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语言学复习试题集锦.docx

英语语言学复习

I. Matching.（连线题）

1.functional shift：It refers to the change of words from one part of speech to anothe

2.morphology：It refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules

by which words are formed.

3.displacement：It means that language can communicate about things that are

absent: real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future.

4.antonymy：It is a standard technical term used for "oppositeness of meaning

between lexemes：

5.acoustic phonetics：It studies the physical properties of speech sounds, as

transmitted between mouth and ear.

6.generalization：It is defined as the use of previously available strategies in new

situations.

7.culture：It refers to the patterns of customs, traditions, social habits, values and

beliefs of a society.

8.Received Pronunciation：It refers to the particular way of pronouncing standard

English.

9.acronym：It refers to the word derived from the initials of several words.

10.homonymy：It refers to the case that two, or more meanings may be associated

with the same linguistic form.

11.interference：It can be defined as the use of elements from one language while

speaking another.

12.distinctive features：The features that a phoneme has and that distinguish it

from other phonemes.

13.articulatory phonetics：It studies the human speech organs and the way in

which the speech are produced.

14.duality：It refers to the fact that in all languages, there are two levels of

structure: higher level of meaningful units and lower level of sounds.

15.polysemy：It refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of

different meanings.

16?blending：It refers to the combination of parts of other words.

17.back It refers to the word coined from already existing words by "subtracting^ an

affix thought to be part of the old word.

18.social-class dialect：It refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular

social class.

19.regional dialect：It refers to the linguistic variety used by people living in a

particular place.

20.cultural transmission：It means that language is passed on from one generation

to the next by teaching and learning.

https://www.docsj.com/doc/f218270681.html,ponential Analysis: It refers to an approach adopted by structural

semanticists in describing the meaning of words and phrases.

22.suprasegmental features：The features that are larger than the segment-

phoneme, such as stress, tone, and intonation.

23.bound morpheme：It refers to the morpheme that cannot stand by itself as a

word.

24.hyponymy：It refers to a paradigmatic relation between a more specific lexeme

and a more general lexeme.

25.dipping：It refers to the abbreviation of longer words or phrases.

26.psycholinguistics: the study of the relationship between language and the mind?

27.morpheme：minimal unit of meaning.

28.syntax：the study of word arrangements.

29.naming：in semantics, the relationship between words and things.

30.conversational implicature：Grice's term referring to the indirect meanings of a

speaker.

II.Blank-filling ?(填空题)

1. A phoneme is a unit of distinctive value.

2.The phones that can represent a phoneme are called it，s allophones,

3- The morphemes which occur only after other morphemes are called suffixes?

4.The morphemes which may appear with at least one other morpheme and which

cannot stand by themselves are called bound morphemes.

5.Any actual utterances a speaker makes in a particular situation are referred to as a

person，s performance,

6- Phrase structure rules are also called rewrite rules.

7.Antonymy is a standard technical term used for "oppositeness of meaning^

between lexemes.

8.Argument and predicate are constituents of the predication.

9.Searl emphasizes the distinction and the relatedness between the proposition

content and illocutionary act of an utterance.

10.Suppose the speaker says “It，s cold in here'\ Its perlocutionary act can be the

hearer^s shutting the window.

11.A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words.

12.Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words.

13.The standard dialect is a particular variety of a language.

14.The totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual constitutes his

linguistic repertoire (or repertory).

15.English speaking people, unlike Chinese, will accept compliments by giving a

positi ve response like: "Thank you”.

16.Terms such as “uncle, aunt, grandpa, granny^ are kinship terms.

17.Whether or not a child will speak a foreign language with an accent depends

largely upon the age at which he learns the second language.

18.Around the age of puberty, the child loses his ability to learn a second language

without an accent.

19? The striking resemblance between first and second language acquisition is overgeneralization.

20.The child forms his own rule in a systematic way as he teaches himself his mother

tongue.

21.Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer

such questions as how the human mind works when people use language.

22.A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical

development of language over a period of time.

https://www.docsj.com/doc/f218270681.html,nguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At

the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called duality.

24.The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas:

the pharyngeal cavity, the oral cavity and the nasal cavity.

25? The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called lateralization,

26.Suprase父mental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the

interpretation of meaning.

27.Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are

identical in sound or spelling, or in both?

28? In Sociolinguistics, speakers are treated as members of social groups. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech community.

29. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 30? Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is articulatory phonetics.

31.Morphology is a branch of linguistics which studies the internal structure of

words and the rules by which words are formed.

32.Sense is connected with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

33.A locutionaH act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of

conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.

34? An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form

35? Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of language.

36.Sociolinguistics is concerned with the diversity of language as it relates to various

sociological factors.

37.The four sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w] have one feature in common, i.e M they are all

bilabial.

38? The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning, they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.

39. Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable. 40? A speech community is a group of people who share the same language or a particular variety of language.

41.Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve

cells called neurons.

42.Because of their resemblance to the style of language found in telegrams,

utterances at the multiword stage are often referred to as telegraphic speech. 43.In English there are a number of diphthongs, which are produced by moving from

one vowel position to another through intervening positions.

44? According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.

45.Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.

46.The same one word may have more than one meaning, this is what we call polysemy.

https://www.docsj.com/doc/f218270681.html,missives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to

some future course of action.

48? The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain called the cerebral cortex.

49. In learning a second language, a learner will subconsciously use his LI knowledge.

This process is called language transfer.

50?Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.

51.The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate<

52.A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.

53.The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves called hemispheres, one

on the right and one on the left.

https://www.docsj.com/doc/f218270681.html,nguage is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation

of new signals by its users.

55.Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.

56.Directives are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something.

57.The history of English expansion is one that is characterized with heavy borrowing

and word formation.

58.A pidgin typically lacks inflectional morphemes, such as nouns with no ending to

indicate plurality.

59.The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about

age two to puberty, which is called the critical period for first language acquisition.

60.Negative transfer, a process more commonly known as interference, was once

believed to be the major source of difficulties experienced and errors made by L2 learners.

https://www.docsj.com/doc/f218270681.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of

the speaker. This is what displacement means.

62.Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word

and more specific word.

63.A creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native

language in some speech community.

64.The description of language at some point in time is a synchronic study.

65.The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive vale.

Performatives were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. The fossilization of the learner^s interlanguage is believed to be a major source of incorrect forms resistant to further instruction.

If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive ? The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an embedded clause. Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called

complete synonyms.

The most widely-spread morphological changes in the historical development of English are the loss and addition of affixes. A linguistic taboo re fers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite ，， society from general use.

Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. Acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.

Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and stylistic variation, in one form or anothe 匸

To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of symbols called diacritics are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similar sounds-

The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of the meanings of its components.

The clause into which another clause is embedded is called a matrix clause. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.

In the historical development of language, sound change is inevitable, such as sound loss, sound addition and sound movement.

Multiple choice.（选择题）

In the scope of linguistics, _________ form the part of language which links together the sound pattern and the meaning.

A. phonetics and semantics

B. phonetics and syntax

C. morphology and syntax

D. morphology and semantics

The design features of human language include the following features except

Vowels can be distinguished as front, central or back according to ______

A. duality of structure C. arbitrariness A phoneme is _____

A. a phonetic unit C. an abstract unit

B. genetic feature

D. displacement

B. a particular sound

D. a phone

A. the part of tongue that is highest B ? the shape of the lips

C. the openness of the mouth

D. the length of the vowels

The word "boyishness^ consists of ________ m orphemes.

A. two free

B. two bound

C. two inflectional D ? two

The following morphemes belong to the inflectional morphemes except ______

B. working D. writer Deep structures contain all the information necessary for the semantic

interpretation, and are the sole input to the _______ ?

Bloomfield^ theory of syntax has two central ideas: _______ ?

A. form class and constituent structure

B. phonetic and grammatical features

C. endocentric and exocentric constructions

D. open and closed classes

The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called ______ .

A. gradable opposites

B. complementaries

C. co-hyponyms

D. relational opposites

A word of several meanings is called ______ .

A. an abnormal word

B. a polysemous word

C> a homophonic word D. a synonymous word

When we violate any of the maxims of Cooperative Principle, our language might become ______ ?

A. indirect

B. direct

C. clear

D. impolite

A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the ________ of, or the change brought about by the utterance.

A. meaning

B. understanding

C. consequence

D. consideration

The word "disco" is a(n) _______ .

A. acronym

B. blend

C> clipped word D. coined word

Which of the following words is NOT a coined word?

A. dacron

B. kodak

C. xerox

D. gym

______ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.

A. Regional dialect

B. Sociolect

C. Language

D. Utterance

In Britain one of the most important markers of social status is ______ .

A. accent

B. vocabulary

C. grammar

D. structure

Material culture, as the term itself suggests, is concrete, substantial and ______ .

A. abstract

B. observable

A. books

C. walked

A. phonological component C. syntactic comp on ent

B. semantic component

D. morphological component

C. implicit

D. hidden

18. Spiritual culture, which is indeed very difficult to detect, not only presents problems

to foreign language learners, but may constitute potential trouble spots in ________ c ommunication.

A. inter-cultural

B. face to face

C. native speakers9

D. language

19- In sound development, the presence of palatal and velar sounds presupposes the presence of labials and dentals, therefore [pl and [d] will be acquired earlier than

A. [w]

B. [m]

c.[b] D.[g]

20? The first consonants the child can make are made with the lips and they are

A. [p, b, n]

B. [p, b, m]

C. [t, d, n]

D. [t, d, m]

21.Saussure^s distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, but they differ in that

A.Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a

psychological point of view

B.Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a

sociological point of view

C.Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point

of view

D.Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic

point of view

https://www.docsj.com/doc/f218270681.html,nguage is a system of ________________ vocal symbols used for human

communication.

A. unnatural

B. artificial

C. superficial

D. arbitrary

23.We are born with the ability to acquire language, ______________

A.and the details of any language system are genetically transmitted

B.therefore, we needn^t learn the details of our mother tongue

C.but the details of language have to be learnt.

D. and the details are acquired by instinct

24. A(n) ________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of

distinctive phonetic features.

A. phone C. phoneme

B. allophone D.sound

25. The morpheme -ed in the word “workecT is a(n)__________ morpheme.

A. derivational

C. free

26. WHovement is _____________

affirmative to interrogative.

A. obligatory

B. inflectional

D. word-forming

in English which changes a sentence from B? optional

C. selectional

D. arbitrary

Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by

A. Grice

B. Plato

C. Saussure

D. Ogden and Richards

“John married a blond heiress ； ________ "John married a blond/'

A. is synonymous with

B. is inconsistent with

C. entails

D. presupposes

In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called ________ is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.

A. utterance

B. reference

C. predication

D. morpheme

In Austin's speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker^ intention; it is the act performed in saying something.

A. a perlocutionary act B ? a locutionary act

C. a constative act

D. an illocutionary act

_________ deals with how language is understood and produced. A.

Sociolinguistics B. Psycholinguistics

C. Pragmatics

D. Morphology

The pharynx refers to the space of cavity between

A. tongue

B. hard palate

C. soft palate The vowel [u ：l in [fu:dl (food) is ______ voweL

A. back

B. front

C. unrounded

The morpheme "visiorT in the common word "television^ is a(n) ______ ?

A. bound morpheme

B. bound form

C. inflectional morpheme

D. free morpheme

Two words that are "opposite” in meaning are called ________ ?

A. synonyms

B. homonyms

C. antonyms

D. homophones _______ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect

successful communication.

A. Semantics

B. Pragmatics

C. Sociolinguistics

D. Psycholinguistics The vowel

[i ：l in is a ____________________ v oweL

A. close front unrounded

B. close back unrounded

C. open front rounded

D. close front rounded

Morphemes that represent “tense", "numbeF ； “gender", “case” and so forth are called ________ morphemes. A. inflectional B. bound C. free

Application of the transformational rules yields ____ A. phrase B. deep C. lexical

Cold and hot are called ________ antonyms.

A. gradable

B. complimentary

C. reversal

________ are language varieties appropriate for

,which the larynx and the end of D. vocal cords D. central D. derivational structure.

D. surface D. converseness use in particular speech

situations.

A. Slang B? Address terms C. Registers D. Sociolect

42.The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to

generation by a process of learning is usually referred to as _______ ?

A. performance

B. language acquisition

C. cultural transmission

D. competence

43.Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible.

A. mouth

B. lips

C. tongue

D. vocal cords

44. ______ belongs to major lexical categories.

A. Auxiliary

B. Conjunction

C. Pronoun

D. Adverb

45. _________ defines the meaning of a language form as the "situation in which

the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer".

A. Behaviorism

B. Contextualism

C. The conceptualist view

D. The naming theory

46. _______ is defined as any regional or socially definable human group identified

by shared linguistic system.

A. A speech community

B. A race

C. A society

D. A country

47.Transformational rules do not change the basic _______ of sentences-

A. meaning

B. structure

C. form

D. sound pattern

48? Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is known as the _______ .

A. brain lateralization

B. linguistic lateralization

C. right ear advantage

D. cerebral plasticity

49. ______ are written identically but sound differently.

A. Homographs

B. Homophones

C. Homonyms D? Synonyms

50. ________ century is considered to be the beginning of modern English?

A. 16th

B. 17th

C. 18th

D. 19th

1-5 CBCAB 6-10 DBAAB 11-15 ACCDB 16-20 ABADB 21-25 ADCCB 26-30 ABCCD 31-35 BCADC 36-40 BAADA 41-45 CCCDA 46-50 AACAC

IV. True of false judgment.(判断题)

1.(T ) Auditory phonetics studies the perception of sounds by the human ear.

2.(F ) More than often we use bound morpheme alone.

3.(F ) Members of one form class all have different pitch, pauses, etc.

4.(T ) Synonymy and polysemy are relations between form and meaning.

5.( T ) The performative utterance is used to perform an action, it has no truth value.

6.( F ) CBS is an example ofclipping.

7.( T ) The use of passive and impersonal constructions accounts in part for a greater

degree of formality.

8.( F ) You can freely ask the questions related to personal information like age,

family, wages etc. when you converse with English-speaking people.

9.( T ) A child who enters a foreign speech community by the age of three or four

learns the new language without the trace of an accent.

10.( F ) In acquiring their first language, children always concentrate on structure.

11.( T ) Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be

described and analyzed in their investigation.

12.( T ) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between

words and what these words actually refer to.

13.( F ) The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be

generalized into the study of another language.

14?(F ) The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.

15.( T ) The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no

limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.

16.( F ) When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in

our mincTs eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.

17.( F ) All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good

morning!” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning]

18.( T ) Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same

regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.

19?(F ) Black English is linguistically inferior to standard English because Black English is not as systematic as standard English.

20.( T ) Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is

capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.

21.( F ) Competence means the actual saying of something, or the act of speech itself.

22.( T ) If a word begins with a [1] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel

23.( F ) Y is prerequisite of X. If Y is true, X must be true.

24.( T ) If the context of use is considered, the study is being earned out in the area of

pragmatics.

25.( F ) Modem linguistics is mostly prescriptive.

26.( F ) Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and change the part of speech of the

original word.

27.( T ) Major lexical categories are open categories in the sense that new words are

constantly added.

2& ( F ) “The building is next to the library” is one-place predication.

29.( F ) A regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard variety

of that language.

30.( F ) The consonant sound [p] is described as voiceless alveolar stop.

31.( T ) Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its

part of speech.

32.( T ) If we say "The dog is barking". This is the reference of the word "dog" in this

particular situation.

33.( F ) The locutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker^ intention.

34.( F ) The left hemisphere is superior to the right hemisphere.

35.( F ) The compound word “bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This

indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum of the meanings of its components.

36.( F ) When two words are identical in sound, they are homographs.

37.( T ) In dichotic listening test, for most people linguistic stimuli heard in the right

ear are more accurately reported than heard in the left ea匸

38.( F ) Telegraphic sentences are simply words that are randomly strung together.

39.( F ) In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more

emphasis than the spoken form.

40?(F ) Phonology provides the means for describing speech sounds.

41.( F ) “HusbancT and “wife，，are a pair of complementary opposites.

42.( T ) The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is

uttered.

43.( T ) The stress of a compound always fall on the first element, while the second

element receives secondary stress.

44.( T ) Pidgins are rule-governed, like any human language.

45.( T ) According to the strong version of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language

determines speaker's perceptions and patterns their way of life.

46.( F ) Minor lexical categories are open categories.

47.( T ) When X is a contradiction, it is invariably false.

48.( T ) All illocutionary acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose

of the same illocutionary point.

49.( T ) A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen between its

components, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.

50?(F ) Major lexical categories are closed categories because the number of lexical items in these categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.

V.Explain each of the following terms in no more than 50 words.(名词解释题)

1.acculturation：A process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second

language community.

2.allophones：The different phones that represent a phoneme in different phonetic

environments.

3.broad transcription: The transcription with letter symbols only. It is the

transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.

4.caretaker speech：It is simple and modified speech used by parents, baby-sitter,

etc. when they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.

https://www.docsj.com/doc/f218270681.html,petence：The ideal user's knowledge of his or her language, that is, of its sound

structure, its words, and its grammatical rules.

https://www.docsj.com/doc/f218270681.html,ponential Analysis：Componential analysis refers to an approach adopted by

structural semanticists in describing the meaning of words. (4 分)This approach rests upon the thesis that the total meaning of a word can be analyzed in terms of a number of distinct elements or components of meaning (semantic features) (6 分)

7.context：It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the

speaker and the heare匚

8.diglossia：A sociolinguistic situation in which two very different varieties of

language co-exist in a speech community, each serving a particular social function and used for a particular situation.

9.field of discourse：Field of discourse refers to what is going on: to the areas of

operation of the language activity. （4 分）It is concerned with the purpose and subject matter. （2 分）It answers the questions of “why” and "about what”

communication takes place. （2 分）Field of discourse may be non-technical or technical. （2 分）

10?free morpheme：A morpheme that is independent unit of meaning and can be used freely all by itself, such as “help", “table", “able".

11.homonymy：The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the

same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.

12.interference：Language interference can be defined as the use of elements from

one language while speaking anothe匚（4 分）Instances of mother tongue interference can be found at the level of pronunciation, morphology, syntax, vocabulary, and meaning, （3 分）and can be predicted by contrasting the grammatical or other systems of two languages. （3 分）

https://www.docsj.com/doc/f218270681.html,nguage acquisition：Language acquisition refers to the child's acquisition of his

mother tongue, i.e. how children come to understand and to speak the language of their community. （5 分）Human children everywhere develop a language without instruction, （2 分）unless they are isolated during the critical acquisition years or unless they suffer from extreme mental deficiency. （3 分）

14?linguistic taboo：A word or expression that is prohibited by the "polite” society from general use.

15.minimal pair：When two different forms are identical in every way except for one

sound segment that occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pai匸So in English, “piir and “bilf are a minimal pair, and so are "pill" and “till", "till" and “kill".

16.mode of discourse: Mode of discourse mainly refers to the means of communication.

（3 分）It is concerned with “how，，communication is carried out. （3 分）Fundamental to the mode of discourse is the distinction between speaking and writing. （2 分）Spoken language may be spontaneous or prepared beforehand and written language may be read with eye or spoken. （2 分）

17.parole：It refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It is concrete and varies

with context.

18.performance：The actual realization of the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of

his language in utterances. Performance means the actual saying of something, or the act of speech itself.

19.phoneme：A phoneme is a phonological unit; （2 分）it is a unit that is of

distinctive value. （3 分）It is an abstract unit. （2 分）It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.

（3 分）

20?phrase structure rules: The rewrite rules which allow for the possible combination of words to form phrases and sentences-

21.standard language：A superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is

the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media and taught in educational institutions.

22.

VI.Give a short answer of no more than 50 words to each of the following questions. （简答题）

1.What is the creativity of human language?

Creativity of human language refers to the ability that we all have to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in our native language, （3 分）including sentences that we have never heard before, but that are appropriate to the situation in which they are uttered. （2 分）

2.What does "prediction analysis” refer to?

Predication, which is a major unit, is not identical to the propositions, questions and commands, etc. （1 分）.

Predication analysis refers to the kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predication into their constituents 一arguments and predicates. （4 分）

3.What does "hyponymy” refer to?

Hyponymy refers to a paradigmatic relation between a more specific lexeme and a more general lexeme. （2 分）

The relation indicates the notion of inclusion. （1 分）

The "upper99 term is called superordinate and the "lowef9 term is called hyponym. （2分）

4.What are the four components of communicative competence as specified by

Hymes?

（1）t he ability to judge whether something is formally possible, （1 分）i>e. whether something is grammatical. （0.5 分）

（2）t he ability to judge whether something is feasible, （1 分）i.e. whether something is psychologically acceptable. （0.5 分）

（3）t he ability to judge whether something is appropriate, （1 分）i.e. whether something is suitable in a certain social context. （0.5 分）

（4）t he ability to judge whether something is done, （1 分）i.e. how often something occurs. （0.5 分）

5.What is the nativist view of language acquisition?

The nativist （rationalist or mentalist） view of language acquisition is that children are born with an innate ability to acquire languages of a specific type, i.e. human languages, （2.5 分）and that they go about that learning using principles unique to language learning. （2.5 分）

6.In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into

distinctive features?

In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number of distinctive meaning features; the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features; it is these different features that distinguish word meaning. Similarly, a phoneme is considered as a collection of distinctive sound features; a phoneme can be broken down into these distinctive sound features and it is these sound features that distinguish different sounds.

VII.Write a passage of 100-150 words on the following topics-（论述题）

1.The cooperative principle

In making conversation, there is, as Grice holds, a general principle which all participants are expected to observe. He calls this guiding principle the Cooperative Principle, which contains four maxims:

The maxim of quantity

1.Make your contribution as informative as required.

2.Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.

The maxim of quality

1.Do not say what you believe to be false.

2.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

The maxim of relation

Be relevant.

The maxim of manner

1.Avoid obscurity of expressio FL

2.Avoid ambiguity.

3.Be brief.

4.Be orderly.

As a matter of fact, the above four maxims are not always strictly observed. Rather, they are often violated and the violations give rise to the "conversational implicatures'\ For example, if A asked B "Where do you live” and B answered “It's lovely weather, isn2 3 4 5t it", then B violated the maxim of relevance and the conversational implicatures here 2How do sense and reference differ from each other?

Both sense and reference are concerned with the study of meaning, but they refer to two very different aspects of meaning. （3 分）

Sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves （mostly the words）; it is concerned only with intralinguistic relations. （3 分）Sense relationships have formed an important part of the study. （I 分）

Reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements （words, sentences, etc.） and non linguistic world of experience. （3 分）

The study of sense relations is concerned with factual information or with propositions that can be true or false. （3 分）But this is by no means the only kind of meaning. In fact, a great deal of our meaning is "infer-personal v or "social” , relating

might be “I doit want to tell you where I live/5

Thus, we have two kinds of semantics, one that deals with semantic structure and the other that deals with meaning in terms of our experience outside language. The former is called sense or sense relations; the latter is called reference. （3 分）

3.Phonetics and its branches.

Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with the sounds that occur in the worlds language. （3 分）Phonetics has three branches 一articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. （1 分）Articulatory phonetics studies the human speech organs, and the way in which the speech sounds are produced. （3 分）

Acoustic phonetics deals with the physical properties of the speech sounds; it studies the sound waves through the use of such machines as a spectrograph. （3 分）Auditory phonetics is the study of the perception of sounds by the human ear. （2 分）

Of the three, articulatory phonetics is the most highly developed. （2 分）However, several important facts have been either discovered or com firmed by acoustic and auditory phonetics. （2 分）For example, it has been discovered that what might be heard as the same utterance is only coincidentally, if ever, physically identical. （2 分）The "same" sounds we claim to have heard are in most cases only phonetically similar, but rarely phonetically identical. （2 分）

4.How do phonetics and phonology differ from each other? And how are they

related to each other?

Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with the same aspect of language - the speech sounds. But they approach the subject from two different points of view. （3 分）Phonetics is general, descriptive and classificatory. It studies speech sounds as they are. （3 分）

Phonology is concerned with the sound system of language; it studies the functioning of the speech sounds. （3 分）

Phonetics provides the means for describing and classifying speech sounds; （2 分）phonology studies the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages. （2 分）

The phonology of a language is then the system and pattern of the speech sounds used in that particular language. （2 分）

主观题的评分标准：阅卷采用分段计分法“

（1）答题内容排序及用词可不同，但必须表达参考答案的意思，完整者，给满分，否则按分段给分要求酌情扣分；

（2）语言错误较多，扣0.5至1.5分；

ourselves to others. （2 分）Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. （2 分）

（3）语言错误过多，扣2至3分。没有负分。

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