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英语六级复习资料(完整版)

英语六级复习资料（完整版) 英语六级复习专题一完形填空—固定搭配

1.accoｕnｔ fｏr 说明…得原因，就

是…得原因

https://www.docsj.com/doc/f67214720.html,use…oｆ… 控告；谴责

3.ａllow foｒ考虑到，顾及，为…留

出预地

4.aｐpeal to 诉诸，诉请裁决（或证实

等）

5.brｉｎg abouｔ导致，引起

6.ｃalｌ off 取消

7.care for 照顾,照料;喜欢

8.cｈeｃｋ iｎ（在旅馆、机场等)登记，

报到

9.ｃｈeck ouｔ结帐后离开，办妥手续

离去

10.e ｕp ｗith 提出,提供，想出

11.cｏunt oｎ/upon 依靠，指望

12.couｎｔｕｐ共计，算出…得总数

13.draw ｕp 起草，拟订；（使)停住

14.faｌl ｂａcｋｏn 借助于,依靠

15.get ａt 够得着,触及；意思就是,意

指；查明，发现;指责

16.ｇo iｎ for 从事，参加;爱好

17.ｈａnｇon to 紧紧抓住；保留(某

物）

18.ｔｕrn ouｔ制造,生产;结果就是；

驱逐；关掉，旋熄

19.takｅ oveｒ接受，接管；借用,承袭

20.take in 接受，吸收，接纳；理解，

领会；欺骗；包括

21.ｓｔicｋ out （把…)坚持到底；突出，

显眼

22.ｓtｉck tｏ坚持,忠于，信守;紧跟，

紧随；粘贴在…上

23.set out 陈述,阐明；动身，起程；开

始；摆放

24.ｓｅｔｆortｈ阐明,陈述

25.ｓet aｂｏｕt 开始,着手

26.ｐｕt in for 正式申请

27.refeｒｔｏ…as…把…称作，把…

当作

28.pay ｏｆf 还清（债）;付清工资解雇

（某人）；向…行贿;得到好结果,取得

成功

29.mａke ｕp fｏr 补偿，弥补

30.ｌook ｏvｅr 把…瞧一遍，把…过目;

察瞧，参观

31.lｏoｋthrough 详尽核查；（从头至

尾）浏览

32.lｉve on 靠…生活,以…为食物liｅ

iｎ (问题、事情等）在于

33.ｌiｅ in (问题、事情等）在于

34.ｌet gｏ（ｏf）放开,松手35.ｈold oｕt 维持，保持;坚持（要求)，

不屈服

36.hold ｂack 踌躇，退缩;阻止，抑制;

隐瞒,保守（秘密等）

37.havｅ an adｖａｎtage oｖer 胜过、

have ｔｈe aｄvantaｇｅ of 由于…

处于有利条件 hａｖｅ tｈe aｄ

vantａgｅ of sb.知道某人所不知道得

事

38.ｔａkｅadvantage of (＝mａｋe

the ｂeｓt oｆ, utilizｅ, make ｕ

se of, pｒoｆｉｔfｒｏｍ，

harness）利用。

39.atｔriｂute…to…(=to ｂelｉevｅ

stｈ、 to ｂe tｈｅｒｅsult ｏf…）

把。、归因于、、，认为。、就是。、得结

果

40.beｇiｎｗｉth 以…开始、 to begi

ｎwｉｔh (=firｓt ｏf ａll）首

先，第一（经常用于开始语）

41.on behalf of （=as the rｅpreseｎ

taｔive of) 以…名义

42.believe ｉn（=ｈave faith or trust

in； coｎsider ｓth、ｓｂ、 to be

tｒuｅ) 相信,依赖，信仰。

43.get the better of (=ｄefeaｔ sb。）

打败, 胜过.

44.by birｔh 在出生上，论出身,按血统 a

ｔｂirth 在出生时； giｖe bｉrth

ｔo 出生、

45.blａme sb、foｒsth、因…责备

某人、 blame sth、 oｎsｂ、把…

推在某人身上

46.in ｂｌossom开花（指树木) be in

blosｓom开花(强调状态) ｅｉnto

bloｓsｏm开花（强调动作）

47.takｅ the ｆlooｒ起立发言

48.be capａble of 能够，有能力 be ca

ｐablｅ of beiｎg +过去分词就是能

够被…得

49.ｐaｒｅ…ｗiｔh …把…与…比较

50.pare…tｏ… 把…比作…

51.pｌain of (oｒabouｔ）抱怨；诉

苦；控告;plaｉn about 抱怨某人或

事情; plain to ｓb、aｂｏｕt sth、

（ｏr sb。）向某人抱怨…； plａin

（抱怨）； plｅmｅnt （补充）； pl

ｉmｅnt (恭维）

52.delｉgｈt ｉｎ(＝taｋe ｇrｅat

pleasure in dｏiｎｇ stｈ。)喜欢，

取乐

53.take (ａ) deｌｉght in 喜欢干…,

以…为乐

54.demａnｄsth、 from ｓb、向某人

要求（物质得）东西

55.depｒive ｓb、 of sth、剥夺某人某

物

56.devｉａｔｅ from 偏离，不按…办

57.ｏn a diet 吃某种特殊饮食, 节食

58.diffｅr from…iｎ与…得区别在于…

59.ｄｉｓposｅｏf （=get rid ｏ

f ，throw away)处理掉

60.ｂeyond dispute不容争议得,无可争

议

61.in dｉspute 在争议中

62.(be) distinct from ( = be ｄifｆ

erｅｎｔ from）与…截然不同

63.ｄiｓｔinｇｕiｓh ｂｅｔｗeen

(=mａｋｅ or ｒecｏgnｉzｅ diｆfe

ｒｅnces）辨别

64.dｉｓtinguish…from 把…与…区别

开

65.do awaｙwiｔh（=ｇet rid of；

abｏlｉｓh； dｉscａｒd ｅlimiｎ

ate) 除去,废除,取消；do ａwａy

witｈ (=kill) 杀掉, 镇压

66.e oｆf ｄuｔy 下班

67.at lａrｇｅ(=at ｌibｅｒty， free)

在逃，逍遥法外ａｔｌarge(=in ge

ｎeraｌ) 一般来说，大体上 at large

（=aｔ fuｌl ｌeｎgth; ｗith detａ

iｌｓ）详细地

68.aｃｃuse…of…(=chａrge…with；

ｂlａmｅ sb、 foｒ sth、；ｂlａ

mｅ sth、 on ｓｂ、; plain abｏ

ｕｔ) 指控，控告

69.allｏｗ for （=takｅ iｎｔo cｏnsi

ｄerａｔｉoｎ， tａｋｅ inｔo accou

ｎt）考虑到，估计到。

70.amoｕnｔ tｏ (=tｏ be ｅｑuａl t

ｏ）总计, 等于。

71.ａｎswｅr ｆoｒ (undeｒｔaｋe ｒ

esｐoｎｓibilitｙ for， bｅ liable

for， takｅ charｇｅｆoｒ）对…

负责.

72.ａｂｉde ｂｙ(=be faithful tｏ ;

oｂey)忠于；遵守

73.plｙ with （=acｔ in ａccordａｎce

ｗith ａ demａnd，ｏrder, rｕlｅ e

ｔc.）遵守, 依从

74.aｐplｙ to sb、 fｏｒsｔh、为…

向…申请；appｌy foｒ申请； apply

ｔo 适用。

75.appｌy tｏ与…有关;适用

76.arise from（=be ｃausｅd by) 由…

引起。

77.arｒivｅｏn 到达; arｒive at 到

达某地（小地方）；得出,作出; ａrrive

ｉn 到达某地（大地方)；78.bｅａshaｍed oｆ（=ｆeeｌsｈ

ame，guｉｌt oｒ sorrow bｅcａ

usｅ of sth、 done）以…为羞耻79.ａssｕｒｅ sb、 of sth、 (=tｒy to

ｃａuse to believe ｏr trust iｎ

stｈ。）向…保证, 使…确信。

80.atｔａcｈ(to） (=tｏfｉｘ，fas

ｔeｎ; jｏｉn) 缚，系,结

81.ａｔtend tｏ（=gｉvｅone’s aｔ

ｔentiｏn， carｅ and ｔhoｕghｔ)

注意,照顾；ａttend on（ｕpon)（=wait

upｏn，ｓeｒvｅ, look ａｆtｅr）

侍候,照料

82.ｉn ａｃcorｄance ｗith (＝ｉn

agreeｍｅｎt wiｔｈ）依照，根据83.on ｏne's own accounｔ1）为了某

人得缘故，为了某人自己得利益2）

（＝at oｎe’ｓｏwn risｋ）自

行负责 3）（=by onｅself）依靠自

己 on ａccｏunt 赊账; on account

ｏf 因为; oｎno acｃｏunｔ不论

什么原因也不；oｆ…accoｕnt

有…。、重要性.

84.ｔakｅ…intｏ account（=conｓiｄe

ｒ)把、。、考虑进去

85.accｏｕnｔfor （=give ａn

explanatioｎor rｅason foｒ）解

释，说明。

86.on accounｔof （=ｂｅｃause of）

由于，因为。

87.bｅ accuｓtomeｄｔｏ (=be in ｔhe

haｂｉt of， bｅ used to）习惯于.

88.ｂe acｑｕaｉnted wｉth(=ｔo have

ｋnowledｇｅ of) 了解；（=to haｖ

e met sociallｙ ) 熟悉

89.aｃt ｏｎ奉行，按照…行动；ａct

ａs 扮演; act foｒ代理?aｄaｐｔ

oneｓelf to(=adjｕｓt ｏnｅselｆ

tｏ) 使自己适应于

90.adａpｔ…(fｏr）(＝ｍake ｓth、

Suitaｂle for ａ nｅw need）改

编，改写（以适应新得需要）

91.in aｄｄitiｏn （=ｂesides) 此外，

又, 加之

92.iｎaｄdition tｏ(＝as wｅlｌa

ｓ, besidｅｓ, other thaｎ)除…

外

93.aｄherｅ to （=aｂide by， coｎｆ

orm ｔo，ply ｗｉth， clinｇ t

ｏ, iｎｓiｓt on， pｅｒｓist in，

obsｅrvｅ，ｏpiniｏn, belief ) 粘

附；坚持，遵循

94.adｊacenｔ(=nexｔ to, cloｓｅ tｏ）

毗邻得，临近得

95.adjust。、(to）（=cｈangｅ slighｔ

ly)调节；适应;

英语六级复习专题二翻译-语法精要

Ⅰ动词(时态，语态，用法，省略,一致性等）

时态

1)现在完成进行时态 (hａｖe/has beeｎ＋—ing 分词构成)：动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束、

I’ｖe ｂeｅｎ wriｔiｎg leｔtｅｒs foｒ an hour、

Ｉ’ve beeｎ sｉtting ｉn thｅ gaｒｄen、

2)过去完成进行时(由hａd ｂeeｎ＋ inｇ分词构成)：过去某个时刻以前一直在进行得动作

Ｉ'd beeｎ wｏｒking for sｏme time ｗｈen hｅ callｅd、

We ｈad beeｎwaiｔing fｏｒ heｒ fｏr two houｒｓｂy tｈe time ｓhｅcam ｅ、

3）将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行得动作、

Ｂy ｎext suｍｍer，ｈe ｗｉlｌ have bｅen woｒｋinｇ herｅ foｒ twentｙｙe ａrs、

In ａnoｔheｒ moｎtｈ's tｉme she’ll haｖe beeｎ stｕｄyiｎｇ heｒe ｆor three yｅａrs、

４）将来完成时(由ｓhall/wilｌhaｖe + 过去分词构成)：将来某时会业已发生得事、Ｉ shａll have fiｎishｅd tｈｉs one before lunch、

Ｔheｙ’ll have hit thｅyeａｒ’ｓｔａrgｅt bｙ tｈe ｅnd of October、

语态

可以有两种被动结构得类型，例如：

Ｈe ｗas sａid to be jeａｌous of her success、

Iｔ waｓｓaiｄ thaｔhe was ｊealous ｏf her sucｃess、

能同时适用于上述两个句型得主动词通常都就是表示“估计"，“相信”等意义得动词,常见得有asｓｕme,believe,expect，fear，feeｌ，knoｗ,pｒesuｍe，reporｔ,say,sｕpｐｏｓｅ,ｕndｅrstand等、

It is supposed ｔhat the ｓhｉp haｓ bｅen suｎk、

Ｔhe ｓhip is sｕppｏsed to have ｂeｅn sunk、

担当ｂe ｓuｐposed to 与不定式得一般形式搭配时往往表示不同得意义、例如：

Wｈy ａre you drｉving sｏ fａst in thiｓ area? You ａre ｓupｐｏｓｅd ｔo kn ｏw the speed ｔo knoｗtｈe sｐｅeｄｌｉmiｔ、 (您应该晓得速度限制）

双宾语及宾补结构得被动语态

双宾语结构得被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时，可以把主动结构中得一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数就是把间接宾语变为主语、

He ｗaｓａsked a number ｏf questions at the ｐress conference、

Two days wｅre aｌloweｄ them for mａｋiｎg thｅ nｅcｅssary preparaｔiｏns、宾补结构得被动语态：

She ｗａs caｌled Big Sｉsｔｅr by ｅｖeryboｄy、

Theｎｈe ｗaｓｍade a squａd leadeｒ、

He ｗas considered quite qualｉfied ｆor the job、

Ｔｈe rｏom wａs alwａys ｋeｐt cｌｅan aｎd ｔｉｄy、

短语动词

Vi + ａｄv

The plane tｏok ofｆｔｗｏ hours lａｔe、

Vi + prｅp

Ｔｈｅy looked roｕｎｄ the Ｃatheｄrａl、

Vi + pｒep （有被动语态)

Sｈｅ’s lookｉng after hｅr sistｅr’s cｈildren、

Ｔhe children weｒe alｗays weｌl lookｅｄａｆtｅr、

Vi + aｄv + preｐ

I began to lｏoｋ forｗard to their ｖiｓiｔs、

Ｖt + O + adｖ

Sｏme womeｎｃhoosｅｔo staｙａt hｏmｅａｎd bｒing up tｈeｉr cｈildren、Thｅｃhildｒeｎ weｒe bｒougｈt up bｙthｅｉr mother、

Theｙ tｏok hiｍ on、

Ｖt ＋ adv + O (无被动语态)

I aｍ trｙing ｔo ｇiｖｅ uｐｓmokｉｎg、

Ｖt ＋O + ｐｒep

We talｋeｄ Doｎald inｔo agreｅｍenｔ、

省略

在以as， than， when， iｆ，ｕｎleｓs等引导得从句中得省略：在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又与主句得主语一致a)，或者主语就是it ｂ）,就常常可以把从句中得主语与谓语得一部分(特别就是动词be)省略掉、

Look out fｏr caｒs ｗｈｅn cｒossｉnｇ the sｔreet、

Ｗｈen takｅn acｃordinｇ to ｔhe directions， the ｄrug ｈas no ｓｉｄe efｆects、

Whiｌe tｈere ｈｅ joiｎed in volｕｎtａry lａｂour on a ｐrｏject、

Aｌthouｇｈnoｔ yｅt sｉx moｎｔhｓ old，ｓhe was ablｅ to walk wｉtｈｏu ｔ suｐport、

If not ｗeｌl maｎaged， irrigation ｃaｎbe hａrｍful、

Thoｕgh rｅduｃeｄiｎｎｕmberｓ，ｔhey gained ｉn ｆiｇｈtｉng capａcｉｔy、This ｖiewpoｉnt，howeveｒｕnderstａｎdａbｌe， is wrｏｎg、

Enｅｍies, ｏｎｃe ｄiscｏvered，were tｉｇｈtly enｃircled and ｐleｔｅly w ｉpｅd out、

Shｅｈuｒriedly left the roｏm as though／if angry、

Sｈｅｗｏｒkｅｄexｔrｅmｅly hard ｔｈougｈsｔilｌｒａtｈeｒ pｏoｒ iｎhｅａｌtｈ、

Ｆilｌin the applicatiｏn as instruｃtｅd、

Wheneveｒknown， sｕch fａｃts shouｌd be ｒeported、

Thｅｄocumenｔｓ wｉll ｂe retｕrned as sooｎａs sｉgned、

He sａｉｄ that no aｃrobat couｌｄever ｐｅｒfｏrm ｔhoｓｅdaｒｉng feａts ｕnless ｔraiｎed ｖery yoｕng、

Onｃe ｈaｖing maｄe ａ proｍｉsｅ，you ｓｈoｕld keep iｔ、

Ｉf ｎecｅssary I’ｌl have ｔhe lｅtｔer dupｌicated、

Ｆiｌｌin ｔhe bｌaｎks wiｔh aｒtiｃｌeｓwhere(ver) nｅcessary、

If posｓiblｅ, I ｓhoｕld lｉke to have tｗo cｏpiｅs of ｉt、

Aｓｓｃheduled， they met on Ｊanuarｙ 20 at the Chinese Emｂassy、

在以tｈａｎ a) 或as b) 引起得从句中,常会有一些成分省略、

He tｏｌd me ｎot tｏ uｓe morｅｍａteｒiａｌ than (it is）ｎeｃessarｙ、We shｏuld ｔhiｎk ｍore of tｈe ｃollectiｖｅtｈaｎof ourselveｓ、

Thｅy worｋed wiｔh as mucｈ enthusiaｓm as young pｅople （did）、

Hｅ is noｗ a viｃｅ-maｎａger, bｕt ｓtill oｆten ｗｏｒｋｓ in the kitｃhen as beｆoｒe、

Tｈeir tｒaiｎing is ｆrｅe，as is aｌl educatｉｏn、

We ｗiｌl， as aｌｗays, ｓtaｎd on yｏuｒ siｄｅ、

错误得省略

Ｈｉs life ｉs as fully mitted tｏ boｏks ａs anyone I knｏw、

Ｗｈile standinｇtheｒe ｉｎ her nｉｇhｔgｏwn， tｗｏ bullets ｓtｒuck the wａll beｓide hｅｒ、

一致

如果主语就是单数,尽管后面跟有witｈ，ｔoｇｅther ｗith, ａs well as, as ｍuｃh aｓ, nｏｌess tｈaｎ， morｅ than等引导得短语，谓语动词仍旧用单数形式、

Ｔeｒｒy，along with hｅr frienｄ， goes skatｉnｇ eveｒｙ Satuｒdaｙ、

Ａn expｅrt， togｅther witｈ soｍe assiｓｔａnｔs, ｗas senｔ to ｈelp in this ｗoｒｋ、

The captain，ａｓｗell as the coaｃｈes， wａｓ disappointed ｉn the team、代词作主语时得一致

eａｃh, ｅither, neiｔher与由some, any， nｏ， evｅry构成得复合代词,都作单数瞧待、

Eａch of ｕｓhas somｅtｈing tｏｓay、

Is everｙbody rｅaｄｙ？

Somebody is ｕｓing the pｈonｅ、

Neitｈｅr of ｕs ｈas gonｅthroｕgh ｒｅgulａｒ training、

Has eiｔheｒ of theｍtold you？

soｍe， fｅw, both, mａｎy 等作复数

some 可后接复数，也可接单数，表示某一、

nｏne作复数瞧待时较多,但也有时作单数瞧待,主要瞧说话人脑中联系想到得就是复数还就是单数概念，但noｎe 在代表不可数得东西时总就是瞧作单数:

None ｏf tｈe books are eaｓy ｅnough fｏｒ us

Nｏnｅ of ｕs seｅm ｔo haｖｅthｏught oｆｉt、

Nｏｎe (= not a siｎｇｌe one) ｏf ｕs has ｇot ａcamｅra、

None (= nobody） hａs felt it more ｋeenｌｙ than ｓhe did、

None of thｉs wｏrrｉes ｍe、

all 与most 可后接复数，也可接不可数名词（alｌ of the…，mosｔｏf tｈe …），动词用单数、

由and 或 bｏth…anｄ连接名词词组时，后用复数; 由nｏt only…ｂuｔ（aｌｓo), either…oｒ， neｉtｈer…noｒ或 or 连接得并列主语，谓语通常与最邻近得主语一致、Ｎot oｎｌｙ the sｗitchｅs but also the old writinｇ haｓbeen ｃhanｇed、

My sistｅr ｏr my ｂroｔher ｉs ｌｉkely tｏ be ａt home、

Ｅｉthｅｒ you or Mr Yang ｉｓto do the wｏrｋ、

Ｎeithｅr my wｉfe nor Ｉ myseｌf am ａble tｏ perｓuａde ｍy daugｈteｒｔｏｃhanｇe ｈｅr miｎd、

如果一个句子就是由there 或ｈｅre引导，而主语又不止一个, 谓语通常也与最邻近得那个主语一致、

There wａs cａｒｖｅd in ｔhe bｏarｄａdragon and a ｐhoenix、

Here is a pen, a fｅw envelｏpes aｎd somｅ paｐer for you、

ｐｅopｌe, poｌiｃe， cａｔｔlｅ, ｐｏuｌtｒｙ (家禽）, militiａ（民兵) 等通常都用作复数、

Ｃattｌe ａre grａzing on ｔｈe ｐaｓｔure、

The pｏｌｉcｅ aｒe ｌooｋinｇｆoｒhim、

有些集体名词有时作单数瞧待，有时作复数瞧待, 主要根据意思来决定、

Ｈiｓｆａmily isn'ｔ veｒy large、

His ｆamｉly ａｒe alｌmusic loveｒｓ、

The ｍｉttee ｍeｅts twiｃe a month、

The mitｔｅe are ｄｉvideｄin opinｉon、

Ｔhe audience wａs enorｍｏus、

Ｔhe audience ｗeｒe ｇreatｌy moveｄ at the worｄs、

有些名词单复数同形, 可根据意思决定谓语动词得数：

This nｅw seｒies is begｉnning nｅｘt moｎｔh、

Thesｅｎew sｅｒiｅs ａｒe ｂｅgiｎniｎg ｎｅxｔ month、

Thiｓ spｅcieｓiｓ noｗextinct、

Theｓe ｓｐeｃies arｅ now extiｎct、

表示时间，重量，长度，价值等得名词，尽管仍就是复数形式, 如果作整体瞧待，动词也可用单数形式 (当然用复数动词也就是可以得)：

Thrｅe ｗeeｋs ｗas ａｌlｏwed ｆor maｋinｇ the necｅsｓarｙpreｐaｒａtions、One ｈｕｎdｒeｄｌｉ wａs cｏvｅred in a sｉnｇle nighｔ、

其她问题

书名，国家名用单数:

Tａles from Shakｅspeare ｉｓ a booｋｂy Chａrｌeｓ Lamb、

学科名, 如ｍathematics, ｅcｏnｏmics用单数、

many a 或ｍore than one 所修饰得词作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数形式：

Maｎy a perｓｏｎ has had thａt kｉｎｄ of experｉence、

Mｏre thaｎone person hａs ｉnｖｏlved ｉn tｈe case、

a number oｆ后接复数，ｔhe nｕｍbeｒof后接单数:

A numｂer of books havｅｂｅen pｕblisheｄ on the ｓuｂject、

The number of booｋs ｐubｌiｓhｅd oｎｔｈe ｓubjｅct is ｓimply amazing、

onｅ oｆtｈｏse 后用单数、在“one of ＋复数名词 +关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词得单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一就是根据先行词采用复数形式：

Ｊoaｎｉs oｎe ｏｆｔｈｏse people wｈｏgo oｕｔ of ｔhｅir waｙ to be helpful、

当oｎｅ之前友the oｎlｙ等限定词与修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据onｅ而定,即采用单数形式：

He iｓ tｈe onｌy one of those boyｓｗho iｓ wiｌling to taｋe ｏn anotｈｅr aｓsignment、

Ⅱ非谓语动词

不定式

形式

完成式:

几乎同时)发生, 或就是在它之后发生、假如不定式所表示得动作，在谓语所表示得动作(状态）之前发生，就要用不定式得完成式、

I am glad to have ｓｅｅn ｙｏuｒ motｈｅr （= I am glａd Ｉhａve seen ｙｏｕｒ moｔher）、

(比较：I aｍ glａd to ｓeｅ you、)

He is saｉｄ to haｖe writｔen a neｗbook abｏut workerｓ、

He preteｎdｅd ｎot ｔo ｈave seen me、

进行式：如果主要谓语表示得动作(状态）发生时，不定式表示得动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式得进行式、

You ａre not supｐｏｓed ｔo bｅ wｏｒｋing、Yoｕ havｅn’t ｑuｉｔe reｃovered yet、

Wｅ didn’t exｐｅct ｙou to bｅwaitinｇ fｏr us heｒe、

Ｈｅ pｒetｅnｄed to be listening attentｉｖeｌｙ、

完成进行式: 在谓语所表示得时间之前一直进行得动作, 就要用不定式得完成进行式、The sｔrｕggｌe ｗａs known to haｖe ｂeｅn ｇoing for tｗenｔy years、

We ａre hapｐy to hａvｅ beeｎworking wｉｔh ｙou、

被动式：当不定式得逻辑上得主语就是不定式所表示得动作得承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式、

It ｉs ａn hｏｎｏｕr for me to bｅ asked to sｐeａk ｈerｅ、

Shｅ haｔed to bｅ flatｔered、

He ｗａnted the lｅtｔer to be ｔypｅd at onｃｅ、

This ｉｓｂound to be ｆounｄout、

There ａre ａｌoｔ of ｔｈｉngs to ｂe done、

Ｓｈe ｗas ｔoo youｎｇ tｏbｅａssiｇnｅd such ｗork、

功用: 不定式可以作主语（ａ），宾语（b）, 表语 (c）, 定语 (d) 或就是状语（ｅ)、a、Ｔｏsｃｏld her wｏuｌd nｏｔbｅjust、

ｂ、 We aｒe pｌanｎing to build a reservoir here、

c、 Oｎe of our ｍａin tasks now ｉｓｔo mechａniｚe ａgrｉcｕｌturｅ、

d、Ｄo you have ａnything to deｃlａｒe?

e、Ｗe ｈave e to leaｒｎｆrom ｙou、

不带to 得不定式：

在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词就是表示感觉意义得seｅ, heａｒ, ｗaｔc ｈ, smelｌ， feｅl, notｉce等，或就是表示“致使"意义得 have, make，ｌeｔ等, 其后得不定式结构不带tｏ、

Jｏhｎ made hｅr tｅlｌ hｉm everyｔhing、

这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面得不带to 得不定式一般还原为带ｔo 得不定式、

She waｓ madｅ tｏtell ｈiｍ eｖｅrything、

在 hａd ｂetｔeｒ，had beｓt，ｗould raｔher，wｏuld sooner，ｗoｕld just aｓｓｏoｎ, ｍigｈｔ（just） aｓ wｅll， canｎoｔ bｕt 等搭配之后，动词不定式也不带ｔo、

I’ｄratheｒ not havｅｅggｓ aｎd bacｏn for breakfaｓｔ、

They caｎnot ｂｕt acceｐｔ his term、

在make do，mａke bｅlｉｅve, ｌeｔｄｒｏp， let ｆall， leｔ fｌy, let slｉp, let ｄrive，let go ｏf， let thｅre be, heａr say, hear tell，ｌeave g ｏ of等固定搭配中, 用不带tｏ得动词不定式、

Ｊohn let ｆｌy a tｏｒreｎt of abuse at me、

I’ve ｈeard tｅll of ｈｉm、

在动词hｅｌp（或help +宾语)之后可用不带tｏ得不定式，也可用带tｏ得不定式、Can I hｅlp （to) lifｔthis hｅavy bｏx?

在介词eｘcepｔ, ｂut 之后, 如果其前有动词dｏ得某种形式，不定式一般不带ｔo，反之带to、

Tｈｅre ｉs nothing to ｄo eｘceｐｔ wａit tilｌｉt sｔopｓraininｇ、

Sｍith will do anyｔｈｉng ｂut wｏrｋｏn a faｒm、

Theｒｅ’s no chｏｉce but tｏｗait ｔilｌ it sｔops rａiｎing、

连词raｔhｅｒ than， sooｎer tｈａn 置于句首时，其后得不定式不带to、

Rａtheｒｔhaｎ push thｅｂoｏk bａck aｓ he ｗanted to do, he forｃｅd ｈimseｌf ｔo ｐiｃk it uｐ、

出现在句中其她位置时, 其后得不定式有时带to, 有时不带to、

He decidｅd to ｗritｅraｔｈｅr thａn ｔeleｐhone、

The manａgeｒ believｅs it is impoｒｔant tｏ inｖest in nｅw machinery rather than to increase wages、

用作补语得动词不定式, 如果主语就是由“all ＋关系分句",“tｈing +关系分句"，“what 分句”或“thｉng +不定式结构”等构成,并带有ｄo得某种形式，这时,作为主语补语得不定式可以省to，也可以不省、

Wｈａt ｈｅｗill dｏ iｓ(ｔo) spoｉｌ thｅ whoｌe thｉｎg、

All ｙｏu dｏｎow is pletｅｔhe fｏｒm

Tｈe ｏnly tｈing I cａｎ do nｏw is go on by ｍyｓｅlf、

Ｔhe tｈｉnｇｔo do now is ｃｌeaｒ up this mess、

The lｅast I cａn dｏｉs driｖe eｖｅrybodｙｅlse closer ｔo the isｓue、不定式得其她用法

too…to 结构通常表示否定意义:

She was too young to undｅｒｓｔand all that、

ｅnoｕgh…to结构则表示肯定意义:

Shｅ was not oｌｄ eｎough tｏｕndｅrstanｄ all tｈaｔ、

not ｔｏo，bｕｔ too, aｌl ｔoｏ, only tｏo等与不定式连用时，不定式一般不表示否定意义：

Hｅ’s oｎly ｔoｏ plｅａseｄｔｏ help her、

so…as （tｏ)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:

Bｅ so kind as ｔo drop in somｅｔiｍe wｈen ｙoｕ aｒe ｆｒee、

如果要说明不定就是表示得动作就是谁做得，可以在不定式前加一个for引起得短语:

It ｉｓ nｏt ｈａrd fｏr one to do a bｉt of good、

Iｔ is a grｅat honoｕｒ foｒｕｓｔo be ｐreｓenｔａt thｉs rallｙ、

在以某些形容词(如 kiｎd, ｇooｄ， nｉce, wise， unwise, clever, sｉlly, ｗｒong, rｉght， foolish, stupid， cａrｅleｓｓ，cｏｎsideｒate, rudｅ, ｎaughｔy，imp ｏlitｅ等）作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起得短语，来说明不定式指得就是谁得情况:

Ｉｔ’s kｉｎd ｏｆｙｏｕ to thinｋ so ｍucｈ of uｓ、

(Ｉｔ iｓ) Awfully good ｏf you to e ａｎd meet uｓ、

Ｉt’ｓ veｒy niｃe of you tｏ be so conｓｉderａte、

It’s uｎwｉｓｅ of thｅm to ｔurn doｗｎtｈe propoｓal、

V＋ing形式(现在分词及动名词)

形式

完成式：如果要表示动名词代表得动作在谓语所表示得动作之前发生，通常用动名词得完成形式、

He didn'ｔ mentiｏn haviｎｇ mｅt me、

I ｒeｇrｅｔｎot having taken ｈer aｄｖicｅ、

在某些动词后(或成语中）, 常用(或可以用)动名词得一般形式，尽管动作就是在谓语所表示得动作之前发生得、

Excuｓe ｍe ｆｏr inｇlate、

I dｏｎ’t reｍember eveｒ seeｉng ｈim anywheｒｅ、

现在分词得完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示得动作之前发生、

Haｖing ｂeeｎ tｈｅrｅ maｎy tｉmes，he oｆfeｒeｄｔo ｂｅ ouｒ guiｄｅ、Haｖｉnｇ found tｈｅｃausｅ，ｔhey ｗere ａble ｔo propose ａ rｅmeｄy、

另外，独立结构也可用现在分词得完成形式、

The ｇuestｓｈaviｎg left， they reｓumeｄtｈeir ｄiscussion、

Ｔhｅ children, having eａｔing tｈeir ｆilｌ， werｅ allowed ｔｏ lｅave the tab ｌｅ、

被动式: 当一个动名词逻辑上得主语所表示得就是这动作得对象时，动名词一般要用被动形式、

Ｈis ｂeing neｇｌectｅd ｂy ｔhｅｈoｓt adｄed ｔo hiｓuneasｉnesｓ、

He couldn’ｔ bear ｂeing ｍａde fｕn ｏf like ｔhat、

但要注意，在waｎt， nｅeｄ, desｅrve, requｉre 等动词后, 尽管表示得就是被动得意思, 却用动名词得主动形式、

Mｙ peｎneeds fillinｇ、

The ｐoｉnｔdｅｓeｒvｅs mentｉoning、

Thiｓｐrｏbleｍ requirｅs ｓｔｕdying ｗitｈｇreａt ｃare、

在ｗorth这个形容词后情形也就是这样、

Heｒ methｏｄｉs ｗorth ｔryinｇ、

现在分词得被动式可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中、

Thｉs iｓ oｎe of the ｅxpｅｒimｅnts bｅing carrieｄｏn in oｕr ｌaborａtory、Yｏu'lｌfind thｅｔoｐic bｅinｇｄisｃussｅd ｅｖerywｈerｅ、

Being aｓkeｄｔo ｇiｖe a pｅrformance, shｅｃoｕldn't ｖeｒy ｗｅll rｅfuse、

These ａｒe sｏlｄ aｔ reduced prices, tｈe dｅfects always being ｐoinｔed ou ｔ tｏ tｈｅ cusｔoｍeｒs、

完成被动式: 如果表示得动作在谓语表示得动作之前发生，有时需要用动名词得完成被动式、

I ｄｏｎ't remｅｍｂer having ｅver been ｇｉven a ｃｈance to trｙ thiｓmet ｈod、

但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式，而用一般被动形式代替, 以免句子显得累赘、

现在分词得完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中、

Havｉng beｅn giｖen sｕch ａ gｏｏｄｃｈａnｃe， hoｗcould ｓhe lｅt it ｓlip awaｙ？

The ｄecision havｉnｇｂｅｅn mａde，thｅnｅxｔｐｒoblｅｍwas how to m ａｋｅ a ｇooｄ pｌan、

All ｔhｅ pｏｓitions haviｎg been written and coｌｌｅcteｄ，ｔhe teacher sｅnt tｈe stuｄeｎｔｓhoｍｅ、

句法功用

作主语:

Ｗalkiｎg is goｏd exercise、

It’s nicｅｔalｋing tｏ you、

Therｅ iｓno denying ｔhe fact thａt the new ｍｅthod hａs ｇrｅatly raise ｄ lａbour proｄuctivｉty、

作宾语:

Ｙour sｈoes neeｄｐoｌishing、

You mｕstn’ｔdelaｙｓｅnｄinｇtｈe trａctors over、

He avoiｄed giving us a definiｔe answｅr、

作介词宾语: 动名词作介词宾语用得时候最多、它常可以用在某些成语后面，常见得有: iｎsist on，pｅｒsist in，ｔｈｉnk of， dream of， objｅct to， suｓｐecｔ…ｏf，ａccuse…of，chａrge…with， heａr of， aｐｐrove of， prevｅnｔ…from, keｅp…fｒom，ｓtop…fｒｏm， refrain ｆroｍ， be eｎgageｄｉn，ｌooｋｆorward tｏ，ｏppｏseｄ tｏ, dｅpend ｏn, thank…foｒ, feel lｉke, excuｓe…fo ｒ, ａim at, dｅvoｔe…tｏ，ｓet about, spenｄ…in, get （be) used to， be fond oｆ，ｂｅｃapable of, ｂe ａfrａiｄ of, bｅｔirｅｄ of， bｅ sicｋ of， succeed in, ｂe ｉntｅrested in, fｅeｌ（be) ashamed ｏｆ, be prｏud oｆ，be keen ｏn， be responsｉble fｏr、

作表语：

The rｅal proｂlem is ｇetting to knｏw ｔhe neｅds of the ｐeｏplｅ、

动名词与不定式都可以作主语或表语、一般说来, 在表示抽象得一般得行为时多用动名词；在表示具体某词动作, 特别就是将来得动作时，多用不定式、

作宾语补足语: 分词可以在see，ｈｅａr, notice, ｗaｔcｈ，ｆeeｌ, ｆiｎd, k ｅep， geｔ，ｈaｖe等动词后作宾语补足语、

Ｔhe ｗords immediately set us aｌl lａughing、

Onｃe we caughｔｈim ｄｏzing ofｆ in claｓs、

His remaｒk ｌeft me wondeｒiｎg ｗhat ｈｅwas ｄｒiving ａt、

在sｅｅ, ｈear， feel，waｔch，notice等动词后, 及可用现在分词，也可用不定式构成宾语补足语、用现在分词时, 表示动作正在发生，用不定式时表示动作发生了、

Do yoｕ hear sｏmeone knocking at ｔｈe door？

Yeｓ，Ｉ did、I heard hｉm knｏck thｒeｅｔiｍeｓ、

作状语：现在分词作状语时，通常都表示主语正在进行得另一动作, 来对谓语表示得主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬、

Ｉ ran oｕt ｏf tｈｅｈouse ｓhouｔｉｎｇ、

Ｉ gｏt hoｍe，feeｌing ｖｅry ｔｉｒed、

Ｄrivｉｎg tｏ Chicago tｈaｔ nigｈt， I was strucｋｂy a sｕdden tｈｏught、现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因，相当于一个表示原因得状语从句、

Not ｋnoｗiｎg hｅr ａddress， we ｃouldｎ’ｔｇet in touch ｗith her、

Seeiｎg nobｏdｙ at hｏme， shｅ decidｅｄ to leave them a note、

Having alrｅady seeｎthｅ film twice，ｓｈe diｄn’ｔwaｎｔ to ｇo ｔｏｔｈｅciｎema、

现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语, 相当于when引起得从句：

Seeｉng thosｅｐictures, hｅcｏuldn’t hｅｌp thinking oｆｔhｏsｅmemorable daｙｓ they spｅnt togｅther、

如果两个动作就是完全同时发生得，多用when 或ｗhｉlｅ加分词这种结构、

Be caｒefuｌｗhｅｎ crossｉng ｔｈe sｔｒeet、

When lｅａvｉnｇ tｈe aｉrpoｒt，ｔhey waveｄaｇaiｎ and agａin to us、She got to knｏw ｔheｍ whｉle atteｎｄｉng ａ confereｎｃe in Ｂeｉjing、

前面带有代词或名词得动名词结构：一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词（或名词得所有格结构），来表示这个动名词逻辑上得主语、

Ｔhｅｉr iｎg tｏhelｐ was a greaｔ encourageｍenｔ to ｕｓ、

Oｕr solｅ worry is yoｕr ｒｅlｙing ｔｏo much on yourｓelf、

Ｄo yｏu minｄ my ｒeadｉng your paper？

They ｉｎsisｔed ｏn ｍy sｔaying therｅ for supper、

如果不就是在句子开头，这个结构常常可以用名词得普通格（或人称代词宾格），这比用所有格更自然一些、

Ｉ dｏn’ｔ minｄｈim goinｇ、

She ｈaｔｅs ｐeoｐle losｉnｇ tｈeir tｅmpｅr、

只能用动名词作宾语得动词: ｓｕggest， fiｎish， aｖoｉd，ｓtop， can’t ｈelp，mind，admｉt，ｅnjｏｙ， leaｖｅ oｆf, requiｒｅ，poｓtpone， pｕt oｆf， delay，ｐrａctiｓe， fanｃy, ｅxｃｕse，paｒdoｎ， advｉsｅ， consｉder, deny， eｎduｒｅ， eｓcapｅ， mｉsｓ

既可用动名词，也可用不定式作宾语得动词: love, like， hate， diｓlike， beｇin，sｔａrｔ， conｔinue，ｉntend，aｔteｍpt， cａｎ’t bear, proｐｏse, wａｎｔ，neｅｄ， rｅmｅmbｅr， fｏrgｅt, reｇret，nｅｇｌect, tｒy, dｅservｅ, can’t afforｄ等、

有时两种结构之间意义差别不大，有时却有不同得意思、在remｅmbeｒ, regreｔ, ｗant，ｔry等词后差别就是比较明显得、

I ｒｅｍeｍber seeinｇhｅr onｃe somewhere、

I musｔｒemｅｍｂer ｔo takｅ mｙ noｔebooｋｓｗiｔｈｍe、

I rｅgret nｏｔ hａｖinｇaｃceptｅd your advｉce、

I rｅgret ｔo sａｙ I ｈａveｎ’t gｉven yｏu enough help、

She dｏｅsn'ｔ want （nｅｅd) ｔｏ e、

The ｈoｕse wants （ｎeｅds）cｌeanｉｎｇ、

Ｗe musｔ trｙｔo ｇｅt everytｈinｇ doｎe in time、

Let’s try doing the work somｅ otheｒ waｙ、

悬垂修饰：分词作状语时，表示得必须就是主语得一个动作或状态、

Wａｌkｉng ｔｈrouｇｈ thｅ pａrｋ， we saｗ a lot of floｗeｒs、（walking 就是wｅ得动作，正确)

Ｗalkｉng ｔｈrｏugh ｔｈe park，the flｏwerｓlｏoｋed very beautiful、（错误）

Standing on ｔｈe tower, we ｃould see the whole ciｔy、（正确)

Standing on ｔhe tｏwer, tｈe whole villagｅ coｕlｄ be seen、(错误)

分词

意义：过去分词通常来自及物动词，带有被动意义与完成意义；而现在分词有得来自及物动词, 有得来自不及物动词，通常带有主动意义与未完成意义、

frozeｎ foｏｄ? a ｆreezｉng ｗind

a ｂｏrｅd travellｅr??a ｂoring joｕrney

a lｏst caｕｓe ??a losing baｔtle

a ｃonqｕereｄ army a coｎqueｒing ａｒmｙ

a fｉｎisｈed arｔiｃｌe tｈe lａst ｆｉnｉshing touch

ｔhe ｓｐokｅn word a sｐeaｋing ｂird

a ｃｌoｓed shop ?the clｏsｉng ｈouｒ

a recｏrｄed taｌk ?a recorｄing ｍachｉne

来自不及物动词得过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语, 能作这样用得仅限于下面几个词, 仅表示完成意义, 不表示被动意义、

ｔhｅ risen suｎ，ｆａlｌeｎ leａｖｅs，ｆaded/witｈered floweｒs， returned sｔｕdｅnts, ｒetirｅd worｋeｒs， depａrted ｆriends，escaped ｐrｉsoners, the ｖanisｈｅd jewｅls, ｎewly-aｒriveｄ visitors

用作后置修饰语得过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其她成分, 在意义上相当于关系分句、

Mｏst of thｅｐｅｏple iｎvited to ｔhe reception were ｏｌd frieｎｄｓ、句法作用

作定语： distinguiｓhｅd gueｓt 贵宾，ｕnknown heroｅs 无名英雄, armed ｆｏrces 武装部队， canned fooｄ罐头食品，ｂｏiled wａteｒ开水， steamed bread馒头， s ｔrickｅn area灾区

分词还可构成合成词作定语: sｉmply－fuｒnished roｏm陈设简单得房间，cｌear-ｃut answｅr明确得答复, highly-dｅveｌｏpeｄinduｓtrｙ高度发展得工业， heａｒｔfelｔｔhanks衷心得感谢, ｈand—mａｄe gooｄs手工制品, mａn—maｄe saｔeｌlite 人造卫星

作补足语：可以带过去分词作宾语补足语得动词有:

seｅ， hear, ｆeeｌ，ｆｉnd, tｈink等表示感觉与心理状态得动词、

I sａw the sｔudenｔｓ assembｌed in ｔｈe ｈall、

We foｕｎd hｅｒ greaｔly cｈａngｅd、

makｅ, get，ｈavｅ， kｅep等表示”致使”意义得动词:

Ｉhａve my ｈair cut ｅveｒy tｅn ｄays、

She got heｒ bad toｏｔｈ pulｌｅｄ oｕt、

Please kｅep ｕs iｎformｅd oｆｔhe laｔest deveｌopmeｎts、

like, ｗａｎt， wish， oｒｄer等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意义得动词：

I don’t waｎt aｎｙｏf ｙoｕ(to ｂe) involvｅd iｎthｅｓcaｎｄal、He won’t ｌike ｓuch questions (ｔo be） dｉsｃussｅｄ aｔthe meetｉｎg、

过去分词短语常用作状语，修饰谓语, 很多都说明动作发生得背景或情况、

Guidｅd by these prinｃipｌeｓ， they ｗent on with ｔｈｅ work，

Delighted ｗitｈher work， they mａde her the ｇenｅral ｍanageｒ、

过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因得状语从句、

Ｉｎfｌｕｅncｅｄ by hｉｓ example, they ｐeｒｆormｅd ｃountleｓs ｇood deｅds、有时也可说明动作发生得时间, 相当于一个表示时间得状语从句、

This mｅthod，ｔｒieｄ in areas neaｒＳhanghaｉ，ｒｅsulted in ａ maｒｋｅd riｓｅｉｎ toｔａl ｐrodｕctioｎ、

间或也可表示一个假设得情况, 相当于一个条件从句、

Ｇｉveｎ cｌoｓｅr ａnａlysis, we can sｅe ｔhis is totａlly ｗronｇ、

偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步"状语从句、

Piｃkeｄ２0 years a yeａr，iｔ gｒows ｔired oｎly aｆｔｅr 4０ or ５0 year ｓ、

独立结构: 在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上得主语一般必须与句子得主语一、致、但有时它也可以有自己独立得逻辑上得主语, 这种结构称为独立结构，一般表示一种伴随得动作或情况、

He rusｈｅd inｔｏ tｈe room，ｈis face coveｒｅd ｗith swｅat、

有时可以表示时间:

Lａte thａt autuｍn, ｈis woｒk finishｅd, he prｅｐａｒed tｏ returｎto his ｉnｓtitｕte、

表示原因：

Ｈeｒｅｙes diｍmed wiｔｈ tｅarｓ, she diｄ nｏt ｓee ｈｉｍ enｔer、

条件:

Ａll thiｎｇｓcoｎｓidered, hｅｒ paper ｉs of greａter valｕｅ thａn yours、Ⅲ虚拟语气

tｈat从居中：

ｗｉsh， woulｄ rａthｅr （sooｎｅr）， had beｔtｅr：

Ｉ wish Ｉwere as stｒonｇ as you、

I wish I hａd ｐaid morｅ aｔtenｔion ｔo our ｐronｕnciatｉｏn、

Ｉ wiｓｈ I reｍembereｄtｈe ａddress、

I woｕld rａｔher thｅｙ came tｏmorrow (ｙou haｄ gone there too）、

I ｈａd rathｅr (ｔhat）ｙｏu tolｄ hｉm ｔhaｎＩ dｉd、

suggeｓt, ｏrder，ｄemａnｄ， propｏｓe, mand, requｅｓt, dｅsire, ｉｎｓist 等动词后得宾语从句：

Thｅmander orderｅｄ thaｔ all ciｖilｉaｎs （shｏuｌd） be evacｕated、

Ｈe ａsked tｈａt he bｅｇｉven an ｏｐpｏrtuｎｉty to ｔry、

Sｈe urged that he ｗrｉte aｎd aｃcept the post、

it ｉｓ deｓirｅd, it is ｓuggeｓｔｅd，ｉt is ｒeｑuested, it wａs ｏrdeｒｅd，ｉt wａs pｒoｐosed， it is necessaｒｙ, ｉt is iｍportａｎｔ， it has been dec ｉｄｅd 等结构后得主语从句中、

Ｉt wａs ａｒraｎｇed that they leave the ｆollｏwinｇ weｅｋ

It wｉｌl bｅｂｅtter tｈａｔ we mｅeｔ sｏme other timｅ、

ｓuｇｇestion，ｍotiｏn, pｒoposａl，order， reｍendations, plan, idea等后面得表语从句与同位语从句：

His solｅrequirement ｉs （ｗaｓ）ｔhat ｔｈy systeｍ be ａｄjusted、

在某些句型中

ｉt is ｔime that

It ｉｓ tiｍe that wｅｗent （或shouｌd go) to bed、

Ｉt is high tｉme we （shｏulｄ) put an end ｔo this ｃontｒovｅrsy、

as iｆ (thouｇh）引起得从句：

Ｔhey tａlked (aｒｅｔalkiｎg) aｓ if they hａd beｅn friｅndｓ for years、Iｔ sｅems as if it was （were) spriｎg ｔodａy、

He acts (acted) as iｆ (ｔｈough) hｅ were （was） an expｅｒｔ、

以lｅst, fｏr ｆear that 与ｉｎcase 引起得从句（这时谓语多用 should +动词原形):

Ｈｅ took ｈｉs ｒainｃoat ｗiｔh ｈim lesｔ it sｈould rain、

He puｔｈis coａt oveｒ thｅｃhilｄｆor feaｒ that （或ｌest）he shｏｕl ｄ caｔch coｌd、

I’ll keep ａｓeat for you iｎ case you should need iｔ、

以whatever， whoever, no matter wｈaｔ这类代词或词组引起得从句（这时，谓语多用may加动词原形构成):

Ｗhatever ｄeｆｅcｔs he maｙｈavｅ， he is an hoｎest mａn、

ｅ whaｔ maｙ, we will go aheａd、不管发生什么情况，我们都要干下去、

I ａcｃeｐt that he is olｄ aｎd ｆraｉl； be that as it maｙ， he’s stiｌｌａgood poｌitｉｃiａn、

我承认她年老体衰, 然而尽管如此, 它仍就是优秀得政治家、

条件句

虚拟条件句主要有下面两类:

表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现得可能性不大得情况):

谓语主要形式如下(bｅ多用wｅre这个形式）：

Ｉf I wｅre ｙｏu，I ｗouｌdn't lose heart、

How niｃe it wｏuld be iｆｙou coｕlｄ stａy ａｂiｔloｎgｅr、

Shｅｗ

IｆＩ hadn’ｔ tａｋeｎyouｒadvice， I woｕld havｅmade a ｂaｄ mistake，Ｙou woｕldn’t have ｃaｕghｔ cold if you had ｐut ｏn more clothｅs、

有时候，条件从句表示得动作与主句表示得动作，发生得时间就是不一致得（如一个就是过去发生得, 一个就是现在发生得）、这时，动词得形式要根据表示得时间来调整、这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句、

If hｅｈａd receｉveｄ sｉｘｍore votｅｓ, hｅwoulｄ be ｏｕr chａirman now、

Ｉf ｗe hａdｎ’t gｏｔevｅrｙｔhiｎg ready ｂy nｏｗ， we shouｌd be haｖｉｎg a tｅrrible tiｍe tｏmorrow、

有时假设得情况并不以条件从句表示，而就是通过一个介词短语来表示、

Ｗitｈout ｍuｓiｃ, the ｗorld woｕld bｅ a dｕll place、

Ｗe could haｖe ｄｏne bettｅr ｕndeｒｍoｒe fａvoｒable conｄｉｔions、

Thaｔ wouｌd havｅ bｅｅn ｃonsidereｄ miraｃulous ｉn ｔhe ｐａst、

But for the storm， we ｓhould have ａrrivｅd ｅａrlieｒ、

如果条件句从句中包含有 wｅre, ｈad，ｓhoｕlｄ或could, 有时可把iｆ省略掉, 并把ｗeｒe, ｈad，shoulｄ或could放在主语前面、

Had we ｍade adeｑuate prepａrａｔioｎ, we ｍｉght have ｓucｃｅedｅd、

Ｓhoｕld therｅ bｅ a ｆlood， wｈat sｈｏｕld ｗｅ do？

Wｅre iｔnot for ｔheiｒ aｓsistanｃe, we would be in serioｕs difficｕlty、

Ⅳ介词

合成介词与复杂介词

合成介词：ｉnside， into， onto，ｏut ｏｆ， ouｔside， thｒoughout，ｕpon withi ｎ， without

复杂介词: acｃorｄing to， aｌong ｗith， aparｔｆrom, ａs ｆor， as to，b ｅcaｕse of, by meanｓ of, in front of, ｉｎ spｉte oｆ, instead of, ｉn acco ｒdance ｗitｈ, on acｃｏｕnt of， on beｈaｌf ｏf， owinｇ to，ｄue to, tog ｅtｈｅr wｉth, uｐｔｏ, wｉｔh rｅgａrｄｔo, priｏr ｔo等

介词在句末：

This ｉs ｗｈat he ｉs ｉｎtｅresｔed in、

Does everyｏne has a seat to sｉt on？

名词加介词（ｎ＋ｐｒep)

某些名词之后要求用某些介词: sｏlｕtiｏn to，fａiｔh ｉn， gｌancｅ at， ne ｅｄ for

某些名词之前要求用某些介词： on ｏne’s guaｒd，at oｎe’s reqｕｅｓt，ｉｎ all pｒobabilitｙ, to my dｅlighｔ

动词加介词

Vi + prep: ｐrｅｖail on, apｐｅａl tｏ, fall ｉntｏ, apｐly fｏr, touch u ｐon

Vｔ + O ＋ｐrep: lay emｐhasis oｎ，ｔake advaｎｔage of等

Vi + ａｄv ＋ prep:

I dｏｎ’t ｗisｈｔｏｂｒeａk in ｏn your thoughts、

The fａmily cａｍe up against fｒesh prｏblems、

You’rｅｎｏt tellｉng mｅ tｈe whole story、Ｙou’re ｈoldｉng out on mｅ、Shｅ got ｏff witｈhｉm soon afｔer shｅ begａn ｔo work at thｅｉｎｓtitutio ｎ、

Vt + O + ａｄv ＋ｐrep:

Ｙｏｕ shｏuldｎ’t tａke yｏuｒresentment oｕt on ｍe、

We sｈｏulｄn't put the ｓhorｔage doｗn tｏｂad ｐｌａnnｉng、

形容词加介词

ａbｏｕt —-－anｘiouｓ, carefｕｌ, careｌｅss， cｅrｔain, coｎsiderate, ent

ｈusｉastic，ｇuilty， happy，ｍad，ｐａrｔiculaｒ， sad, surｅ，timid， unhappy，etc

ａｔ－-－ aｗkwａrd， bad， clｅveｒ, disappointed， disgusted， good， marvellous，quick，skilful，ｓｋilled， useless，ｗeaｋ， etｃ

fｏr —-—ｃonｖeｎienｔ，elｉｇible，graｔeful，homｅsick， hungrｙ, nec ｅssary, ｎoted， perfeｃｔ, ｒespｏnｓiｂle，ｅtc

ｆrｏm —－—ｅvｉdeｎt， exeｍpt, inｓeparaｂlｅ， safe，ｔired， etc

in ——- deficieｎt， expｅrt, lｉｂeｒal， quick，rich, succesｓfuｌ，ｗｅak， etc

of -－— aｐpｒehensiｖｅ，charａcteristic, criｔical， destruｃtｉvｅ，ｅn ｖiｏus， hａrd， incoｎsｉｄerａte，ｉｍpatｉｅnｔ, depenｄent， jeａlouｓ， posit ｉvｅ，ｓcared， seｎsibｌe, short， sｉcｋ，suｓｐicioｕs, ｔｙpical， woｒt ｈｙ, eｔc

oｎ—－— deｐｅnｄeｎt, kｅeｎ， intｅｎt， etc

tｏ—-- acｃeｐｔable， acｃessibｌe，agrｅeable，ａlｉve, aｔtenｔivｅ, ｂlind, parａble， cｏｕrteｏus, deaｆ, destrucｔive, esseｎtiaｌ, ｆavourａble，hoｓtile, iｎdiｆfｅrent, ｍaｒｒied， obeｄient， paraｌleｌ， prｅfｅrａble, rｅｌateｄ, resｐｏnsｉble， sｅｎsｉtivｅ, suitablｅ，unｊｕsｔ, etc

wiｔh -－- awkｗａｒｄ, bｏrｅｄ，ｃarｅfｕl， disapｐointeｄ， genｅrouｓ, ide ｎtical, ill， impatｉｅnt， pｏpuｌar, sｉcｋ， wrong， etc

Ⅴ连词

并列连词

表示意义得引申: ａnd， both…and， not onｌy…but（alｓo）, as ｗeｌｌ as, anｄ…as wｅｌl， neiｔheｒ…nｏｒ

表示选择：ｏｒ，eiｔher…or

表示转折：ｂｕt, whｉle，ｗhｅreaｓ，ｙｅt，ｈowｅvｅr/neｖerｔheless(也可认为就是副词)

表示因果: for， so, tｈereｆｏre， hence

从属连词

表示时间：wｈｅn, while, as，after， bｅfore, since， untiｌ（till), ａs so ｏn ａs, ｏｎcｅ

表示原因: ｂｅcaｕse， aｓ，ｓince， now ｔhａt， seeing that

表示条件：if， unleｓs， in case， providｅd（that), suppose, aｓｌｏng as, o ｎ coｎditioｎ（thａt),

表示其她关系：（ａl)thouｇh， tｈan， as／so…ａs, lｅｓｔ, iｎｏrder ｔhat, so…thaｔ

Ⅵ定语从句

限制与非限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句就是名词词组不可缺少得一个组成部分，去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确；非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质，去掉了不会影响主要意义, 通常用逗号与它得先行词分开、

Ｔｈｅ boys wｈo ｗantｅd to plａy fｏotbaｌl wｅre disappoiｎｔed when it r ａｉnｅd、

Tｈｅ boys， who wanted ｔo ｐlay fooｔbａll， wｅre ｄiｓappointed wheｎ iｔｒaｉneｄ、

如果定语从句得先行词就是专有名词，或就是带有形容词性物主代词(my，ｈis, etc）或形容词性指示代词(ｔhis, that, ｅｔc)作限定词, 其后得定语从句通常都就是非限制性得：

Ｍａrｙ Smiｔh, ｗhｏｉｓ in the ｃoｒner, wants to meet you、

Her motｈer, ｗho ｈaｄ lｏnｇｓｕfｆereｄ forｍａrthritｉs, dｉed last ｎｉghｔ、

Aｌl these boｏks，ｗhｉch hａve beeｎｄonａtｅｄｂy visｉting proｆeｓsors，ａｒe to be ｕseｄ by tｈe postｇraduａteｓ、

在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whｏm指人，用which指物，通常不用tｈat替代、

Mｙ fａthｅr, wｈo had ｂeen ｏn a visit tｏAｍerｉｃａ, rｅtｕｒｎｅd yeste ｒｄaｙ、

Ａll the booｋs, whｉch had ｐictureｓin theｍ, were seｎt to ｔｈｅ litt ｌe girl、

定语从句得引导词

that, who，ｗhom：非限制性定语从句, 如果修饰人, 一般用who，有时用ｔhaｔ(作主语时用who较多）、如果关系代词在从句中作宾语, 就应当用宾格 whom 或tｈat, 但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉, 在口语中可用ｗhｏ代替ｗhｏm、

Here ｉｓｔhe man （ｗｈom） you’ve beｅn looking fｏｒ、

Ｈe ｉs a man （tｈａt) ｙou can safelｙdepend on、

Tｈe pｅｏplｅ (who／that) ｙou weｒe tａｌking to were Sｗedes、

Tｈｅre arｅ somｅｐｅopｌe ｈerｅｗｈo Ｉ wａnt yｏu to meｅｔ、

但在介词后只能用whｏm:

Tｈｉs ｉs ｔhｅｍaｎ tｏ whom I ｒｅferreｄ、

但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去，这时可用that，但省略时更多一些、

Haｖｅyou ｍeｔ the pｅｒｓon ａｂout wｈom ｈe was speａkinｇ?

Havｅｙou met the ｐeｒson （ｔhat）ｈe was speakiｎg abouｔ

Thｅ girl ｔo ｗｈom Ｉｓpokｅiｓmy ｃousiｎ、

Ｔｈe girｌ(who/tｈat） I spokｅ to iｓmy cｏusiｎ、

限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”，用关系代词ｔｈat得时候较多，也有时用wｈiｃh、、当这个代词在从句中就是用作宾语时，在绝大多数情况下都就是省略得, 特别就是口语中（尤其就是当被修饰得词就是all, evｅrythｉng等词时):

Have ｙoｕ everythｉng you neｅd?

（Is ｔhere) aｎytｈｉng I caｎ do for you?

Alｌ you haｖｅto do is to prｅsｓｔｈe ｂuttoｎ、

在介词后只能用whicｈ，在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去, 这时可以用that, 但省略得时候更多一些:

Tｈe ｔｏｏｌｗｉth which he ｉs woｒking is cａllｅd a ｗrench、

Tｈｅ tooｌ (ｔhａt）he ｉs wｏｒkiｎg witｈ is cａlled a ｗrencｈ、

Ｔhis ｉs the ｑuｅstioｎ aｂouｔ wｈich wｅ’ve had so muｃh dｉscuｓｓioｎ、Tｈiｓｉｓ the qｕestioｎ (ｔｈａt) we'ｖe haｄso ｍuch discuｓsioｎ abｏut、

定语从句一般就是修饰名词或代词得，但间或也可以修饰整个句子a), 或就是句子得一部分ｂ），引导词用wｈicｈ：

They haｖｅ invitｅd mｅ to vｉsit ｔheｉｒｃountry，ｗhiｃh is ｖｅry kｉｎd

of them、

Tｈe actｉvｉty was postｐoned, ｗｈich was ｅxaｃtly whａt wｅｗanted

When deeply absorbeｄin wｏrk, whiｃｈ he oｆtｅn was， hｅｗould ｆorgｅt aｌl ａbｏut ｅaｔiｎｇａnd sleeｐｉｎｇ、

She was vｅry paｔiｅnt towａrds ｔｈe ｃｈilｄrｅn， wｈiｃh her husband sｅｌdoｍ was、

whose: 在表示“。．.得”这个概念时，可用所有格 whｏsｅ; whoｓe 用于指物，有时可与of which交替使用, 通常得词序就是名词词组 + of ｗｈich：

Ｉｓ tｈere anｙone ｉn yoｕr ｃlａss ｗｈose family is iｎ the ｎortｈeast？Ｗe ｈaｄａ mｅｅｔing ｗhose purｐose wａs plｅtely uncleaｒ、（…the puｒｐoｓe oｆｗhｉch wａs…）

Hｅ’s ｗrｉtten a book the ｎame of wｈich Ｉ’ve pleｔelｙｆorgotten、 (…wh ｏsｅ nａme I’ve…)

of ｗhｉch前得名词词组也可以由some, any, none, all, ｂotｈ，ｓevｅral，enoug ｈ, manｙ， most，ｆｅｗ以及基数词担任; 这些词也能用在 of whｏｍ之前、

The bｕses，ｍost oｆ whｉｃh ｗｅrｅaｌreａdｙfull，ｗeｒｅ surｒoｕｎｄｅd ｂy an angrｙ cｒｏwd、

It’s a family of eight children，all of whom are ｓtudyinｇ music、

关系副词ｗhen，ｗhere, why: 它们得含义相当于 at whｉch, in wｈicｈ, for wｈｉcｈ，因此它们之间有交替使用得可能、

Tｈe ｄａy ｗhen he ｗas ｂorn…

on which ｈe was born…

wｈicｈ he was boｒn on…

The offiｃe ｗhｅｒe ｈe works…

aｔ wｈｉｃh he ｗorks…

whicｈｈe woｒks at…

有时可用that替代关系副词，在口语中thａt 可省略、

Ｅvｅrｙ time （tｈat）ｔｈｅｔｅlephoｎe rings, he ｇets neｒvous、

Thiｓ was the fｉｒｓｔｔimｅＩ had ｓerｉｏｕs trouble wｉｔｈｍｙ boss、Do ｙou ｋnow anywheｒe (that） I can get a driｎk？

This is the place （wｈere) ｗｅ met yesterdaｙ、

That is ｔhe reasoｎ (why) hｅ did ｉt、

在tｈｅｗaｙ后也可用tｈat 替代ｉn wｈich，在口语中thａt也可省略、

Thiｓis the way (that/ｉn which） he dｉd it、

Thａt's tｈｅ way I loｏk aｔｉt、

如果定语从句中谓语为 thｅre is, 作主语得关系代词也常可省掉:

I ｍust ｍaｋｅ fｕll usｅ of the ｔime there is leｆｔｔｏ mｅaｎd do as mｕch as I caｎｆoｒ the peopｌe、

Ｔhis is tｈe ｆastesｔ trａｉn （that) there ｉs to Naｎｊiｎg、

定语从句得简化：定语从句与不定式结构，－inｇ分词结构, —ｅd分词结构以及无动词分句等有着转换关系、

Ｈｅwaｓ thｅｏｎｌｙ one to reａｌｉｚe ｔhe danｇer (= whｏｒｅalizeｄ t ｈe danger)、

Tｈe woman driving the cａr （= ｗhｏ wａｓｄｒiｖiｎg the car） indicａｔeｄ th

ａt she waｓｇｏｉnｇto tｕｒn lefｔ、

The maｎinjureｄby the bｕlｌet (＝whｏwas injured by the ｂuｌleｔ）waｓ takｅn to ｈoｓpitaｌ、

Aｌｌｔhe ｗｏｍeｎ preseｎt (= wｈo were present）ｌookｅd ｕp in aｌa ｒm、

Ⅶ倒装

全部倒装与部分倒装: 如果谓语在主语前面, 就就是倒装语序、倒装语序又分为全部倒装与部分倒装、在全部倒装得句子中，整个谓语都放在主语得前面：

Heｒe are somｅreｇｉsteｒed letteｒs for you、

Iｎ came a man witｈａ wｈiｔe bｅard、

在部分倒装得句子中只就是谓语中得一部分（如助动词, 情态动词，或系动词be等)放在主语前面, 其余部分仍在主语后面：

Ｕnder ｎo ｃircumstances mｕｓt a soldieｒ lｅａve his ｐoｓt、

I couldｎ't ansｗｅr ｔhe queｓｔｉｏn、Noｒ could aｎyone ｅlse in our clas ｓ、

Only in this way ｉs it ｐｏssible ｔo ａcplisｈ tｈｅ abｏｖe—mｅnｔｉonｅd glorioｕs ｔａsk、

以neither, nｏr， so等开始得句子: 由sｏ引起得表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人（或东西）得句子（肯定句)，由neitheｒ, nor引起得表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人（或东西)得句子（否定句），助动词或ｂｅ置于主语前、

“We musｔ stａrt for ｔhe woｒk—site noｗ”、“ Sｏ must wｅ、”

I am ｑｕiｔe ｗilｌinｇto heｌp and so are ｔhe otｈers、

He dｉdn't drop ａny hint、Ｎｏｒ（Neiｔher) dｉd ｈｉｓ secretａrｙ、

“Ｉｗoｎ’t do such ａ thiｎg、”“Nｏr （Ｎeither） wｉll Ｉ、”

如果一个句子只就是重复前面一句话得意思，尽管就是用so开头，语序也不要颠倒、“It wａｓｃold yｅsterday、”“Ｓo ｉt wａs、”

“Ｔｏmorｒow ｗｉll be Moｎday、”“So it ｗｉｌl、"

当句首状语为ｎeveｒ, liｔtｌｅ， not oｎlｙ, ｎｏt until， hardｌy，sｃarcely 等否定词或有否定意义得词语时, 一般引起部分倒装、

Nｏ lonｇer aｒｅ thｅy ｓｔayｉnｇｗith us、

No soonｅr ｈａd he arｒivｅｄｔhere ｔhaｎhe fell ill、

Under ｎo ｃircumsｔancｅs coulｄ I aｇreｅｔo sucｈａ principlｅ、

表示位置或方向得副词提前, 谓语动词为 gｏ, e等表示位置转移得动作动词而主语又较长时, 通常用全部倒装：

Thｅrｅｗａs a suｄdｅｎｇust of wiｎd and awaｙwent his hat、

The door burst open ａｎd I ｒｕshed thｅ cｒｏwd、

Tｈere es tｈe buｓ!

Ｎow eｓ your tｕrｎ、

1.如果主语就是代词，仍用正常语序:

Ｔｈere es your tｕrn、

有herｅ引起, 谓语为bｅ得句子，也要倒装：

Hｅre is Ｃｈina’ｓ lａｒgest tropicaｌ foｒesｔ、

Herｅａre ｓｏme pictｕｒe-bookｓ、

2.如果主语就是代词，仍用正常语序:

Ｈere ｗｅａre、Thiｓ is tｈｅnew railway statiｏn、

“Givｅｍｅ soｍe paper、”“Hｅrｅ yoｕ are、”

3.表语与系动词提前：

介词短语：On the othｅr side was northｅｒn Ｘinjiaｎg、

Near the soutｈern end of the ｖiｌlage waｓ a ｌargｅｐeａr oｒcｈarｄ、

形容词: Very impoｒtant in tｈe farｍｅr’s ｌｉfe is tｈe radio ｗeａthｅr repoｒt、

Woｒｓt oｆａｌl ｗere the ｈuｍiliatｉons ｈe ｓuffered、

副词：Ｂelｏｗｉｓ a resｔauｒaｎt、

Ｓoｕｔｈwest of thｅ reｓervoir ｗｅｒe ２，000 ａcreｓｏf saｎdｙｗaｓｔe ｌanｄ、

分词: Houｓeｄ in the Cultuｒal Palaｃe are a librａｒy， an ａｕditoriｕｍand recｒeatｉoｎ rooms、

Ｈidden ｕndｅrgrounｄｉs ａ wealth of gold, silｖｅｒ, coppｅr, lｅad and zink、

Lyｉｎg oｎｔhe flｏｏr was a boy ａged about 17、

Standing beside tｈe table was an interpreｔer、

６）句首状语若由ｏｎｌｙ + 副词，?oｎｌy ＋介词词组，ｏnly ＋状语从句构成, 引起局部倒装:

Ｏｎｌy ｙｅstｅｒｄay did hｅｆiｎd ouｔｔhat ｈis waｔch was mｉssing、Only through sheｅr luck diｄ he ｍaｎaｇe to get soｍe tｉｃketｓ、

Only ｂecause tｈｅｒｅwｅrｅ sｏｍe ｃancellｅd ｂookｉnｇｓｄid ｈe get ｓome ticｋets in ｔhe ｅnd、

有ｎｏt oｎly开头得句子或分句, 往往引起局部倒装：

Not oｎｌy diｄｈe plａin abｏｕt ｔhe foｏd， he ａｌｓo ｒefuｓeｄｔo pa ｙfor it、

Noｔonｌy dｉd ｔｈe gａｒａge ｏveｒｃｈａrge me， but they hａdｎ'ｔｄｏｎｅａvery gooｄｒｅpａｉr jｏb either、

Ⅷ比较级与最高级

无比较级与最高级得形容词及副词： plｅｔe, pｅrfect, ｕtｔｅr， eｔc

比较从句

as…ａs， almost／ｊｕst/ｎｅarly aｓ…as, not ｓo/as …aｓ:

We’ll ｇivｅｙoｕ as much help ａs we can、

I haveｎ’t made ａs mｕcｈ progreｓs as I sｈould、

Ｗe’ｖe prodｕced tｗｉce as ｍucｈ cotton this yeａr ａｓｗe dｉd ten years ａgo、

Ｍｙmaｎd of Enｇlｉsｈ is nｏｔ hａlf so （as) good as yours、

thａn，so muｃｈ/a lot more than, no more… than， not more…tｈan，lｅss ｔhan

mｏre…ｔｈan, ｌesｓ…than可表示“与其说…不如说…”:

He is ｍore gｏod thaｎ baｄ、

He was lesｓ hｕrt thａn frｉｇhtenｅｄ、

Tｈe prｅｓent criｓis ｉn ｃapitａliｓt countries iｓ much mｏre ａ poｌitｉcal than an eｃoｎｏmｉc crｉｓiｓ、

大学英语六级阅读理解专题训练

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