay was complete, i.e. the QoS requirements of the application were low. When more stringent QoS requirements were modeled, no solution existed. Similarly, for the random overlay topology with 50% connectivity, a solution could only be found when underlay was 100% connected, 90% connected or 80% connected.

For evaluation, we used the QoSMap and the random approaches to fulfill the mapping requests and compare the quality and resiliency of the resulting overlay.

We outlined the following criteria for comparison between the two approaches.

-What is the quality of the mapped overlay? And what is the advantage of using QoSMap over random in terms

of quality of the paths?

-What is the resiliency of the overlay? And what is the advantage of using QoSMap over random in terms of

resiliency?

-What is the cost (in terms of extra nodes) of obtaining high resiliency?

-Is QoSMap feasible for moderate size overlays?

Each of these evaluation criteria is explained below.

Figure 1: Average Quality of Direct paths. QoSMap

Figure 2: Average Gain in Quality of Direct paths -

QoSMap vs. Random

Figure 3: Average Quality of Indirect paths. QoSMap Figure 4: Resiliency - QoSMap

Figure 5: Average Gain in Resiliency – QoSMap vs.

Random

Figure 6: Node Cost – QoSMap

Figure 7: Gain – Resiliency vs. Node cost Figure 8: Execution steps vs. Overlay size

A.Quality

To compute the overall quality of the overlay, we calculated

the average quality over all the direct paths. We observed that

QoSMap yields high quality overlays (Figure 1). For instance,

even in the extreme scenario in which 80% of the underlay

edges are evicted due to stringent QoS requirements on the

part of the application (20% connectivity), QoSMap was able

to accomplish M of 3.5. Recall that M represents the average

ratio between received QoS and requested. In comparison to

the QoSMap, the quality of the direct paths of the overlays

generated by the random approach is lower. Figure 2,

represents the performance gain of the QoSMap over the

random approach. The performance gain varies between 1.3

and 2.5, affirming the fact that QoSMap yields better quality

paths. We also computed the quality of the indirect paths for

the two approaches. However, under many scenarios, the

random approach does not provided alternate routes. Figure 3

illustrates that the indirect paths yielded by QoSMap have high quality.

B.Resiliency

To measure resiliency, we computed the ratio of the number of all the paths (both direct and indirect) to the number of direct paths. For both the QoS and the random approach, we specifically check for the existence of all the one-hop indirect paths that can be utilized as alternate paths because they meet application requirements, not just those explicitly constructed by the algorithm. Figure 4 shows the resiliency of the QoSMap. The resiliency varies from 2.2 to 6.5 and increases with the increase in the connectivity of the underlay. This is due to the fact that in the underlay with higher connectivity, QoSMap was able to find large number of alternate routes. Even under extreme scenario of only 20% underlay connectivity the resiliency is greater than 2, i.e. on average for each overlay path there exist at least one alternate path via an intermediary node. We also computed the resiliency provided by the random algorithm. With the exception of the overlays with complete graph and the random with 50% connectivity, the resiliency of the overlays is maintained around 1, i.e. very few overlay paths have alternate routes with random algorithm. Figure 5 shows the gain of resiliency between QoSMap and the random algorithms. In general, the gain increases with the increase in the underlay connectivity.

C.Cost of resiliency

To evaluate the cost of resiliency achieved by the addition of indirect routes, we computed the ratio of the total number of nodes (mapped overlay nodes and the intermediary nodes that are not mapped as an overlay node) over the number of nodes requested by the application. Figure 6 illustrates the node cost of different overlays generated by the QoSMap approach. The cost decreases with the increase in the underlay connectivity, as QoSMap was able to utilize mapped overlay nodes as intermediate nodes more easily for more connected overlays. In Figure 7, we examine the ration of resiliency to node cost and demonstrate that the cost of additional nodes contributes to redundancy and that this contribution is especially effective for more connected underlay networks (i.e. those for which the QoS requirements are more modest).

D.Feasibility of QoSMap for Medium-sized applications

Due to stringent QoS requirements, both the QoSMap and the random algorithms only considers direct paths between two nodes and therefore requires backtracking to meet the degree requirements of an overlay node. Under some scenarios, backtracking could lead to exponential increase in the total number of execution steps1 and affect the scalability of the two algorithms. Due to strict demands of QoS and the expectation that QoSMap will be used for applications which monitor paths characteristics, we do not target large-size applications.

1The total number of execution steps in a solution is equal to the sum of the number of overlay nodes and the number of backtracks.

We conducted an experiment to evaluate the performance of QoSMap under increasing overlay sizes and larger underlying topology. We used an underlay network of 100 nodes with 80% connectivity between the nodes and varied the overlay size from 5 nodes to 50 nodes with random connectivity among the overlay nodes. We noted the number of execution steps for each overlay topology and observed that up to the overlay size of 40 nodes the execution step are almost linear to the number of overlay nodes (Figure 8). However, for overlay networks of 45 and 50 nodes, we observed an exponential increase in the number of execution steps due to the rise in the number of backtracks.

Therefore, we conclude that QoSMap is more feasible for small to medium size applications with stringent QoS requirements. Note that the cost of executing QoSMap is a one time cost occurring at application deployment. In practice, we found that if an overlay existed, even our un-optimized prototype algorithm returned results with in one minute.

V.R ELATED W ORK

Overlay network configuration has received significant consideration from the research community. Zhu and Ammar [14] presented a virtual network assignment solution which reduces link and node stress in the underlying network. Their work is focused on balancing load on substrate nodes and links, in which they do not consider any restriction on the number of overlay hops in computing the end-to-end overlay path. As a result, we do not expect that their approach will satisfy applications having stringent QoS requirements. They also proposed reconfiguration of the overlay due to changing network considerations. Later [15], the authors consider bandwidth and CPU availability as resource constraints to solve the virtual network assignment problem on PlanetLab.

In contrast, QoSMap is a generic and flexible mechanism not restricted to any specific network constraint. In order to achieve high quality, we only consider the direct path between two nodes as a mean to connect two overlay nodes. Further, to reduce the complexity and the cost of overlay reconfiguration, we provide alternate routes consisting of an additional hop via intermediary nodes. Such paths increase resiliency against network failures and congestion.

The idea of improving path resiliency against network failures is first introduced in RON [2] which utilizes one-hop overlay routes in case of failure of direct overlay routes. However, since RON is a fully connected overlay network in which each node is connected to all the other nodes, it does not explicitly constructs alternate routes or assigns virtual network. In contrast, QoSMap is a virtual network solver, which constructs high quality direct and indirect paths that fulfill the QoS requirements and is therefore suitable for applications with more stringent QoS requirements.

In another study, Hyman et al. [5] utilizes the notion of resource allocation of virtual circuits to build virtual path with bandwidth considerations. In comparison, QoSMap is developed with a generic framework that can support different

path characteristics.

Some researchers have also focused on solving virtual

network assignment problems for emulation platforms. Liu

and et al. [6] presented two algorithms for mapping virtual networks on emulation platforms. Similarly, Ricci and et al.

[11] proposed a simulated annealing based solution for

mapping virtual networks on the Emulab testbed, an application with different constraints such as meeting

hardware requirements and lower level network

considerations. Further, our work is different in that we are

focused on achieving high quality and resiliency.

Different schemes related to graph embedding exist that can

be utilized for network mapping [4] [1]. However, the context of such algorithms is different as they consider restricted sets of underlying graphs such as hypercube or Euclidean space. Further, these algorithms are not developed to meet the

challenges presented in this paper i.e. meeting stringent QoS requirements and attaining high resiliency.

Many researchers have focused on achieving topological aware overlay construction in order to increase the performance of the virtual networks [10] [12]. While, such schemes increases the efficiency of the overlay networks, the perspective of such approaches are different as they are focused on maintaining good connectivity among the overlay nodes and minimizing message delay in the network. Contrary

to that, our work is related to solving user specific overlay topology with stringent QoS requirements comprising many considerations related to meeting network constraints and

achieving higher resiliency.

While QoSMap operates at the application layer of the OSI model, lower level mechanisms such as RSVP-TE based signaling for MPLS [3] can also be utilized to reserve

resources for QoS. QoSMap is complementary to these techniques and can be used when they are not available. Moreover, QoSMap also maps virtual networks and is therefore more suitable for overlay applications. VI. C ONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

QoSMap provides a generic platform for mapping overlay networks that meet application-specific stringent QoS demands. To obtain high quality, it only considers direct paths between two nodes for the computation of overlay routes. For increased resiliency against changing network behavior, it provides high quality one-hop alternate routes via intermediary nodes

We compared the performance of QoSMap with a random approach and observed high gains with respect to the quality of paths and the resiliency. We also observed that QoSMap is more feasible for small to medium sized applications. Having demonstrated the effectiveness and efficacy of QoSMap, we would like to extend this research along the following directions.

- Evaluate and validate the QoSMap under dynamic

network conditions in which network characteristics varies over time.

- Evaluate the suitability of QoSMap for the construction of overlay networks with stringent timing constraints such as Predictable Service Overlay Networks (PSON) [13]. - Explore the effectiveness of redundant paths through an

application that utilize routing to meet the stringent QoS demands. - Develop a mechanism for overlay re-configuration which

exploits the availability of redundant nodes added for alternate routes. - Explore heuristics to reduce the backtracking by

permitting some pairs of nodes to be connected by one-hop indirect paths instead of requiring only direct paths.

- Employ renegotiation of QoS requirements for networks

that exhibits low QoS. R EFERENCES [1] Alfakih, A. and Wolkowics, H. “On the Embeddability of weighted

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[3] Fineberg, V. “A practical architecture for implementing end-to-end QoS in an IP-network”. IEEE communications, Jan 2002.

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H3C S5600系列交换机典型配置举例

S5600系列交换机典型配置举例 2.1.1 静态路由典型配置 1. 组网需求 (1)需求分析 某小型公司办公网络需要任意两个节点之间能够互通,网络结构简单、稳定, 用户希望最大限度利用现有设备。用户现在拥有的设备不支持动态路由协议。 根据用户需求及用户网络环境,选择静态路由实现用户网络之间互通。 (2)网络规划 根据用户需求,设计如图2-1所示网络拓扑图。 图2-1 静态路由配置举例组网图 2. 配置步骤 交换机上的配置步骤: # 设置以太网交换机Switch A的静态路由。 system-view [SwitchA] ip route-static 1.1.3.0 255.255.255.0 1.1.2.2 [SwitchA] ip route-static 1.1.4.0 255.255.255.0 1.1.2.2 [SwitchA] ip route-static 1.1.5.0 255.255.255.0 1.1.2.2 # 设置以太网交换机Switch B的静态路由。 system-view [SwitchB] ip route-static 1.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 1.1.3.1 [SwitchB] ip route-static 1.1.5.0 255.255.255.0 1.1.3.1

[SwitchB] ip route-static 1.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 1.1.3.1 # 设置以太网交换机Switch C的静态路由。 system-view [SwitchC] ip route-static 1.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 1.1.2.1 [SwitchC] ip route-static 1.1.4.0 255.255.255.0 1.1.3.2 主机上的配置步骤: # 在主机A上配缺省网关为1.1.5.1,具体配置略。 # 在主机B上配缺省网关为1.1.4.1,具体配置略。 # 在主机C上配缺省网关为1.1.1.1,具体配置略。 至此图中所有主机或以太网交换机之间均能两两互通。 2.1.2 RIP典型配置 1. 组网需求 (1)需求分析 某小型公司办公网络需要任意两个节点之间能够互通,网络规模比较小。需要 设备自动适应网络拓扑变化,降低人工维护工作量。 根据用户需求及用户网络环境,选择RIP路由协议实现用户网络之间互通。(2)网络规划 根据用户需求,设计如图2-2所示网络拓扑图。 设备接口IP地址设备接口IP地址 Switch A Vlan-int1110.11.2.1/24Switch B Vlan-int1110.11.2.2/24 Vlan-int2155.10.1.1/24Vlan-int3196.38.165.1/24 Switch C Vlan-int1110.11.2.3/24 Vlan-int4117.102.0.1/16 图2-2 RIP典型配置组网图 2. 配置步骤

简单日常日语(注音)

日常生活篇 初(はじ)めまして中文类似发音:哈(3声)吉梅妈希te 初次见面 解说:两个人第一次见面的时候问候用语 よろしく中文类似发音:有楼希苦 请多关照 解说:客套话的一种,经常能听到或看到。比较客气的说法是在后面加上お愿(ねが)いします 例子:鬼冢在黑板上写的大大的自己名字+よろしく(おにづかえいきち、よろしく)[GTO> おはようございます中文类似发音:欧哈优go灾以妈斯 早上好 解说:早上见面说 例子:无数动画和游戏都能看到,比如某LOLI早上上学的时候和青梅竹马的主人公在门口“偶遇” こんにちは中文类似发音:空尼(1声)奇挖 你好 解说:白天问候用语,最后一个假名读作wa こんばんは中文类似发音:空帮挖 晚上好 解说:傍晚问候用语,最后一个假名读作wa お休(やす)みなさい中文类似发音:偶压斯米纳赛 晚安 解说:睡觉前问候用。也可省略地说成お休(やす)み

ありがとう中文类似发音:阿利压托 谢谢、多谢惠顾 解说:道谢时候用。客气的说法是在后面加上ございます 买完东西后,售货员一般会说:ありがとうございました すみません中文类似发音:死眯嘛森(4声) 对不起 解说:道歉时候用,不过也可用于道谢,总之比较灵活 ごめンなさい中文类似发音:go们纳赛 对不起 解说:请求原谅、谢罪时候用,访问别人家时候也可以使用。可以简化为ごめン例子:雅典娜战败时候说的话就是这个[KOF97> 申(もう)し訳(わけ)ありません中文类似发音:磨西挖开阿历嘛森(4声)实在对不起 解说:更加郑重的道歉,一般道歉人都有很大的责任 こちらこそ 我才是、彼此彼此、是您……才对中文类似发音:口其拉抠嗖 解说:表示谦虚的话 例子:A:よろしくお愿いします拜托请多关照 B:こちらこそ彼此彼此 いらっしゃいませ中文类似发音:以拉虾一嘛se 欢迎光临 解说:进商店的时候,开门的服务员会首先送上这句话

日语简单寒暄语(常用口语)

1. こんにちは。 你好。 2. こんばんは。 晚上好。 3. おはようございます。 早上好。 4. お休(やす)みなさい。 晚安。) 5. お元気(げんき)ですか。 您还好吧,相当于英语的“How are you”,一种打招呼的方式。 6. いくらですか。 多少钱?) 7. すみません。 不好意思,麻烦你…。相当于英语的“Excuse me”。用于向别人开口时。 8. ごめんなさい。 对不起。 9. どういうことですか。 什么意思呢? 10. 山田さんは中国語(ちゅうごくご)が上手(じょうず)ですね。 山田的中国话说的真好。 11. まだまだです。 没什么。没什么。(自谦)

12. どうしたの。 どうしたんですか。 发生了什么事啊。 13. なんでもない。 A没什么事。 14. ちょっと待ってください。请稍等一下。 15. 約束(やくそく)します。 就这么说定了。 16. これでいいですか。这样可以吗? 17. けっこうです。 もういいです。 不用了。 18. どうして。 なぜ 为什么啊? 19. いただきます 那我开动了。(吃饭动筷子前) 20. ごちそうさまでした。/ 我吃饱了。(吃完后) 21. ありがとうございます。谢谢。

22. どういたしまして。 别客气。 23. 本当(ほんとう)ですか。 真的? 24. うれしい。 我好高兴。(女性用语) 25. よし。いくぞ。 好!出发(行动)。(男性用语) 26. いってきます。 我走了。(离开某地对别人说的话) 27. いってらしゃい。 您好走。(对要离开的人说的话) 28. いらっしゃいませ。 欢迎光临。 29. また、どうぞお越(こ) しください。 欢迎下次光临。 30. じゃ、またね。 では、また。 再见(比较通用的用法) 31. 信(しん) じられない。 真令人难以相信。 32. どうも。 该词意思模糊。有多谢、不好意思、对不起等多种意思,可以说是个万能词。

H3C路由器配置实例

通过在外网口配置nat基本就OK了,以下配置假设Ethernet0/0为局域网接口,Ethernet0/1为外网口。 1、配置内网接口(E t h e r n e t0/0):[M S R20-20]i n t e r f a c e E t h e r n e t0/0 [M S R20-20 2、使用动态分配地址的方式为局域网中的P C分配地址[M S R20-20]d h c p s e r v e r i p-p o o l 1 [M S R20-20-d h c p-p o o l-1]n e t w o r k2 4 [M S R20-20 [M S R20-20 3、配置n a t [M S R20-20]n a t a d d r e s s-g r o u p1公网I P公网I P [MSR20-20]acl number 3000 [MSR20-20-acl-adv-3000]rule 0 permit ip 4、配置外网接口(Ethernet0/1) [MSR20-20] interface Ethernet0/1 [MSR20-20- Ethernet0/1]ip add 公网IP [MSR20-20- Ethernet0/1] nat outbound 3000 address-group 1 5.加默缺省路由 [MSR20-20]route-stac 0.0.0外网网关 总结: 在2020路由器下面, 配置外网口, 配置内网口, 配置acl 作nat, 一条默认路由指向电信网关. ok! Console登陆认证功能的配置 关键词:MSR;console; 一、组网需求: 要求用户从console登录时输入已配置的用户名h3c和对应的口令h3c,用户名和口令正确才能登录成功。 二、组网图: 三、配置步骤:

日语最基本的100句对话

日语最基本的100句对话 こんにちは。(kon ni ji wa) 你好。 こんばんは。(kon ban wa) 晚上好。 おはようございます。(o ha you go za i mas) 早上好。 お休(やす)みなさい。(o ya su mi na sai) 晚安。 お元気(げんき)ですか。(o gen ki de s ka?) 您还好吧,相当于英语的“How are you”,一种打招呼的方式。 いくらですか。(i ku la de s ka?) 多少钱? すみません。(su mi ma sen) 不好意思,麻烦你…。相当于英语的“Excuse me”。用于向别人开口时。 ごめんなさい。(go men na sai) 对不起。 どういうことですか。(dou iu ko to de su ka?) 什么意思呢? 山田さんは中国語(ちゅうごくご)が上手(じょうず)ですね。 (ta na ka san wa jiu go ku ko ga zyou zu de su ne) 山田的中国话说的真好。 まだまだです。(ma da ma da de s) 没什么。没什么。(自谦) どうしたの。(dou si ta no) どうしたんですか。(dou si tan de su ka?) 发生了什么事啊。 なんでもない。(nan de mo nai) 没什么事。

ちょっと待ってください。(jou to ma te ku da sai,可以简单地表达为:jou to) 请稍等一下。 約束(やくそく)します。(ya ku so ko si ma s) 就这么说定了。 これでいいですか。(ko na de i i de su ka?) 这样可以吗? けっこうです。(ke kou de s) もういいです。(mou i i de s) 不用了。 どうして。(dou si de) なぜ(na ze) 为什么啊? いただきます(i ta da ki ma s) 那我开动了。(吃饭动筷子前) ごちそうさまでした。(ko ji sou sa ma de si ta) 我吃饱了。(吃完后) ありがとうございます。(a li ga to go za i ma s) 谢谢。 どういたしまして。(dou i ta si ma si de) 别客气。 本当(ほんとう)ですか。(hon dou de su ka?) 真的? うれしい。(so ne si i) 我好高兴。(女性用语) よし。いくぞ。(yo si。i ku zo) 好!出发(行动)。(男性用语) いってきます。(i te ki ma s) 我走了。(离开某地对别人说的话) いってらしゃい。(i te la si yai) 您好走。(对要离开的人说的话)

H3C IPv6 静态路由配置

操作手册 IP路由分册 IPv6 静态路由目录 目录 第1章 IPv6静态路由配置......................................................................................................1-1 1.1 IPv6静态路由简介.............................................................................................................1-1 1.1.1 IPv6静态路由属性及功能........................................................................................1-1 1.1.2 IPv6缺省路由..........................................................................................................1-1 1.2 配置IPv6静态路由.............................................................................................................1-2 1.2.1 配置准备..................................................................................................................1-2 1.2.2 配置IPv6静态路由...................................................................................................1-2 1.3 IPv6静态路由显示和维护..................................................................................................1-2 1.4 IPv6静态路由典型配置举例(路由应用).........................................................................1-3 1.5 IPv6静态路由典型配置举例(交换应用).........................................................................1-5

常用日语词典介绍及对比

常用日语词典介绍及对比 初级水平适用日语辞典介绍: 1.《精选日汉汉日词典》(商务印书馆出版) 这本词典优点在于其小巧轻便,可以随身携带。 特别推荐给初学者。 该词典采取了日汉、汉日合编的形式,有汉语词 条和汉语释义加繁体字体和汉语拼音。日汉是以 50音作为索引和编排顺序,汉日以拼音作为索引 和编排顺序。 新版补充了新词,增补了例句。删除了某些生僻词和已经基本不用的词意。日语释义和日语例句里读音较难的汉字加注假名,并在释义、读音、翻译上适当加注语法、用法、搭配关系、词义辨析,有些还附加成语、熟语,以便扩展学习。 2.《新日汉辞典》(辽宁人民出版社) 该辞典由大连外国语学院《新日汉辞典》编写组编写,辽宁人民出版社 1981年出版。目前已经更新至第30多版,在北方的认可度很高。 该辞典收录6万余词条。书末附有《汉字音训读法》等13项附录。正 文按50音图顺序排列。如果是中国普通的日语学习者用这一本来查询 日语单词意思和用法,基本上就够了。 可惜的是没有标注语音语调。不过单词解释比较简单、实用,适合初学者。 3.《外研社日汉双解学习词典》(外语教学与研究出版社)

这本词典是以《旺文社标准国语辞典》(新订版)为蓝本,由外研社引进以双解形式在中国大陆出版发行。首版是2003年,2005年出版了“增补版”。 本词典收录约4.5万词条,精而广。日文释义通俗易懂,中文对译准确、规范、地道,例句精确恰当且实用性强。词条都有语音语调标注(参照《NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典》标注),例句例词中的难读汉字还有假名标注。 尤其值得一提的是词典中穿插的“学习”栏目,有语法应用、用词区别比较,因此特别适合初学或者自学日语的学习者。 附录中还有“古语便览”、“和歌、短歌便览”、“俳句便览”、“敬语的使用方法”等,可以籍此对日本文化有所了解。购买请入内>>> 4.《详解日汉辞典》(北京出版社) 本辞典有音型,所以特别合适初学者。该辞典以下几个特点: 1、选词齐全,覆盖率高。全辞书共收录出现频率高的、长见的和稳定性强 的词条共约6万。派生词和反义词近2万。此外除保留了非专业性科技词 汇外还增加了近年来引进日本的社会生活外来语约5千余条。 2、释义力求通俗易懂,并通过大量例句使读者易于理解,做到融会贯通。 3、每个词条都注有东京标准重音;对疑难汉字标有读音,便于上口。 4、附录内容收集广泛实用,参考性强。汉字齐全易查。 5.《日汉大词典》(上海译文出版社,讲谈社) 本书的特点如下: 1.内容广泛、规模宏大,可称为一部日汉对照的《辞海》。所有词条均 有准确的对应释义和简明精确的释文。 2.最新的词汇解释。词汇条目以现代日语为主,兼收古语,规模相当于 一部大型词典。释文贴近当代生活,实用性强。各词条例句丰富,可帮助 读者多角度地理解词义。 3.庞大的百科内容。信息量庞大,具有规模性和体系性。 4.浓厚的日本色彩。本书为目前国内介绍日本最为详尽的辞典。

日语常用100句

こんにちは。你好。 こんばんは。晚上好。 おはようございます。早上好。 お休(やす)みなさい。晚安。 お元気(げんき)ですか。您还好吧,相当于英语的“How are you”,一种打招呼的方式。 いくらですか。多少钱? すみません。不好意思,麻烦你…。相当于英语的“Excuse me”。用于向别人开口时。ごめんなさい。对不起。 どういうことですか。什么意思呢? 山田さんは中国語(ちゅうごくご)が上手(じょうず)ですね。山田的中国话说的真好。 まだまだです。没什么。没什么。(自谦) どうしたの。 どうしたんですか。发生了什么事啊。 なんでもない。没什么事。 ちょっと待ってください。请稍等一下。 約束(やくそく)します。就这么说定了。 これでいいですか。这样可以吗? けっこうです。 もういいです。不用了。 どうして。 なぜ为什么啊? いただきます那我开动了。(吃饭动筷子前) ごちそうさまでした。我吃饱了。(吃完后) ありがとうございます。谢谢。 どういたしまして。别客气。 本当(ほんとう)ですか。真的? うれしい。我好高兴。(女性用语) よし。いくぞ。好!出发(行动)。(男性用语) いってきます。我走了。(离开某地对别人说的话) いってらしゃい。您好走。(对要离开的人说的话) いらしゃいませ。欢迎光临。 また、どうぞお越(こ) しください。欢迎下次光临。 じゃ、またね。 では、また。再见(比较通用的用法) 信(しん) じられない。真令人难以相信。 どうも。该词意思模糊。有多谢、不好意思、对不起等多种意思,可以说是个万能词。あ、そうだ。啊,对了。表示突然想起另一个话题或事情。(男性用语居多) えへ?表示轻微惊讶的感叹语。 うん、いいわよ。恩,好的。(女性用语,心跳回忆中藤崎答应约会邀请时说的:)) ううん、そうじゃない。不,不是那样的。(女性用语) がんばってください。请加油。(日本人临别时多用此语) がんばります。我会加油的。 ご苦労(くろう) さま。辛苦了。(用于上级对下级) お疲(つか)れさま。辛苦了。(用于下级对上级和平级间) どうぞ遠慮(えんりょ) なく。请别客气。

ict企业网关h3c路由器配置实例

ICT企业网关H3C路由器配置实例 以下是拱墅检查院企业网关的配置实例。路由器是选H3C MRS20-10(ICG2000),具体配置的内容是: PPP+DHCP+NAT+WLAN [H3C-Ethernet0/2] # version 5.20, Beta 1605 # sysname H3C # domain default enable system # dialer-rule 1 ip permit # vlan 1 # domain system access-limit disable state active idle-cut disable self-service-url disable

# dhcp server ip-pool 1 network 192.168.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 gateway-list 192.168.1.1 dns-list 202.101.172.35 202.101.172.46 # acl number 2001 rule 1 permit source 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 # wlan service-template 1 crypto ssid h3c-gsjcy authentication-method open-system cipher-suite wep40 wep default-key 1 wep40 pass-phrase 23456 service-template enable # wlan rrm 11a mandatory-rate 6 12 24 11a supported-rate 9 18 36 48 54 11b mandatory-rate 1 2 11b supported-rate 5.5 11 11g mandatory-rate 1 2 5.5 11

日语常用敬语大全

日语的敬语是学习日语的难点之一。由于内容比较复杂,所以很难掌握。学习了相当长时间日语的人,也容易说错。这里介绍最基本的部分,希望大家在掌握原则之后,在实际应用中不断熟练和提高。 日语的敬语分成:敬他语、自谦语和郑重语3种,这里分别讲述。 一、敬他语 这是为了尊敬对方或者话题人物而使用的描述对方或者话题人物的行为的语言。 共有如下5种形式。 1,敬语助动词----れる、られる 动词未然形(五段动词)+れる 动词未然形(其他动词)+られる 「先生は明日学校に来られます。」“老师明天来学校。” 「社長はこの資料をもう読まれました。」“总经理已经读过了这个资料。” 这类句子的特点是:句子结构与普通的句子相同,只是动词变成了敬语形式(未然形后面加了敬语助动词),另外句子中的主语是一个令人尊敬的人物。 另外要注意:サ变动词未然形+られる时: サ变动词词干+し(未然形)+られる=サ变动词词干+される(しら约音=さ) 所以サ变动词的敬语态是:サ变动词词干+される 如:「社長は会議に出席されません。」“总经理不参加会议。” 在遇到“实义动词+て+补助动词”加敬语助动词时,敬语助动词加到补助动词上而不加到实义动词上。如:「先生が新聞を読んでいます」改成敬语时: 「先生が新聞を読んでおられます。」(正确)(いる后面加敬语助动词时,用おる变化,成为おられる) 「先生が新聞を読まれています。」(错误) 2,敬语句形 敬语句形是用固定的句形表示的敬他语。 ①お+五段动词或一段动词连用形+になる ご(御)+さ变动词词干+になる 如:「先生はもうお帰りになりますか。」“老师您要回去了吗?” 「先生は何時ごろ御出勤になりますか。」“老师您几点上班?” 这里要注意: A,当动词的连用形只有一个字母(兼用一段动词)时,不用这个句形。 B,动词是敬语动词时,不用这个句形。 c,外来语构成的动词,不用这个句形。 ②お+五段动词或一段动词连用形+です ご(御)+さ变动词词干+です 如:「先生はもうお帰りですか。」“老师您要回去了吗?” 「先生は何時ごろ御出勤ですか。」“老师您几点上班?” 这里注意: A,这个句形没有时态变化,时态用相关的副词表示。 如:(将来时)「先生は明日お帰りですか。」“老师明天回去吗?” (现在时)「先生は今お帰りですか。」“老师现在回去吗?” (过去时)「先生はもうお帰りですか。」“老师已经回去了吗?” B,“存じる”是“知る”的自谦语,但是可用这个句形,表示尊敬。 如:「先生ご存知ですか。」“老师,您知道吗?” ③お+五段动词或一段动词连用形+くださる ご(御)+さ变动词词干+くださる 这个形式用在对方或话题人物对说话人有影响或受益时使用。另外,くださる后面加ます时,变成くださいます。 如:「山下先生が文法をお教えくださいます。」“山下老师教我们文法。” 「いろいろご指導くださって、ありがとうございます。」“承蒙各方面指导,深感谢意。” ④お+五段动词或一段动词连用形+ください ご(御)+さ变动词词干+ください 这个句形比动词连用形(五段动词音变浊化)+て+ください要客气。 如:「先生、このお手紙をお読みください。」“老师,请读这封信。” 3,用补助动词なさる构成敬他语。 (お)+五段动词或一段动词连用形+なさる (ご)+さ变动词词干+なさる

h3c路由器典型配置案例

version 5.20, Release 2104P02, Basic # sysname H3C # nat address-group 27 122.100.84.202 122.100.84.202 # # domain default enable system # dns resolve dns proxy enable # telnet server enable # dar p2p signature-file cfa0:/p2p_default.mtd # port-security enable # # vlan 1 # domain system access-limit disable state active idle-cut disable self-service-url disable # dhcp server ip-pool 1 network 192.168.201.0 mask 255.255.255.0 gateway-list 192.168.201.1 dns-list 202.106.0.20 202.106.46.151 # # user-group system # local-user admin password cipher .]@USE=*8 authorization-attribute level 3 service-type telnet # interface Aux0 async mode flow link-protocol ppp

interface Cellular0/0 async mode protocol link-protocol ppp # interface Ethernet0/0 port link-mode route nat outbound address-group 27 ip address 122.100.84.202 255.255.255.202 # interface Ethernet0/1 port link-mode route ip address 192.168.201.1 255.255.255.0 # interface NULL0 # # ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 122.100.84.201 # dhcp enable # load xml-configuration # user-interface con 0 user-interface tty 13 user-interface aux 0 user-interface vty 0 4 authentication-mode scheme user privilege level 3 set authentication password simple###¥¥¥# return [H3C]

日常日语(中文注音)

日常日语——配中文发音(简单实用) 中文意思: 早上好!おはようございます 汉语拼音发音:ou ha you 中文意思: 晚上好!こんばんは 汉语拼音发音:kongbawa 中文意思: 晚安お休(やす)みなさい 汉语拼音发音:ouyasini 中文意思: 你好吗?こんにちは 汉语拼音发音:kongnijiwa 中文意思: 谢谢ありがとう 汉语拼音发音:a li ya duo kudeiyi ma si 中文意思: 对不起!すみません 汉语拼音发音:gu min nasayi 中文意思: 真的!?so-una-no 汉语拼音发音:hongdouni なに?nani 干吗? がんばれga n ba re 加油! だまれda ma re 闭嘴 ストップsu go ppu 住手 どうぞ、ごゆっくりdo u zo ,go yukkuri 请便 いぬi nu 狗腿 中文意思: 我回来了!

汉语拼音发音:ta da yi ma 中文意思: 等一下! 汉语拼音发音:madai 中文意思: 老头子! 汉语拼音发音:ouji sang 中文意思: 父亲 汉语拼音发音:(ou) dao sang 中文意思: 儿子 汉语拼音发音:musigao 中文意思: 我明白了! 汉语拼音发音:waka da wa 中文意思: 没关系!?不要紧!?汉语拼音发音:daizoubu 中文意思: 可爱、可爱的。 汉语拼音发音:kawayi 中文意思: 可怕 汉语拼音发音:kuwayi 中文意思: 太好了! 汉语拼音发音:youka da 中文意思: 怎么?干什么! 汉语拼音发音:nani 中文意思: 多多关照! 汉语拼音发音:youlou xi gu 中文意思: 但是! 汉语拼音发音:daimou 中文意思: 大家! 汉语拼音发音:minna 中文意思: 住手,不要呀!

日语一些简单的日常语和词汇

你好:こんにちは【konnnitiha】(kong ni qi wa) おはよう(ございます)【ohayou】早上好。(如果是平时和好友打招呼,只说おはよう就可以了,如果和老师、上司之类的人,就要加上ございます)。こんにちは中午好 こんばんは【konnbannha】晚上好 如果平日和好友说话的话,用どうも【doumo】,即可。 谢谢:ありがとう【arigatou】 ありがとうa ri ga to u 比较亲切,朋友之间,熟人,上级对下级 ありがとうございます a ri ga tou gou za yi ma xi ta 对比较尊敬的人 ありがとうございました a ri ga tou gou za yi ma si 更加郑重的说法 不用谢:どういたしまして【douitasimasite】 (关系亲密的,直接说"いいえ"【iie】(不,不是,没有)就好,主要用在不那么正式的场合,随意些;“ どういたしまして”就相对比较郑重,正式些) 对不起: すみませんsu mi ma sen ごめんなさいgo men na sai もうしわけない【mousiwakenai】 怎么了? どうしました?do u si ma xi ta? 比较礼貌的 どうした?【dousita】do u xi ta ? 朋友间比较随意的 什么? なんだ【nannda】问别人这个那个之类的是什么 なに【nani】问别人说的是什么 我知道了。 わかりましたwa ka ri ma si ta 正式的 わかったwa kka ta 比较轻松的 打搅了: お邪魔しましたo jie ma xi ma si ta 果然: やはり【yahari】/ やっぱり【yappari】 原来如此/是这样啊: そうかsouka:そうですかsoudesuka的省略,自言自语,“是吗”;そうですねsou de su ne “是吗”也表示同意他人。 なるほど【naruhodo】“原来如此”,恍然大悟之意。

[史上最详细]H3C路由器NAT典型配置案例

H3C路由器NAT典型配置案列(史上最详细) 神马CCIE,H3CIE,HCIE等网络工程师日常实施运维必备,你懂的。 1.11 NAT典型配置举例 1.11.1 内网用户通过NAT地址访问外网(静态地址转换) 1. 组网需求 内部网络用户10.110.10.8/24使用外网地址202.38.1.100访问Internet。 2. 组网图 图1-5 静态地址转换典型配置组网图 3. 配置步骤 # 按照组网图配置各接口的IP地址,具体配置过程略。 # 配置内网IP地址10.110.10.8到外网地址202.38.1.100之间的一对一静态地址转换映射。 system-view [Router] nat static outbound 10.110.10.8 202.38.1.100 # 使配置的静态地址转换在接口GigabitEthernet1/2上生效。 [Router] interface gigabitethernet 1/2 [Router-GigabitEthernet1/2] nat static enable [Router-GigabitEthernet1/2] quit 4. 验证配置 # 以上配置完成后,内网主机可以访问外网服务器。通过查看如下显示信息,可以验证以上配置成功。 [Router] display nat static Static NAT mappings: There are 1 outbound static NAT mappings. IP-to-IP: Local IP : 10.110.10.8 Global IP : 202.38.1.100 Interfaces enabled with static NAT: There are 1 interfaces enabled with static NAT. Interface: GigabitEthernet1/2 # 通过以下显示命令,可以看到Host访问某外网服务器时生成NAT会话信息。 [Router] display nat session verbose Initiator: Source IP/port: 10.110.10.8/42496 Destination IP/port: 202.38.1.111/2048 VPN instance/VLAN ID/VLL ID: -/-/-

常用的日语中文发音

常用日语中文发音 中文意思: 早上好!おはようございます 汉语拼音发音:ou ha you 中文意思: 晚上好!こんばんは 汉语拼音发音:kong ba wa 中文意思: 晚安お休(やす)みなさい 汉语拼音发音:ou ya si ni na sai 中文意思: 你好吗?こんにちは 汉语拼音发音:kong ni ji wa 中文意思: 谢谢ありがとう 汉语拼音发音:a li ya duo ku dei yi ma si 中文意思: 对不起!すみません 汉语拼音发音:gu min na sa yi 中文意思: 真的!?so-u na-no 汉语拼音发音:hong dou ni なに?na ni 干吗? がんばれgan ba tte 加油! だまれda ma re 闭嘴 ストップsu go ppu 住手 どうぞ、ごゆっくりdo u zo ,go yu kku ri 请便 いぬi nu 狗腿 中文意思: 我回来了! 汉语拼音发音:ta da yi ma

中文意思: 等一下! 汉语拼音发音:ma dai 中文意思: 老头子! 汉语拼音发音:ou ji sang 中文意思: 父亲 汉语拼音发音:(ou) dao sang 中文意思: 儿子 汉语拼音发音:mu si gao 中文意思: 我明白了! 汉语拼音发音:wa ka da wa 中文意思: 没关系!?不要紧!?汉语拼音发音:dai zou bu 中文意思: 可爱、可爱的。 汉语拼音发音:ka wa yi 中文意思: 可怕 汉语拼音发音:ku wa yi 中文意思: 太好了! 汉语拼音发音:you ka da 中文意思: 怎么?干什么! 汉语拼音发音:na ni 中文意思: 多多关照! 汉语拼音发音:you lou xi gu 中文意思: 但是! 汉语拼音发音:dai mou 中文意思: 大家! 汉语拼音发音:min na 中文意思: 住手,不要呀! 汉语拼音发音:ya mei lu

日常生活中最常用的100句日语

常用日语100句 こんにちは。(kong ni qi wa)你好。 こんばんは。(kong ban wa)晚上好。 おはようございます。(o ha yo go za i ma su)早上好。 お休(やす)みなさい。(o ya su mi na sa i)晚安。 お元気(げんき)ですか。(o gen ki de s ga?) 您还好吧,相当于英语的“How are you”,一种打招呼的方式。 いくらですか。(i ku la de s ga?)多少钱? すみません。(su mi ma sen) 不好意思,麻烦你…。相当于英语的“Excuse me”。用于向别人开口时。 ごめんなさい。(go men na sa i)对不起。 どういうことですか。(do i u ko to de su ka?)什么意思呢? 山田さんは中国語(ちゅうごくご)が上手(じょうず)ですね。 (ta na ka sang wa qiu go ku go ga jio zu de su ne) 山田的中国话说的真好。 まだまだです。(ma da ma da de su)没什么。没什么。(自谦) どうしたの。(do xi ta no) どうしたんですか。(do xi tan de su ga?)发生了什么事啊。 なんでもない。(nan de mo na i)没什么事。 ちょっと待ってください。(qio to ma te ku da sa i,可以简单地表达为:jou to)请稍等一下。 約束(やくそく)します。(ya ku so ku xi ma su)就这么说定了。 これでいいですか。(ko le de i ~de su ga?)这样可以吗? けっこうです。(ke ko de su) もういいです。(mo i ~de su)不用了。 どうして。(do xi de) なぜ(na ze)为什么啊?

H3C-MSR系列路由器IPsec典型配置举例(V7)

7 相关资料

1 简介 本文档介绍IPsec的典型配置举例。 2 配置前提 本文档适用于使用Comware V7软件版本的MSR系列路由器,如果使用过程中与产品实际情况有差异,请参考相关产品手册,或以设备实际情况为准。 本文档中的配置均是在实验室环境下进行的配置和验证,配置前设备的所有参数均采用出厂时的缺省配置。如果您已经对设备进行了配置,为了保证配置效果,请确认现有配置和以下举例中的配置不冲突。 本文档假设您已了解IPsec特性。 3 使用iNode客户端基于证书认证的L2TP over IPsec功能配置举例 3.1 组网需求 如图1所示,PPP用户Host与Device建立L2TP隧道,Windows server 2003作为CA服务器,要求: 通过L2TP隧道访问Corporate network。 用IPsec对L2TP隧道进行数据加密。 采用RSA证书认证方式建立IPsec隧道。 图1 基于证书认证的L2TP over IPsec配置组网图 3.2 配置思路 由于使用证书认证方式建立IPsec隧道,所以需要在ike profile中配置local-identity为dn,指定从本端证书中的主题字段取得本端身份。 3.3 使用版本 本举例是在R0106版本上进行配置和验证的。

3.4 配置步骤 3.4.1 Device的配置 (1) 配置各接口IP地址 # 配置接口GigabitEthernet2/0/1的IP地址。 system-view [Device] interface gigabitethernet 2/0/1 [Device-GigabitEthernet2/0/1] ip address 192.168.100.50 24 [Device-GigabitEthernet2/0/1] quit # 配置接口GigabitEthernet2/0/2的IP地址。 [Device] interface gigabitethernet 2/0/2 [Device-GigabitEthernet2/0/2] ip address 102.168.1.11 24 [Device-GigabitEthernet2/0/2] quit # 配置接口GigabitEthernet2/0/3的IP地址。 [Device] interface gigabitethernet 2/0/3 [Device-GigabitEthernet2/0/3] ip address 192.168.1.1 24 [Device-GigabitEthernet2/0/3] quit (2) 配置L2TP # 创建本地PPP用户l2tpuser,设置密码为hello。 [Device] local-user l2tpuser class network [Device-luser-network-l2tpuser] password simple hello [Device-luser-network-l2tpuser] service-type ppp [Device-luser-network-l2tpuser] quit # 配置ISP域system对PPP用户采用本地验证。 [Device] domain system [Device-isp-system] authentication ppp local [Device-isp-system] quit # 启用L2TP服务。 [Device] l2tp enable # 创建接口Virtual-Template0,配置接口的IP地址为172.16.0.1/24。 [Device] interface virtual-template 0 [Device-Virtual-Template0] ip address 172.16.0.1 255.255.255.0 # 配置PPP认证方式为PAP。 [Device-Virtual-Template0] ppp authentication-mode pap # 配置为PPP用户分配的IP地址为172.16.0.2。 [Device-Virtual-Template0] remote address 172.16.0.2 [Device-Virtual-Template0] quit # 创建LNS模式的L2TP组1。 [Device] l2tp-group 1 mode lns # 配置LNS侧本端名称为lns。 [Device-l2tp1] tunnel name lns # 关闭L2TP隧道验证功能。 [Device-l2tp1] undo tunnel authentication

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