TENSES

USING PAST TENSES

USING THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE (V2)

?The past tense is connected to all past actions where the time is important or known.

These actions have no connection with the present time.

EXAMPLES

My grandfather lived in Turkey from 1929 to 1948.

He came to Canada over 50 years ago.

He travelled all over the world after he retired.

USING THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE (was/were + VERB + ing)

?USE 1. The past continuous tense is used to show that an action was already happening at a particular time in the past. In other words, the action began before the given time

and, most probably, continued after that time.

EXAMPLES

?In 1952 my grandfather was living in England. (He started living there in 1948 and continued to live there after 1952).

?The last year of the war in Viet Nam, many people were leaving all the fighting in their country. (They began running away before the last year of the war, and continued doing

so during the last year and after the last year).

?USE 2.The past continuous is used to show that a longer action was interrupted by a shorter one (or many shorter ones).

The longer action is stated in the past continuous and the shorter one in the simple past

tense.

EXAMPLES

?When he was living in England, he met his wife, my grandmother.

?While Victoria was ruling the British Empire, she had nine children.

USING THE PAST PERFECT TENSE (had + V3)

The past perfect tense is used to express an action that happened before another one in the past. The past perfect is used for the earlier action and the simple past is used for the later one.

EXAMPLES

?When she had settled in Toronto with her family, my friend Jazz began her high school studies.

?Mr. Barbijan had lived in Europe for more than half his life when he immigrated to Canada.

The past perfect should not be used for the only action in a sentence. It can be used after the following time signals:

?prior to + year / month

?prior to + adverbial phrase

?by + year / month

EXAMPLES

Prior to 1998, I had never traveled outside of Canada.

Prior to setting up his very first business in Halifax, he had moved his family there from Portugal.

By last December, I had graduated from Seneca College.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

Use the past continuous tense and the simple past tense, as appropriate: Put the verbs in the correct tenses:

1. In 1995, my father ___________ in Portugal when he __________ his first business. (live –

start)

2. I ____________ my homework around eight o’clock last night. (do)

3. In 2005, my brother ____________ from Seneca College. (graduate)

4. While she ____________ him about her problems, he ____________. (tell – yawn)

5. When Dad ____________ my mother, she ____________ in Hong Kong with her family.

(meet – live)

6. When I ____________ on the plane to Canada, I ___________ two movies. (come over –

watch)

7. My parents _____________ their vacation in Tahiti, when they _______________ a terrible

accident which _____________ their lives forever. (enjoy – have – change)

8. This time last year, I _____________ in my first full-time job. (work)

9. While they ____________ in Japan, they ___________ the long process of immigrating to

Canada. (live – begin)

10. He ____________ embarrassed when he ____________ his essay to the class. (feel – read)

11. Jimmy’s father _____________ to work when he ____________ a heart attack. (walk –

have)

12. Unfortunately, Jane, my best friend, ____________ attention when she ____________ the

car in front of her. That _________ how she first ____________ my father. (not pay – hit –be – meet)

13. The war in his country ____________ almost over when Mr. Thanh ___________ to come

here to start a new life. (be – decide)

14. Last October, I ______________ with my girlfriend. (break up)

Use the past perfect tense and the simple past tense, as appropriate: Put the verbs in the correct tenses:

1. When my father ___________ to Greece, he __________ that his father ______________. (return –

find – die)

2. Three years ago, my grandmother ______________ both sadness and happiness in her life. She

___________ her husband, but she ________ two grandchildren. (experience - lose – gain)

3. By the time I ____________ from college, my sister ____________ married for the third time.

(graduate – get)

4. By the time my father ___________ able to save enough money to return to Portugal to marry his

childhood sweetheart, he ____________ that she _____________ his best friend. (be – discover – marry)

5. He _____________ his first million before he ___________ thirty. (make turn)

6. When Sarah ____________ to the party, it ____________ . (get – already start)

7. On the plane coming to Canada, my grandmother __________ very nervous because she

_____________ before. (be – never fly)

8. I ___________ to go to the cinema with them because I ____________ the movie before. (not want -

see)

9. In 2010 he ___________ to Europe, a year later he ___________ to Asia. (go – go)

10. At first my father ______________ he ____________ the wrong thing by moving his family back to

Turkey. (think – do)

11. Prior to 2009, I ____________ overseas. (never travel)

12. By the end of his first year in college my friend ___________ every course he ____________. (fail –

take)

13. Marcia ____________ to get me to have another drink but I _________ no because I ____________

enough. (try – say – have)

14. When my family _______________ here, they __________ that this city_____________ cold and

unfriendly. (arrive – think – be)

15. My uncle _______________ to his country of birth because he ________ unwelcome here. (return –

feel)

Correct the verb tense mistakes in the following paragraph: (There are 8 mistakes.):

My neighbour Mr. Thanh once told me that he would never forget how he escape from his country in a small wooden boat that he and his friends had steal from a fisherman. When they were on the high seas, the weather suddenly turn bad and there was a terrible storm. Everyone was frightened when the waves wash over the bow of the boat because they thought the boat sank. The children on board were crying as they hold on to their parents. By the time the storm passed, four people were washed overboard. Sadly, his son and wife were among the lost. This was a tragedy Mr. Thanh was never recovering from.

EXPRESSING PAST ACTIONS THAT ARE CONNECTED TO PRESENT OR FUTURE TIME

USING THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE (HAS/HAVE + V3)

The present perfect tense connects past actions to present or future time. The specific time in the past when the action happened is not important.

a.Repeated actions in the past with possibility they will continue in the future

EXAMPLE

I have watched this TV show every Friday night for the past two years.

b.Past actions in a time period that is not over yet

EXAMPLE

I have worked late every day this month. (the month is not over yet)

c.Incomplete actions with unspecified times (ever, always, recently, lately, never,

finally, yet, already)

EXAMPLES

I have been very busy recently.

I have always loved the colour red.

d.Near past (just): action finished in the past but very close to the present

EXAMPLE

The class has just started. (Class begins at 9 a.m. It’s 9:05 a.m.)

e.Action that began in the past with possibility of continuing in the future.

EXAMPLE

She has lived in Canada for six months.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1 CAN 8– simple past or present perfect? Listen to the situation. Then, choose the correct response to the situation:

1. Situation: (listen)

a. Did you read the newspaper?

b. Have you read the newspaper?

2. Situation: (listen)

a. Have you seen the concert?

b. Did you see the concert?

3. Situation: (listen)

a. Did you meet Mary?

b. Have you met Mary?

4. Situation: (listen)

a. I’ve seen that movie.

b. I saw that movie.

5. Situation: (listen)

a. I didn’t eat today.

b. I haven’t eaten today.

6. Situation: (listen)

a. I haven’t looked.

b. I didn’t look.

7. Situation: (listen)

a. I didn’t see it.

b. I haven’t seen it.8. Situation: (listen)

a. I didn’t see it.

b. I haven’t seen it.

9. Situation: (listen)

a. I haven’t found a gift.

b. I didn’t find a gift.

10. Situation: (listen)

a. I didn’t see it.

b. I haven’t seen it.

11. Situation: (listen)

a. Have you seen my keys?

b. Did you see my keys?

12. Situation: (listen)

a. He didn’t talk yet.

b. He hasn’t talked yet.

13. Situation: (listen)

a. I understood it.

b. I’ve understood it.

14. Situation: (listen)

a. I understood it.

b. I’ve understood it.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 2 – Simple Past or Present Perfect?

Write the verb in parentheses in the present perfect or simple past.

1. Tom _______________ (be) in Toronto since January 22, 201

2.

2. We _______________ (not, eat) today.

3. The bus _______________ (not, be) on time and we _______________ (be) late.

4. Mary _______________ (live) in a house all her life.

5. Bill’s great grandfather _______________ (be) a doctor.

6. Tom’s father _______________ (be) a doctor for 10 years.

7. ELI 404 _______________ (not, be) difficult so far.

8. Maria _______________ (not, live) in Canada for very long.

9. Barbara _______________ (play) the piano since she was little.

10. Tom’s on a diet. He _______________ (not, eat) much yesterday.

11. Rent _______________ (be) expensive in Toronto for a long time.

12. Groceries_______________ (be) expensive when I _______________ (live) in Europe.

13. My class _______________ (be) very boring today. I hope this afternoon is better.

14. It _______________ (rain) every day this month.

15. Bob _______________ see) Niagara Falls many times.

16. It _______________ (snow) yesterday.

17. My back _______________ (be) sore since the car accident.

18. The movie that we _______________ (go) to last night _______________ (be) boring.

19. Mark _______________ (go) to Florida every winter for the past ten years.

20. We _______________ (be) ELI 404 students for one semester.

21. The course _______________ (be) easy.

22. This exercise _______________ (not, be) difficult.

23. Bill’s sister _______________ (get) divorced in 2000.

24. Bill’s sister _______________ (be) divorced for several years.

25. Moving to Canada _______________ (be) difficult.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 3 – Simple Past, Present Perfect, or Simple Present? M ake questions and sentences.

1. Tony (never, be) to Nova Scotia before.

2. (you, be) to Montreal? - Yes, I (go) there last year.

3. (your sister, meet) my friend? - No, she (not meet) him yet.

4. (you, ever, talk) to an Inuit? - No, I (not meet) one yet.

5. (father, ever, visit) the National Gallery?

6. When (he, go) there?

7. He (go) there last January.

8. Yesterday I (see) a big blue BMW parking in front of our house.

9. My roommate (not play) hockey yet, but I (play) twice since this winter.

10. W e (not go) out last Sunday because it (rain).

11. I s the window open? - Yes, this man (just, open) it.

12. W here is Mary-Joe? - She (go) to the shops.

13. I s Dora in? - Yes, she (go) to the bank, but she (just, come) back.

14. H ave we got anything to eat? - No, I (not be) to the grocery store yet.

15. W here are the children? - They (go) to the park a minute ago.

16. H ow long (you, live) on this street? - We (move) here two years ago.

17. T he Tuck family (not have) a holiday by the seaside for seven years.

18. H e (be) at the cinema last night but, I (not see) him since.

19. I (go) to the market and (buy) some vegetables. Here they (be).

20. T ony (not be) at home now. He (go) to the post office.

Write the following sentences another way using Present Perfect with “for” or “since”. Example:

They arrived three days ago.

They’ve been her for three days.

1. The last time we saw each other was three months ago.

2. He became an engineer in 2005.

3. Vincent bought his car two months ago.

4. Jessie stopped taking piano lessons last year.

5. They played ping pong when they lived in Korea. They don’t play now.

6. The last time I went to Canada’s Wonderland was in 2008.

7. She gave up smoking six months ago.

8. They got divorced a year ago.

9. He stopped taking the bus to work last year.

10. The last time she bought a pair of shoes was eight months ago.

11. She stopped drinking coffee three years ago.

12. The time I visited my friend in Vancouver was five years ago.

13. He became president in 2008.

14. The last time she ate something was this morning.

Tanya has just finished high school. She's going to study Spanish at university this fall. Right now she's in Mexico. She's going to work as a nanny for the summer. In the email below, fill in the blanks with an appropriate form of the verbs in (parentheses).

Hi Fran,

I ____________________ (be) in Mexico a week now. Mexico __________________ (be) a beautiful country. I ____________________ (practice) my Spanish every day since I ____________________ (arrive). I can't believe that I ____________________ (study) Spanish for five years, and I still can't speak fluently. I ____________________ (be) sure my Spanish ____________________ (improve) by the end of the summer. When I

____________________ (start) university in the fall, I should be able to speak quite well.

I ____________________ (do) a lot of sightseeing since I ____________________ (arrive) a week ago. The family I ____________________ (stay) with

____________________ (be) great. They ____________________ (help) me get settled. I ____________________ (see) a lot of interesting places. I ____________________ (also eat) a lot of great food. I ____________________ (be) certain that I ____________________ (visit) many more interesting places during the summer.

I ____________________ (not phone) my pen pal, Juanita yet. I _________________ (call) her next week. It's strange. I ____________________ (never meet) her yet, but I

____________________ (think) of her as a friend. We ____________________ (write) each other for three years already. I ____________________ (look forward to) spending some time with her.

I ____________________ (write) again soon and ____________________ (let) you know how things are going. Please ____________________ (email) me too. I

____________________ (not change) my email address.

Cheers,

Tanja

Fill in the blanks with an appropriate form the verb in (parentheses).

Next year my grandmother ____________________ (come) to visit me in Canada. She

____________________ (live) in Germany. She ____________________ (be) 75 years old. She ____________________ (never be) to Canada, but she ____________________ (tell) me many times that she ____________________ (always want) to come to North America. When I ____________________ (be) a young girl, I ____________________ (live) in Germany. We ____________________ (visit) my grandparents every weekend. I

____________________ (love) going to their house because my grandmother

____________________ (gave) me and my sister treats when we ____________________ (go) there. When I ____________________ (move) to Canada with my family almost 20 years ago, I ____________________ (miss) my grandparents very much. Unfortunately my grandfather ____________________ (die) last year. I still ____________________ (miss) my grandmother, and I ____________________ (want) her to stay here for a long time. In fact, I ____________________ (try) to convince her to come for years. She

____________________ (never meet) my two children. They ____________________ (be) excited about meeting her and I ____________________ (be) excited too. My husband

____________________ (never meet) my grandmother either, but they

____________________ (speak) on the telephone a few times. When she

____________________ (come), we ____________________ (take) her to see many interesting sites. There ____________________ (be) many places in Canada that I

____________________ (not see) yet. It ____________________ (be) fun.

Fill in the blanks with an appropriate form of the verb in (parentheses).

Barbara ____________________ (not live) in this city in all her life. In fact, until she

__________________ (leave) to go to college, she _________________ (live) on a farm with her family. Her father __________________ (be) a farmer. He _________________ (raise) corn, wheat, barley, hay, and beef cattle. Ever since Barbara __________________ (be) a little girl, she

____________________ (love) animals. For Barbara's 10th birthday her father

__________________ (give) her a puppy, but he _________________ (be) old now. The dog

__________________ (be) black and __________________ (have) floppy years. She

__________________ (adore) Banjo. Banjo __________________ (follow) Barbara everywhere when she _________________ (be) young. If a stranger __________________ (come) to visit, Banjo always ____________________(stand) near Barbara and __________________ (growl). She

___________________(feel) very safe when he __________________(be) by her side. Barbara

__________________(live) in the city now for several years. She ____________________ (not visit) the farm lately because she ____________________ (be) very busy with her new job. She

________________ (work) for a computer company for about six months. She __________________ (have) a lot to learn. She __________________ (spend) her weekends reading about company procedures. Barbara __________________ (plan) to go home in two weeks. Barbara's father

__________________ (be) retired now, so he no longer __________________ (have) the cattle. Banjo _________________ (be) very old now, and he ___________________ (not see or hear) very well anymore. Banjo still __________________ (recognize) Barbara when she __________________ (return) home for a visit. He _________________ (bark) excitedly and _________________ (wag) his tail. Barbara always _________________ (brings) him a dog treat. Lately she

___________________ (miss) playing with Banjo. She ____________________ (look forward to) her visit.

Tenses: Summary

英语四级必看英语语法(全)

all the same 仍然,照样的as regards 关于,至于anything but 根本不as a matter of fact 实际上 apart from 除...外(有/无) as a rule 通常,照例 as a result(of) 因此,由于as far as ...be concerned 就...而言as far as 远至,到...程度as for 至于,关于 as follows 如下as if 好像,仿怫 as good as 和...几乎一样as usual 像平常一样,照例 as to 至于,关于all right 令人满意的;可以 as well 同样,也,还as well as 除...外(也),即...又

aside from 除...外(还有) at a loss 茫然,不知所措 at a time 一次,每次at all 丝毫(不),一点也不 at all costs 不惜一切代价at all events 不管怎样,无论如何at all times 随时,总是at any rate 无论如何,至少 at best 充其量,至多at first 最初,起先 at first sight 乍一看,初看起来at hand 在手边,在附近 at heart 内心里,本质上at home 在家,在国内 at intervals 不时,每隔... at large 大多数,未被捕获的 at least 至少at last 终于 at length 最终,终于at most 至多,不超过

at no time 从不,决不by accident 偶然 at one time 曾经,一度;同时at present 目前,现在 at sb’s disposal 任...处理at the cost of 以...为代价 at the mercy of 任凭...摆布at the moment 此刻,目前 at this rate 照此速度 at times 有时,间或back and forth 来回地,反复地 back of 在...后面before long 不久以后 beside point 离题的,不相干的beyond question 毫无疑问by air 通过航空途径by all means 尽一切办法,务必 by and by 不久,迟早by chance 偶然,碰巧

小黄书日语初级上语法汇总

基本句式： 1、判断句：～は～です。（だ） ～は～でした。（だった） ～は～ではありません。（ではない） ～は～ではありませんでした。（ではなかった） 　～は～ですか。 2、疑问句：～は～ですか。（一般疑问句）　 ～は（疑问词）ですか。（特殊疑问句） 疑问词：何、誰（どなた）、どれ、どの～、どこ、どちら??? 3、存在句：～に～があります/います。 ～は～にあります/います。 ～はどこにあります/いますか＝～はどこですか。（疑问句）4、叙述句：～に＋動詞 ～から～まで＋動詞 ～は～で～に（へ）行きます/帰ります ～は～から来ました ～は～で～を＋動詞 ～は～に～をあげます ～は～に/から～をもらいます

动词： 一段动词、五段动词、サ变动词、カ变动词（连用形1、连用形2）连用形1:＋ます/ません/ました/ませんでした ＋ませんか/ましょう ＋たい（たがる） ＋方 连用形2：＋て ＋てから ＋てください ＋ている ＋てはいけない ＋てもいい ＋た ＋たことがある ＋たほうがいい ＋た後

未然形：＋ないでください ＋なくてもいいです ＋ないほうがいいです ＋なければなりません（ないといけません）基本型：＋ことができる/できません ＋ことです（形式体言） ＋ことがある ＋前に

形容词/形容动词/名词： 1、て形 2、～は/が～くなる（になる） ～を～くする（にする） 3、～（な/の）ほうがいいです 比较句型： 1、比较级：～は～より～です。 ～より～のほうが～です。 ～と～どちらが～ですか。 ～は～ほど～（否定）です。2、最高级：～（の中）で～が一番～です。 ～（の中）で～一番～は～です。

TENSES

USING PAST TENSES USING THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE (V2) ?The past tense is connected to all past actions where the time is important or known. These actions have no connection with the present time. EXAMPLES My grandfather lived in Turkey from 1929 to 1948. He came to Canada over 50 years ago. He travelled all over the world after he retired. USING THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE (was/were + VERB + ing) ?USE 1. The past continuous tense is used to show that an action was already happening at a particular time in the past. In other words, the action began before the given time and, most probably, continued after that time. EXAMPLES ?In 1952 my grandfather was living in England. (He started living there in 1948 and continued to live there after 1952). ?The last year of the war in Viet Nam, many people were leaving all the fighting in their country. (They began running away before the last year of the war, and continued doing so during the last year and after the last year). ?USE 2.The past continuous is used to show that a longer action was interrupted by a shorter one (or many shorter ones). The longer action is stated in the past continuous and the shorter one in the simple past tense. EXAMPLES ?When he was living in England, he met his wife, my grandmother. ?While Victoria was ruling the British Empire, she had nine children.

英语四级语法全

四级语法 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 2．被动形式 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于虚拟语气 完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行 / / /

1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生 2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 2）不定式做状语----目的 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I ‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn’t have t o be made to learn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.

标日初级上册语法总结

存在句有2种格式： 名に名があります/います。。。有。。。。教室に机があります。 名は名にあります/います。。。在。。。。机は教室にあります。 不论在哪种存在句，物体存在的地点，都用“に”表示，称作“存在的地点”。另外，存在句中有生命的事物用“います”。无生命的事物用“あります”。 犬はいすの下にいます。本は机にあります。 2，具体时间P70 在日语中表示时间有2种：一个是象今日（きょう）、去年（きょねん）、来週（らいしゅう）、今朝（けさ）、夕べ（ゆうべ）等等单个的时间名词。另一个是年、月、时、星期等等直接有数词的时间名词，称作“具体时间”。用具体时间时后面要加“に”。 私は今朝６時に起きました。山田さんは１９９８年に大学を卒業しました。 水曜日(に)テストがあります。（星期后面“に”可加可不加） 3，动作的对方或指向。P100 先生は学生に日本語を教えます。老师教学生日语。 私は田中さんに手紙を出しました。我给田中寄了信。 李さんに会います。 4，动作的附着点（归着点）P181 动作或作用后人或物体的附着点（归着点）。 先生は黒板に字を書きます。老师往黑板上写字。 この用紙に名前と電話番号を書いてください。请在这张表格上写上姓名和电话号码。 壁に字を書きました。在墙上写字。 5，移动的方向和目的地p182 表示移动的方向和目的地时“に”和“へ”可以互换。 明日ペキンに/へ行きます。（目的地）角を右に/へ曲がります。(方向) 在拐角处右转。 6，频率P162 在一定时间内进行若干次动作。 試験は2週間に1一回あります。 この薬は一回に二つ飲みます。 いっしゅうかんしゅういちにちひいっかげつつきいちねんねん一週間に------------週に一日に---- 日に一か月に--------月に一年に--------年に 7，目的P162 在移动动词的前面表示移动的目的，动词去“ます”后接“に”。三类动词用词干接“に”。 町へ買い物に行きます。レストランへ食事に行きます。 日本へ日本語を習いに来ました。

tenses and voices

动词的时态和语态 动词是英语语言的核心，作谓语时通过不同时态和语态表达着不同含义，作非谓语时更增加了英语表达的多样性和丰富性。因此对动词的考查也是高考的重点。应该说，每一种题型的考查都离不开对动词时态和语态及非谓语形式的考查，尤其是在语法填空和写作中。正确完成语法填空所做的思考是写作中正确使用时态和语态及非谓语的基础。本练习着重语法填空中的时态语态考查。A.时态的复习 参看Module 8 P.95,首先分清过去、现在和将来三个时间段，清楚理解不同时态的意义，准确记忆不同时态的结构。 参看《三维设计》P.234，准确记忆常跟特定时态连用的时间状语和句型。 B.语态的复习 参看《三维设计》P.235，清楚理解被动语态的意义，准确记忆被动语态在不同时态中的结构；特别注意一些词语和结构的特殊情况。 I. 广东高考真题及各市模拟题 1. (2013年) One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he __16__ (find) that he had run out of salt. 2. (2012) Mary will never forget the first time she saw him. He suddenly appeared in class one day, __16__ (wear) sun glasses. He walked in as if he __17__ (buy) the school. And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City. 3. (2011)…and then I noticed a man __18__ (sit) at the front. He __19 __ (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice. He must be __20__ (mental) disabled. 4. (2010) After a four-day journey, the young man __33__ (present) the water to the old man. 5. (2009) Besides，shopping at this time of the year was not __33__ pleasant experience: people stepped on your feet or __34__ (push) you with their elbows (肘部)，hurrying ahead to get to a bargain…When Jane got home with her small but well-chosen present (a pipe) in her bag, she __40__ (inform) that her father had decided to stop smoking. 6. (2008) T he proverb, “plucking up a crop __32__ (help) it grow” is saying we have to let things go in their __39__ (nature) course. Being too anxious to help an event develop often __40__ (result) in the contrary to our intention. 7. (2007) I was on my way to the Taiyetos Mountains. The sun was setting when my car __31__ (break) down near a remote and poor village. 8. It was a city in Hubei Province. On International Children’s Day, some orphans from the Wuhan Welfare Institute for Children _____ (take) to the park. An elderly westerner was with them. 9. I politely declined her invitation, __40__ (close) my book and walked away. 10. On their return the father asked his son __33__ (explain) what he had learnt. The boy, who had remained silent and deep in thought on the journey home, __34__ (reply) in a way that shocked his father. 11. Scientists think that __37__ water levels rose, there was less and less land and food available. The dinosaur __38__ (force) to adapt and evolved into a smaller animal __39__ (need) less space and food. 12. Sixteen of __37__ twenty-seven nations in the European Union use euro as their currency. Now, the stronger members __38__ ( seek) ways to help the weaker ones. European Union rules limit the choices for a rescue. The European Central Bank and national central banks are not permitted to aid members by purchasing their debt. II.More exercises 1. The students _______ (tell) to take care of their desks and chairs at the beginning of every term.

英语四级语法全

四级语法 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 2．被动形式 CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于虚 拟语气 完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行 / / /

新标准韩国语初级上册语法

新标准韩国语初级上册语法整理 1、指示代词??/??/?? ??用于指代离说话者近的事物， ??用于指代离听着近的事物或者在谈话中双方都知道的事物， ??用于指代离说话者和听着都远的事物。 【?】????????. 这是表。 ????????.那是椅子。 【??】这个是什么？ 2、指示代词?/?/? ?/?/?用于名词前修饰该名词的指示代词。 ?+N-用于指代离说话者近的事物， ?+N-用于指代离听着近的事物或者在谈话中双方都知道的事物， ?+N-用于指代离说话者和听着都远的事物。 【?】???这个人 ???那个人 ???那个人 【??】这个人是谁？ 那个人是比利。 这本书 3、名词(N)+???——体词的谓词形 “-??” 是叙述格助词，用于名词后，起叙述主语的作用，指人或事物是什么。“-???” 是“-??”的格式体尊敬阶。 【?】?????我是比利。 ?????是教室。 【??】是图书馆。 是这里。

是男人。 4、名词+ ???/ ??——非格式体终结词尾 -??用于名词后起谓语作用，一般于指人或事物是什么。 ???/??是??的非格式体。 闭音节+???（=???） 开音节+??（=???） 【?】?????????. 我是中国人。 ???????????. 这是我男朋友。 【??】-那位是谁？-是我父亲。 -这是什么？-是衣橱。 -这里是哪里？-是我家。 5、名词+ ???——体词的疑问形 “-????” 是“-???”的疑问形 【?】??????? 你是成浩吗？ ??????? 那是图书馆吗？ 【??】是学生/老师吗？ 6、名词+ ?/?——主格助词 用于名词或代词后，使其前面的名词和代词成为主语。 开音节+”?” 闭音节+”?” 在一般对话中，当主语是第三人称并第一次被提及时，或者对“??、??、??、??、??”等疑问词为主语的问句进行回答时，使用“?/?” *人称代词?/?/?与?相连时变成??/??/??，疑问代词??与?相连时变成??，这是不规则的变化形式。 【?】??????????. 那是学生餐厅。 【??】我的名字是比利。

英语四级语法大全

语法大全之目录 1.名词 2.冠词和数词 3.代词 4.形容词和副词 5.动词 6.动名词 7.动词不定式 8.特殊词精讲 9.分词 10.独立主格 11.动词的时态 12.动词的语态 13.句子的种类 14.倒装 15.主谓一致 16.虚拟语气 17.名词性从句 18.定语从句 19.状语从句 20.连词 21.情态动词 1. 名词 名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词(Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：_______________________________________ ||专有名词|| | 名|| 个体名词|| |||| 可数名词| ||| 集体名词|| ||普通名词||| | 词|| 物质名词||

新标准韩国语初级上册语法

? 新标准韩国语初级上册语法整理 1、指示代词??/??/?? ??用于指代离说话者近的事物， ??用于指代离听着近的事物或者在谈话中双方都知道的事物， ??用于指代离说话者和听着都远的事物。 【?】????????. 这是表。 ~ ????????.那是椅子。 【??】这个是什么 2、指示代词?/?/? ?/?/?用于名词前修饰该名词的指示代词。 ?+N-用于指代离说话者近的事物， ?+N-用于指代离听着近的事物或者在谈话中双方都知道的事物， " ?+N-用于指代离说话者和听着都远的事物。 【?】???这个人 ???那个人 ???那个人 【??】这个人是谁 那个人是比利。 ` 这本书 3、名词(N)+???——体词的谓词形 “-??” 是叙述格助词，用于名词后，起叙述主语的作用，指人或事物是什么。“-???” 是“-??”的格式体尊敬阶。 【?】?????我是比利。

?????是教室。 : 【??】是图书馆。 是这里。 是男人。 4、名词 + ??? / ??——非格式体终结词尾 -??用于名词后起谓语作用，一般于指人或事物是什么。 ???/??是??的非格式体。 。 闭音节+???（=???） 开音节+??（=???） 【?】?????????. 我是中国人。 ???????????. 这是我男朋友。 【??】-那位是谁-是我父亲。 -这是什么-是衣橱。 … -这里是哪里-是我家。 5、名词+ ???——体词的疑问形 “-???” 是“-???”的疑问形 【?】??????你是成浩吗 ??????那是图书馆吗 ? 【??】是学生/老师吗 6、名词 + ?/?——主格助词 用于名词或代词后，使其前面的名词和代词成为主语。 开音节+”?” 闭音节+”?”

Verb_Tenses

Verb Tenses in Academic Writing By the Walden University Writing Center Staff Common Verb Tenses Verb tenses place actions in time, expressing whether the actions already took place (past), are currently taking place (present), or will be taking place (future). In scholarly writing, the most common verb tenses we use are the following: Use the simple present to describe a general truth, an action that is happening now, or an action that occurs on a regular basis: This study addresses the shortage of research about gifted students. Skinner’s theories remain valid today. Use the simple past tense to describe an action that took place at a specific point in the past: The instructor discovered that her students retained information better when they were given more autonomy. Zimbardo (1998) researched many aspects of social psychology. Use the future tense to describe an action that will take place at a particular point in the future: Tomorrow, I will distribute the surveys to my students. Many students will attend the residency next June. Use the present perfect tense (have + verb) to describe an action that began in the past and continues in the present: Researchers have shown that the corpus callosum is more developed in cats than in dogs. (Notice that the implication here is that the research showed this in the past and continues to show this presently). Psychoneuroimmunologists have demonstrated the influence of stress on chronic illnesses. Use the past perfect tense (had + verb) to describe an action that began in the past and continued for some time but is no longer happening. Before Freud’s discovery, psychologists had believed that hysteria was caused by a wandering womb. Since she had developed her critical thinking skills, Mary performed well on the test. Use the future perfect tense (will have + verb) to describe an action that is presently taking place and will continue taking place until some point in the future.

英语四级语法总结

四级语法讲义 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 2．被动形式 CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时所有的过去 用一般现在时表示现在和将来 现在完成时现在完成和将来完成 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生

2）不定式做状语----目的 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） 2) 使役动词have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I ‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn’t have to be made to l earn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do

剑桥初级语法_整理笔记

现在时 3、现在进行时：I am doing 4、现在进行时的疑问式：Are you doing? 5、一般现在时：I do/work/like等 一般现在时用来表示一般性的事实、有时或经常发生的事情：I like big cities. Always/never/often/usually/sometimes常与一般现在时连用：I never eat breakfast. 6、一般现在时的否定式：I don’t/he doesn’t + 动词原形 I don’t have a bath every day. 【every day 表每天，作状语; everyday 表每天的，形容词】 7、一般现在时的疑问式：D o you…? 8、have/have got

15、现在完成时 （1）have done （2）just/already/yet Just表“刚才”：we’ve just arrived. Already表“已经”（在预料之前）：they’ve already arrived. （=before you expected） Yet表“直到现在”（用于否定句和疑问句中）：they haven’t arrived yet. （3）现在完成时与ever（用于疑问句中）/never连用：Have you ever played golf？ （4）gone表“去而未归”：she has gone to China. Been表“去而已归”：he has been to China. （5）H ow long have you…? 25、what are you doing tomorrow? I am doing something tomorrow 表示“我已经安排好明天要做某事/我计划明天做某事” I am going to do something.同上（be going to 与 will 的区别） 注意：用一般现在时表示时间表、节目单、火车与公共汽车时刻表等：The train arrives at 7.30. 27、will/shall （1） I shall =I will、we shall=we will ： I shall be late tomorrow. = I will be late tomorrow. 在构成将来时的时候，不可将shall与you/they/it/he/she等非第一人称连用： Tom will be late. (而不能 Tom shall be late.) （2）I’ll …表“提议或决定做某事”:I’ll phone you tomorrow. I think I’ll/I don’t think I’ll…表“决定做某事”：I think I’ll go to bed early tonight. （3）Shall I…/Shall we…? 表“你认为…好吗？” 28、might=may

大学英语四级语法大全

大学英语四级语法大全 8.1 stop doing/to do stop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing停止做某事。 They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。 I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。 典型例题 She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest 答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。 8.2 forget doing/to do forget to do忘记要去做某事。(未做) forget doing忘记做过某事。(已做) The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.

办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作) He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。( 已做过关灯的动作) Don’t forget to come tomorrow. 别忘了明天来。(to come动作未做) 典型例题 ---- The light in the office is still on. ---- Oh，I forgot___. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth. 而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处 不符合题意 8.3 remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事(未做) remember doing记得做过某事(已做) Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。 Don’t you remember seeing the man before?

英语四级语法全

四级语法 一：时态:所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表: Λ???w?rΛΛ?r‰κ?r??r‰rwwfcruπ??＊?”j” "■ - ■R”” ,"J? 1.主动形式 CET—4常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在 /过去）完成进行时. 时间状语从句当中的时态: 一般过去时J Ir所有的过去 用1 一般现在时「表示j现在和将来 —现在完成时J I现在完成和将来完成 一.非谓语动词 -.不定式： J不定式的常考形式: 1) 一般形式： He decided to Work harder in order to CatCh UP With the others. 被动形式：He Preferred to be assiqned some heavier work to do。 语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生 2) 完成形式： He Pretended not to have Seen me. 被动形式： The book is Said to have bee n tra nslated into many Ia nguages。 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1 )不定式做定语--—-将要发生 2）不定式做状语——--目的 3 ）不定式充当名词功能———To See is to believe。 三）不定式的省略 1）感官动词 see， watch, observe, notice， look at, hear, Iisten to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性,真实性; + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 I SaW him work in the garde n yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了. （强调"我看见了 "这个事实） I SaW him work ing in the garde n yesterday。