河南专升本英语语法复习

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专升本英语语法复习

（雨姐破译）

时态一．一般现在时

一般 + s; 在以 ch, sh, s, x 或 o 结尾的词后 + es (teaches, goes, washes, fixes,

guesses); 在以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的词后，变 y 为 i 后再加-es (studies, tries) 1. 表示现在反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常与 every day, once a week, often, always, usually,

sometimes, seldom 等时间状语连用：

-We go there twice a month.

-Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services

that an organization required for its operations. (d. required - requires)

2. 表示主语的特征、性格、能力等：

-He has great concern for others.

-Matter exists in three states.

3. 表示客观事物或普遍真理：

-Light travels faster than sound.

-Japan lies to the east of China.

4. 表示安排或计划好的将来的动作：

-The plane takes off at five.

5. 在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作（when, after, before, as soon as, until; if, unless):

-If it is fine tomorrow, we will have a football match.

-A desert area that has been without water for six years will still bloom

when rain will come. (will come - comes)

二．现在进行时

study-studying; come-coming; sit-sitting (forget-forgetting); die-dying

通常不能用于现在进行时的常见动词如下：

see, hear, smell, taste, know, find, forget, notice, suggest, be, love,

like, want, hope, wish, prefer, hate, understand, remember, believe, have, consist, seem.

1. 表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作：

-The students are running to the sports-field.

2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻不一定在进行：

-He is writing a novel this year.

3. 可表示将来发生的动作，这一用法常用于 go, come, leave, start 等动词，后面也常用表示较近的将来时间状语，如

tomorrow, tonight, this coming Friday 等，表示安排或计划好的事情：

-Those visitors are leaving for Wuhan tomorrow.

4. 用来给习惯性动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩：

-The boy who is sitting beside me is always asking me a lot of whys and

hows.

-He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window

last night.

三．现在完成时

1.表示动作现在刚完成：

-His son has finished his homework.

2. 表示过去做的动作对现在仍有影响：

-It's so cold in here. Who has broken the window?

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3. 过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在（这时常和 since 或 for 短语连用）

-Li has studied English for twenty years.

-Collecting dolls as a hobby becomes increasingly popular during the past

fifty years.

b

[注] 1.副词用：just, before, already, often, never, ever, always, not...yet 或now, today, this week 等；不用过去的时间状语。

2.-His grandmother ______ for thirty years.

a. died

b. had died

c. has been dead

d. has died

-He has been in the army for two years. (不能说 He has joined the army for ...)

-I a college student for more than a year.

a. became

b. have become

c. was

d. have been

-It is three years since he sent to the U.S.

(不能说 He has gone to the U.S. for three years.)

四．一般过去时

时间状语有: yesterday, ago, in 1978, once, last week (month, year), at that time, just now 等，以及由 when 等引导的句子。

1. 表示某一确定的过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态：

-Oberlin College awards degrees to both sexes in 1837, but coeducaion in American

a

colleges did not spread until the second half of the century. (awards - awarded)

2. 表示过去某一段时间内经常发生或习惯的动作：

-From 1910 to 1927 Corra Harris ______ out an average of a novel a year.

a. has brought

b. were bringing

c. had brought

d. brought

3. used to:

-We used to get up at five every morning when we were in the countryside. 五．过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行的动作或正发生的历史事件。

-Bill said that he ______ his homework at half past seven yesterday

evening.

a. did

b. was doing

c. is going to do

d. has done

六．过去完成时

1．结束性动作--即“已完成”，表示在过去某一时间之前就已完成了的动作。

常有 by, before, until, as soon as, when, because 等引导的短语或从句，表示过去的时间。

-By the end of last year, he had learned about 1,000 words.

Preposition (G)

1. in, on, at yesterday morning in the morning tomorrow morning yesterday afternoon in the afternoon tomorrow afternoon yesterday evening

in the evening tomorrow evening

this morning

this afternoon at dawn this evening at noon at night

Before 'day' we use 'on': on Sunday (Monday..) on Sunday morning

on Oct. 1 on the afternoon of Oct. 1

on May Day on the morning of May Day

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on National Day on the evening of National Day on Christmas on Christmas eve

on a cold winter morning, on a hot June afternoon, etc. In the concept of space: arrive in New York; arrive at the station

in London, Tokyo, etc. but at the bus stop

2. over on above 超过（或低于）某高度、标准。

under beneath below e.g. above the sea level (海拔)

直上，直下（接触表面的）上下below O degree

3. except 1. They all went to sleep except the young Frenchman.

2. He rarely went anywhere except to his office.

3. The windows were never opened except to air the room for a few minutes

in the morning.

besides Besides English, he has to study German and French.

except for 1. The room was bare of furniture except for a few chairs.

2. The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.

except that (when, after, etc.)

1. This suit fits me well except that the trousers are too long.

2. It's a satisfactory hat, except that it doesn't fit me.

3. Mr. Smith used to go fishing every weekend except when he was ill.

1. The art exhibition was well designed, the disarrangement of a few

pieces of photos.

a. except

b. besides

c. except for

d. in addition to

2. She hurried when she knew that everybody was ready ______ her.

a. except

b. except for

c. beside

d. besides

3. ______ being used in industry, laser can be applied to operations in the hospital.

a. Except for

b. Except that

c. In addition to

d. Beside

4. ______ coal, the most important natural fuels are gas and oil.

a. Except for

b. Except

c. Besides

d. Beside

(Apart from)

5. At the far side of the yard there was a kitchen garden (菜园), and ______ that was the orchard (果园). (再过去是果园)

a. apart from

b. except

c. except for

d. beyond

6. The compositions by the freshmen class are well-written ______ a few

errors in spelling and grammar.

a. unless

b. except that

c. except for

d. besides

1. Uncountable nouns:

Nouns (G)

advice, anger, applause, baggage (luggage), cake, chalk, chocolate, cloth, clothing, bread, damage, equipment, evidence, food, fruit, furniture, gold, homework, housework, information, ink, jewellery,

knowledge, machinery, mail

(邮件), money, music, news, paper, personnel, postage (邮资，邮费), protection, rice (salt, sugar, tea), scenery, soap,

sugar, toothpaste, traffic, transportation, weaponry, weather, work.

2. 有些不可数名词以复数形式出现时，其含义会发生变化。

Ten years had passed, I found she had ______. (81)

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a. a little white hair

b. some white hair

c. much white hair

d. a few white hairs

-I found a long black hair in my soup.

-He bought apples, oranges and other fruits. (多种水果)

communication (通讯) →communications (通讯系统，通讯工具); content（内容）→contents (目录);

necessity (需

要) → necessities ( 必需品); ruin (毁灭) → ruins (废墟，遗迹);sand (沙子)→sands (沙地); wood (木材)→

woods (树林); work → works ( 工厂，著作)

Fossils (化石) of plant that have been extinct (灭绝) for fifty million years have been

a b c found near the Baltic Sea.

d

deer, fish, sheep

Agreement (G)

一．1. 在 There be 结构中：

-There is a box of matches in the kitchen.

-There seems to be little time left.

2. 在主谓倒装结构中：

-After the exams is the time to relax.

-Here come the nine noisy children from next door.

-Here comes the bus. 但 Here they are.

-Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper in the drawer.（邻近一致）

二．主语与谓语之间有修饰语时，主语的数不受修饰语的影响：

-Unemployment as well as taxes influences votes.

以下均不影响主语的数：

accompanied by, along with, together with, as well as, but, except, in

addition to, including, instead of, like, more than, no less than, not to mention, rather than (而不是).

-John, together with his family, is flying to London.

-Taxes, not to mention unemployment, influence votes.

三．单数主语。

1．不定式短语、动名词和名词从句作主语时，谓语用单数：

-To become doctors is their ambition.

-Reading without comprehension is no good.

-What that country needs is more jobs and lower taxes.

2.事件、国名、机构名称、书籍及其他作品的名称作主语时，谓语用单数：

-The United Nations was formed in 1945.

-The Daily News says it's going to rain.

3. 下列或限定词作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用单数：

every, each (of), everyone (everybody), one of (+复数), either, neither.

-Every silver knife, fork, and spoon has to be counted.

-Each book and magazine is listed in the card catalog.

-Neither (one) is satisfactory.

(-Many a college student wishes to return the easy days of high school.

-A great / good many books have been written on the subject.)

四．复数主语。

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下列不定代词作主语时，谓语用复数：

both (of), few (of), many, several

-Several of the regular members were absent.

五．一些表示数量的短语作主语。

1. a lot of, all of, any of, most of, some of, none of 谓语取决于 of 后名词的数。-The number of students in the class is fifteen.

-A number of students were late.

六．复合主语。

1.由 and 或 both ... and ...连接两个主语时，谓语一般用复数。

但：His friend and manager of the company was cool to his suggestion.

a French and Chinese dictionary; a French and a Chinese dictionaries

单数名词前有两个并列的形容词修饰时，谓语常用复数。

-Social and political freedom are limited there. (=Social freedom and

political freedom)

2.当 or, either ... or, neither ... nor 或 not only ... but also 连接一个单数主语和一个复

数主语时，谓语用“毗邻一致”原则。

-Neither the quality nor the prices have changed. Neither the prices nor

the quality has changed.

七．集体名词用作主语：

-The family is the basic unit of our society. The family are always quarreling.

常用的集体名词有：army, audience, band, board, class, club, committee, crew, crowd, family, firm, flock, gang, government, group, jury, majority,

minority, orchestra, party, public, staff, swarm, team, troop 等。

八．在定语从句中的主谓语一致：

-That is one of those remarks that are intended to start arguments.

-She is the only one of those girls who is willing to take a make-up exam. 九．表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、数字等以总量计时，谓语用单数：

-Eight hours of sleep is enough.

-Five hundred thousand dollars is quite a large sum of money.

-Three thousand miles is to far to travel.

Cf. -Their last four years have been full of surprises.

-There are two silver dollars in each of the stockings.

十．以 -ces 或 s 结尾的名词作主语，谓语一般用单数。

physics, economics, electronics, mathematics, civics (公民学), ethics (伦理学)，politics, statistics, etc. 但用来表示“活动”或“个别、具体”事实时，谓语用复数：-Statistics is a field of study. Cf. The statistics in that report are not accurate.

十一．+ the 与不+the 意义不同时：

-Chinese is a difficult language. The Chinese are kind and friendly.

-French is spoken in many countries. The French are famous for their good wines.

十二．“The +形容词/-ed 分词"作主语时，谓语用复数：

-The injured were taken to hospital.

代词一致：-Neither Lynne nor Bess has her keys with her.

-Neither the Browns nor the Greens like their cars. (邻近原则) somebody...,anyone...,something...,either(neither),each, one, no one

作主语时，代词一般用单数。性：无法确定时用阳性.-A person needs to see his dentist twice a year.

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Comparison (G)

(-y, ow, le, r, st + er, est: narrower, busier, noblest)

一.排斥问题： This room is ______ in the building.

a. biggest than any other one

b. bigger than any one

c. bigger than any other one

d. bigger as any other one

Herbert studies ______ student in the class.

a. hardest than any other

b. harder than any

c. harder than any other

d. harder as any

e.g. He is taller than anyone else in our class.

二.替代问题：

The weather of this year is better than that of last year.(that 代不可数名词，指物)

A necklace made of glass is far cheaper than one made of diamond.

(one 只可代可数名词，可指人、物)

三.倍数问题：倍数后现不用 more than, 要用 as much (or many) as

1. The new model costs twice as much as last year's model.

2. Staying in hotel costs ______ renting a room in a dormitory for a week.

a. twice more than

b. as much twice as

c. twice as much as

d. as much as

twice

四.同级比较：肯定用: as + 原级 + as 否定用: not so (as) + 原级 + as

五.修饰比较级的状语有：

still, even; much, far, a lot, a great deal; a little, a bit; five years

等。

1. My brother is 5 years older than I.

2. He studies far better than you (do).

六.The more ...... the more

1. The harder you study, the better you will serve the people.

2. The better people are able to communicate, the greater the chances are

of achieving an enduring peace in the world.

3. The longer you work, the more you will learn.

七. 限定词→数词→描述性形容词→大小、长短、形状的形容词→年龄、新旧→色彩形容词→类属形容词（国

籍、地区、出处）→用途类别→表材料形容词→被修饰名词

the first two books; the two rather beautiful pictures;

some beautiful little red flowers; an expensive blue Chinese vase;

a rather beautiful green Chinese woolen carpet

an expensive new Japanese sports car(一辆昂贵的新型日本跑车)

that beautiful slim young foreign lady (那位漂亮、苗条的年轻外国小姐)

Mrs. Brown has ______ car.

a. beautiful new American

b. a new American beautiful

c. a new beautiful American

d. an American beautiful new

There is ______.

a. a gray, gloomy-looking(幽暗), wooden house

b. a wooden, gray,

gloomy-looking house

c. a gloomy-looking, gray, wooden house

d. a gloomy-looking, wooden, gray house

八. 某些源自拉丁语以 -or 结尾的形容词，没有原级，只有比较级。如：

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superior to, inferior to; senior (年长的、较高级的), junior (年幼的，较低级的); prior (先于、更重要的), posterior (较后的、后于), 全都跟"to" 不用 than (equal, similar)

-Mr. Johnson is superior to him in ability. -He is three years senior to

me.

九．准关系代词 than 的用法：

1. Children should not have more money than is needed.

2. There were more casualties than was reported. (than, not that or who)

1. The task was far more difficult than had been expected.

Infinitive (G)

一．作主语

-To get high marks in the entrance exam of postgraduate in a short time is

a hard nut.→

It is really a hard nut to get high marks in the entrance exam of

postgraduate in a ......

-To learn English is very important→ It is very important to learn

English.

-When to start hasn't been decided.→ It hasn't been decided when to start.

-It is possible for us to get there before dark.

-It is quite important for us to read good books during the period of

general review.

在某些形容词（如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly wrong, right, foolish,

stupid careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite 等）作表语时，不定式前常可加 of

引出逻辑主语。

-It's unwise of them to turn down the proposal. (他们拒绝采纳这个建议是不明智的.) 二．作表语：

-His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.

-The purpose of inductive (归纳) logic is to infer general laws from

particular occurrences.

三．作定语：

-She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings.

-The teacher assigned us two exercises to do at home.

-She was the first person to think of the idea.

-That girl has nothing to worry about. -He has a lot of trifles to deal

with.

-Let's first find a room to put the things in..

一些表示企图、努力、倾向的名词后面需接不定式作定语：

ability, ambition, attempt, determination, decision, effort, intention,

need, opportunity, reason, right, tendency, way, wish, etc.

-This book is an attempt ______ English and recognize how it is used. (82)

a. helping you to use

b. helping you use

c. to help you use

d. to help you using

四．作宾语：

1．用不定式做宾语的动词有: agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, claim, continue, decide, decline (谢绝), demand, desire, determine, endeavor

(努力，竭力)， expect, fail, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, swear (发誓), threaten, undertake

(从事，着手), wish 等。

-I can't afford to buy that luxury piece of furniture.

2. 动词 + 疑问代（付）词 + 不定式。

这类动词常见的有：advise, decide, discuss, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, regard, remember, see, settle, teach, tell, think (=consider), understand, wonder 等。

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疑问代（付）词有 what, when, where, which, how, whether 等，但不包括 why:

when to start.

-He does not know who(m) to visit. which one to choose.

3. 形式宾语：

-We find it difficult to get everything ready before the time you require.

-I don't think it necessary to argue with the on this problem.

-All these noises ______ with the work.

a. made me impossible to go on

b. made me impossible going on

c. made it impossible for me to go on

d. makes it impossible for me to go

on

五．作宾补：

1. -I expect you to come early. -The teacher left us to solve the hard

problems.

-He asked us not to go there tomorrow.

可以跟不定式作宾补的动词有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, drive, encourage,

expect, forbid, force, hate, get, intend, invite, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell, trust, urge, want, warn 等表示“致使”等意义。

2. 表示感觉的动词 see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at 和have, let, make 后的宾语可接不带 to 的不定式。

-I often hear them sing this song.

-We heard someone come up the stairs. (Someone was heard to come up the stairs.)

六．作状语：

1．表示目的：

-Thousands of people go to south to earn money. (or in order to...)

-To save time and labor, cartoonists generally draw the hands of the

characters with only three fingers and a thumb.

2. 表示结果：

so ...(+a.) ...as to; such ...(+n.) ...as to; enough to ...; too ... to...; only to ....

-We have got so plenty of food as to treat our guests.

-Is that room big enough to seat all of us?

{-He is too angry to speak.

-One is not too old to learn.

-He is too angry not to so that. 他在盛怒之下才说出这样的话来。}

3．表示原因：

-I'm sorry to interrupt you.

-I am pretty pleased to hear the news that you are elected as the president

of the club.

Gerund (G)

1.作主语：Telling lies is wrong. There is no accounting for tastes. (嗜好是说不出道理

的. --- 人各有所好。) There is no joking abut such matters. (这种事开不得玩笑。) no use

It is { no good + doing worth (while)

waste

e.g. 1. It's no use crying over spilt milk.

2. It's a waste of time arguing about it.

*只有当表语为 no use, no good, worth (while)时作主语的动名词才可后置，前用形式

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主语 it.

2.作表语：1. Seeing is believing.

2. His aim is mastering English in the shortest time possible.

*动名词和不定式都可作主语或表语。一般说来，表示比较抽象的一般行为时多用动名词；表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。

Smoking is prohibited here. It is quite necessary to read it many times. Their job is building houses. Our task now is to increase food production.

3. 作宾语：在 admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, include, keep (on), mind, miss, postpone, practise, quit, resist, risk, suggest, understand, 以及 be accustomed to, approve of, be opposed to, be used to,

can't help, give up, go on, insist on, look forward to, object to, put off, succeed in, think about (of), feel like, 等动词或动词短语后，用动名词作宾语。

e.g. 1. Do you enjoy playing tennis?

2. Would you mind filling out this form? (请填一下这份表格好吗？)

3. She has been looking forward to meeting her parents.

4. 动名词的逻辑主语用名词所有格（或物主代词）表示。

e.g. 1. I don't like your being late.

2. John's going there himself saved us a good deal of trouble.

当名词所有格不在句首时，可用“名词通格（或人称代词宾格）+动名词”的结构来表示。

1. There is no hope of Tom becoming an architect.

2. I should thank you instead of you thanking me.

5. be busy; feel like; What (How) about; spend + time + (in)-ing; have difficulty (trouble, a good time, fun)+(in) + -ing

1. remember: I remember seeing John yesterday. (I remember posting the letter today.) Please remember to post the letter today.

2. forget: I forgot to post your letters.

I'll never forget finding that rare old coin in the garden.

3. regret: I regret to say I haven't given you enough help.

He never regretted doing it.(He regrets not having worked harder at

school.)

4. try: They will try to finish the work within a week. Try cleaning it

with petrol.

5. need (want, require)

The house needs repairing.

The house needs to be repaired. (Cf. You don't need to answer the

question.)

6. mean: Failing this exam means waiting for a year.

I mean to leave tomorrow.

7. stop Stop smoking, please. They stopped working.

(leave off) Let's stop to chat a while. They stop (talking) to work.

8. go on They went on discussing the problem. Go on reading.

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Having read Lesson One, I went on to read Lesson Two.

Participle (G)

e.g. an interesting book broken glass

an exciting news (story) the excited audience

一. 作定语:

Barking dogs seldom bite. [谚] 爱叫的狗很少咬人。

The girl driving the car is his sister. Have you read the letter written by Mr. John? We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.

The pen ______ belongs to me.

a. which it is on the table

b. lying on the table

c. is on the table

d.

that on the table

Many things ______ impossible in the past are common today.

a. considered

b. to consider

c. considering

d. being considered

We appreciate your efforts bringing about a comprehensive (全面的、全部的)

a b

solution of the existing problems. （82）

c d

注：表示企图，努力，倾向等名词，e.g. ability, ambition, attempt, effort 等后面需接

不定式，以及表示能力、愿望、倾向等语义的形容词后面也要接不定式，例：able

(但其同义词 capable + of + 动名词), anxious, eager, glad, inclined (倾向于), liable,

likely, pleased, ready 等。

Cf. 与动名词作定语作比较:

a waiting car a waiting-room

a sleeping child a sleeping-car flying fish flying-suit (飞行服)

a writing table, a swimming pool working people working method

二．作表语:

e.g. The situation is encouraging. The cup is broken. The food smells inviting. (这个菜香味怡人.)

She looks disappointed.

三．作宾补:

e.g. I'm sorry t have kept you waiting.

When I entered the room, I found him reading something aloud. She was glad

to see her children well taken care of in the nursery.

-- Do you hear someone knocking at the door?

-- Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times. They want the job ______ by

the end of the week.

a. to do

b. done

c. did

d. to be doing

He wishes ______.

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a. to have cut his hair

b. to cut hair

c. to have his hair cut

d. his hair

to cut

You'd better ______.

a. to have your TV set repaired

b. to have your TV set repair

c. have your TV set repaired

d. have your TV set repairing

Why do you stand and watch the milk ______ over?

a. boiling

b. boiled

c. from boiling

d. being boiled

四．作状语：可作时间、条件、原因、让步、结果、伴随等。 Walking through the forest, we found many

strange animals. Walking through the forest, a lot of animals are there. (wrong)

Given better conditions, every student in this school could go to college. Exhausted by the hard work, he slept 18 hours without having any food. Not having had any letter from Tom, Mary was worried.

Having been caught in the rain, he was wet to the skin. (80)

Per capita (首，人均) income is a nation's entire income dividing by the number of

a b

people in that nation. c d

______ by the decision, the lawyer quickly left the court room.

a. Angering

b. Having angered

c. Being angered

d. Angered

After seeing the movie, ______.

a. the book was read by him

b. the book made him want to read it

c. he wanted to read the book

d. the reading of the book interested him

五．分词独立结构:

The story exciting, we were all absorbed in it told by the old man. Weather

permitting, we will go to Summer Palace tomorrow.

Last year, the work finished, he went to Qingdao about a month for a

holiday.

Her eyes filled with tears, she did not notice his coming.

Model Verb (G)

1 2

Can He can speak English without much difficulty. He can't be working at

this hour. May May I smoke here? She may be in the dormitory.

Must We must study hard. They must be playing basketball. Must we hand in our exercise books today?

No, you needn't.

"That must be a mistake." "No, it ______ a mistake."

a. must not be

b. needn't be

c. can not be

d. would not be

Shall 用在问句中征求对方的意见和指示，可用于第一和第三人称。

What shall we drink? Shall he come to se you?你说要不要他来看你？

Shall those books be sent over to you at once?那些书要不要马上给你送来。

Will 表示意愿

A man who won't work is no good.

None so blind as those who won't see. [谚]不愿看的人眼最瞎。

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If you will allow me, I'll see you home. 如果你愿意的话，我可以送你回家。 Should

表示劝告或建议。You should get everything ready before the examination. Ought to 表示责任、义务。You are his father. You ought to take care of him.

Must 表示必要、必须要做的事。

We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须按部就班做。

Must > ought to > should

Must (主观想法) -I must tidy up the room. (Cf. I have to tidy up the room.) Have to (客观需要) -You ______ be more careful next time.

a. have to

b. may

c. must

d. had to

-He had to do everything all by himself during those days. Need

需要。主要用于否定句及疑问句。

You needn't think of anything else. ..不必..

Cf. The child needs to be taken good care of.(实义动词)

-You ______ to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important

to do.

a. needn't to come

b. don't need come

c. won't need come

d. needn't come

-He ______ to the farm yesterday.

a. needs go

b. needed go

c. need to go

d. needn't to go

-You ______ afraid of any difficulties.

a. need not to be

b. need not

c. don't need be

d. need not be

Dare He ______ go there.

a. dare not

b. dares

c. dares not to

d. does not dare

Used to Lu Xun used to write at night. Cf. They are used to hard work. Used he always to walk in the garden after dinner?

Did he always use to walk in the garden after dinner?

He usedn't to answer impolitely. 他过去回答别人总是很有礼貌的。

He didn't use to answer impolitely.

We ______ go to the movies quite frequently.

a. use not to

b. used to

c. were used to

d. are used to

Had better You had better start to do it right now. Would (had) rather I

would rather go at once.

She had rather die than yield.

I would rather he was not here.

Subjunctive Mood (G)

1.

与现在相反If there were no air, the sky would black.(..animals and plants would die.) What would you do about the problem if you were in my shoes?

与过去相反If we had had enough money, we would have bought it.

If the sun had been in the right direction, the photos would have come out

very well. 如果太阳光在适当的方位，照片会照得很好。

与将来相反The weather forecast says it will turn fine. If the rain were to go on, the crops would be in danger.

If she should come here, we would (not) discuss this matter with her.

- If you had come a few minutes earlier, you _____ him.

a. would meet

b. can meet

c. would have met

d. met

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- If you had spoken clearly, you _____.

a. would understand

b. would be understood

c. would have been understood

d. would have understood

时间不一致If I had a bike, I would have lent it to you yesterday.

If it had not rained last night, the ground would not be so muddy this morning.

通过介短或But for your help, I would have been drowned.

上下文Without your help, we could not have succeeded.

Tom gives up everything for her. Henry would not be that silly. We could

have done better under more favorable conditions.

You are late again; you should have arrived ten minutes earlier.

2. as if The foreign expert speaks Chinese as if he were a Chinese. She

told the story as if it had happened t her.

3. wish I wish I could speak several languages.

I wish you had told me before.

4. If only If only we had listened to their advice! If I could only see him once!

5. 用在由 lest, or, for fear(that) (British English 口语中多用 in case) 引出的目的状

语从句中，表示忧虑。从句中的谓语动词用 should +动词原形或单用动词原形。

John had to get a degree for fear that he (should)have little chance of

getting

a job. 约翰得弄个学位，不然很少有机会找到职业。

Please remind me of it tomorrow lest I (should) forget.

6. It is time that 动词用过去式样（如与过去相反，也有用过去完成式。）

It is high (about) time children went to bed.

7. would rather 从句用过去式。

8. a. suggest, propose, recommend (建议), move (建议), advise (建议), insist, urge (极力主张), ask, require, request

(提议、要求), demand, desire, order, command, decide, intend (意欲，打算), prefer, arrange;

b. It is necessary (essential (必要，重要的), vital (极重要，不可缺少的), important, imperative (必须的), urgent, advisable (应该的，适当的), proper, obligatory (必须的),desirable (令人满意的，值得的), appropriate, fitting (合适的);

c. order, request, suggestion, command, necessity, importance, idea, plan, motion (提议), proposal, recommendation (建议), understanding (协议), resolution (决定，决

议), 这些名词的同位语从句。

d. 在 expect, believe, think, suspect 等的否定或疑问式后的宾从中，常用 should + 原形（或完成式）,表示惊奇、怀疑、不满等。

e.g. I never thought that he should be such a brave

young soldier.

many have + p.p. Don't worry, your husband may not have been hurt

seriously. must have + p.p. You look so sleepy. You must have sat up late

last night.

can't (couldn't) have + p.p. This poem can't have been written by her. She

is only five.

should (ought to) have + p.p.

Sally shouldn't have bought that hat. It looks terrible. （…真难看死了。）

needn't have + p.p.

You needn't have waken him up. It's only five. (你其实不必叫醒他。)

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Since the ground is white, it ______ last night.

a. should have snowed

b. must have snowed

c. may have snowed

d. would have snowed

"We didn't see him at the lecture yesterday." "He ______ it."

a. mustn't have attended

b. shouldn't have attended

c. can't have attended

d. needn't have attended

Clauses (G)

名词性从句：主、表、宾、同位语从句的连接词均为：从属连词：that, whether, if (在从句中不担任任何语法作用) 连接代词：who,

whom, whose, which, what

连接付词：when, where, why, how

1. 主语从句：

-That we should raise the production is important.

-What I am interested in is collecting stamps and playing chess.

-How some animals find their way home is not known.

-When man first made use of electricity is not exactly known. It is (was) + a. (p.p. or n.) + 主从

-It is important that we should raise the production.

-It is necessary (essential, vital, etc.) that...

-It is a pity that ...

-It is said (reported, recorded) that ...

-It has been proved that ...

-It is know to all that ...

______ is quite clear.

a. Where is the fighting

b. Why is the fighting

c. What war is

d. When is the war

______ I need is a drink.

a. The thing what

b. Which do

c. What

d. That

2. 表语从句：

-The question is whether it is worth doing.

-It looked as if it was going to snow. Is this ______ looking for?

a. you were

b. that you were

c. what were you

d. what you were

The reason I plan to go is ______ if I don't.

a. because she will be disappointment

b. that she will be disappointed

c. because she will have a disappointment

d. on account of she will be disappointed

3. 同位语从句：

______ is no reason for discharging her.

a. Because she was a few minutes late

b. Owing to a few minutes being late

c. The fact that she was a few minutes late

d. Be a few minutes late

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4. 宾语从句：

-We can learn what we did not know.

-She always thinks of how she can do more for the people.

-We think it necessary that you should join us in the work. She said that

she there for two years.

a. has worked

b. had worked

c. was working

d. worked

Now we have learnt ______.

a. that is heat

b. whether heat is

c. when is heat

d. what heat is

I wonder ______.

a. how much cost these shoes

b. how much do these shoes cost

c. how much these shoes cost

d. how much are these shoes cost

Can you tell us ______ ?

a. who that man is

b. who is that man

c. what is that man

d. whom that man

is

I don't think ______.

a. he came yesterday is true

b. that he came yesterday true

c. it true that he came yesterday

d. it that he came yesterday true

定语从句：

1. 限制性定语从句：

关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as

关系付词：when, where, why

-The professor (whom) you wish to see has come.

-Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in.

-Water is a liquid which is made up of two elements.

-Do you know the right time when the meeting begins?

-Shanghai is the lace where the Communist Party of China was born.

[注]先行词是 all, something, anything, nothing, little 等，或先行词有 first, only, no,

very 或形容词最高级修饰时，定从连词只能用 that,不能用 which.

-Is there anything that I can do for you?

-Tom was the first boy that reached the mountain top that day.

-This is the best book that I have ever read. It is the third time that

______ here.

a. had been

b. was

c. have been

d. will be

This is the first time ______.

a. when I came here

b. that I came here

c. I have ever been here

d. which I have ever been here

_____, the compass was first made in China.

a. It is known to all

b. We all know

c. It is known that

d. As is known to

all

2．非限制性定语从句：

-Mr. Smith, who came to see me yesterday, is a relative of my wife's.

-The problem, which is complicated, has been solved.

-The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.

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3. 连接词在定语从句中作介词的宾语：

-The world in which we live is in constant motion and in constant change.

-Great changes are taking place in the city in which they live.

-The film of which I'm speaking is to be shown at the People's Cinema nest week.

-The policeman with whom Mr. Henry is talking in the office is a friend of mine.

4. 名词、代词或数词 + of + 连接词 + 定从

-We have two spare rooms upstairs, neither of which has been much used in

the past two years.

-China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.

-The house the windows of which were damaged has now been repaired.

5. the same ... as

-We do the same work as they (do).

-He is not the same man as he was

such ... as (Cf. such ... that ...引导结果状从； such as 例如)

-We hope to get such a tool as he is using.

状语从句分为时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、让步、目的、结果、比较状从。

1．时间状从：从属连词有：when, while, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as,

instantly (immediately, directly), the day, every time, the minute (second, moment).

-Great changes have taken place in Beijing since it was liberated.

-Tom didn't get up until 12 o'clock.

-I'll tell you as soon as I know.

-We'll wait until the doctor comes.

-Please return the book to me when you have finished reading it.

-As we were having the meeting, the manager came in.

______, the players began the game.

a. Having taken our seats

b. After we had taken our seats

c. Being taken the seats

d. Taking the seats

2. 地点状从：连接付词为: where, wherever

-Just stay where you are.

-Wherever you go, you can see new factories and stores, new schools and hospitals.

3. 原因状从：从属连词为：because, as , since, now that,

-As the weather was fine, I opened all the windows.

-Since we live near the sea, we can often go swimming.

4. 条件状从：从属连词有：if, unless, as (so) long as, providing that, provided, supposing that, suppose that,

-You can't learn a language well unless you work hard.

-As long as we rely on the broad masses, we can overcome any difficulties.

-We'll come over to see you on Wednesday if we have time.

-He will not leave unless it is fine tomorrow.

5. 方式状从：从属连词有：as, just as, as if.

-The boys jumped on their blankets as they were told.

-Do just ass you like.

6. 让步状从：连接词有：though, although, even if (even though), as, whether ... or ...

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no matter ..., despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that, while.

-Whether it shines or rains, I will go tomorrow.

-Even if she didn't come, she would send a present.

-Young as he was (=Though he was young), he fulfilled the difficult task.

-However hard I tried, I could not memorize the text.

7. 目的状从：连接词为：that, so that, in order that (谓语动词用 can, could, may, might);

for fear that, lest, in case (in Britain) (谓语动词用 should + 动词原形)

-They came here that (so that, in order that) they could see the

exhibition.

-Jim did not answer back lest (for fear that, in case) his mother should be

河南省专升本英语语法专项练习题19复习课程

河南省专升本英语语法专项练习题19

1. The color of the skirt does not （） that of the coat. A、balance B、match C、corresponding D、accord 参考答案： B 参考解析： 【精析】B句意：裙子的颜色和上衣的颜色不搭。词义辨析。match:匹配，相称；balance:平衡；corresponding：对应的，一致的；accord：使适合，符合。 2. Thank you for your letter of May 6, in which you _____ about the bicycles of Model 897. A、ask B、feel C、know D、think 参考答案： A 参考解析： 【精析】A句意：感谢您5月6日的来信，在信中您询问了型号为897的自行车的一些情况。词义辨析题。ask：询问，要求；feel：感觉；know：知道；think：想，认为。根据句意可知，A正确。 3. The defense computers calculate way to （） the enemy missiles.

A、spoil B、harm C、destroy D、damage 参考答案： C 参考解析： 【翻译】防御计算机计算出了摧毁敌人导弹的路径。 ［考点］词义辨析 【精析】C四个选项的意思分别为：spoil溺爱；harm伤害，损害；destroy破坏，毁坏；damage损害。根据题意可知应选C项。 4. I love thinking of new designs. It keeps my mind clear and active and fills my retired life with （）. A、joy B、anxiety C、sorrow D、anger 参考答案： A 参考解析： 【翻译】我喜欢思考新设计。这会使我的头脑保持清醒活跃，还会让我的退休生活充满乐趣。 ［考点］词义辨析

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A. was B. were C. would be D. have been neither……nor谓语动词跟相邻的主语一致。 答案 A 5. The room is eight _______ long。 A. foot B. foots C. feet D. feets foot 英尺，复数形式 feet 答案 C 6. Ten days ______ long enough for Mr. Carter to finish his design. He doesnt need any more。 A. is B. has been C. was D. had been ten days 作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数形式。(注意时态) 答案 A 7. The flood has done _____ to this area。 A. damages B. many damages C. much damage D. damaging 8. Not only the students but also their teacher ______ at the meeting。 A. was present B. were present C. have been presented D. has been presented not only…… but also 谓语动词与相邻名词一致。 present 呈现，介绍

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目录 一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态） ? 主语 subject 谓语 predicate 宾语 object 宾语补足语 object complement 表语 predictive 定语 attributive 状语 adverbial WARM-UP：1)The teacher in the classroom. 2)Sang many songs and danced happily. 3)She attracts. 4)Many people living in the country. 5)All the books on the desk over there. 以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。 英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语（核心：主动词）

I．八大成分的概念和构成 1．主语(名词代词形)：句子的主体，是谓语陈述，说明的对象。 If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain. 不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。 The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching. 成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始，并要坚持不断磨练。 充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式8）介词短语（少见） 形式主语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语） 2．谓语：表示主语的行为或进行的活动。 I have a dream. You don’t always want what you need, or need what you want. 所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆所需。 谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂） 3．宾语：行为或活动的对象，接受者或受影响者。 You don’t find opportunities…you make them. 你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。 You probably won’t hear opportunity knock if your television is always on. 如果你常开着电视，你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。 充当宾语形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式 形式宾语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语） 4．表语：说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后) Time is money. Three o’clock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do. 你想做什么事，三点钟总是太早或太迟。 构成形式：1）名词2）形容词3）代词4）数词5）不定式6）ing形式7）过去分词8）副词9）介词短语10）小品词 11）名词从句 5．补语：补充说明。（由动词类别来决定） 构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）形容词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语 9）副词小品词10）名词从句 主语补语 Tom was made monitor. 宾语补语 I made Tom monitor. 表语补语 I am sure to succeed. 6. 定语：对名词性形式进行范围限定。 This is beautiful music. There are only two kinds of music…good and bad. 自古音乐分两种，好的和坏的。 构成形式：1）限定词2）形容词3）名词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词 8）介词短语9）副词10）关系从句

专升本考试英语语法总结

目录 一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态）......................... 二、不定式................................................ 三、动词的时态和语态...................................... 一般现在时的特例............................................ 一般过去时的注意点.......................................... 一般将来时的注意点.......................................... 四、非谓语动词............................................ 五、复合式谓语............................................ 六、动词的虚拟语气........................................ 七、状语从句 (50) 1、时间状语从句............................................. 2.地点状语从句.............................................. 3、原因状语从句............................................. 4．条件状语从句............................................. 5．让步状语从句............................................. 6．目的状语从句............................................. 7．结果状语从句............................................. 8．方式状语从句............................................. 一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态） ? 主语 subject 谓语 predicate